Period 5 (1750-1914) AP world map test full quizlet

Peter the Great

Tsar of Russia (r. 1689-1725) who attempted a massive reform of Russian society in an effort to catch up with the states of Western Europe.

"the sick man of Europe"

Western Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a name based on the sultans' inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it fails to recognize serious reform efforts in the Ottoman state during this period.

colonial tribalism

A European tendency, especially in African colonies, to identify and sometimes invent distinct "tribes" that had often not existed before, reinforcing European notions that African societies were primitive.

Taiping Uprising

A massive rebellion or civil war in China that lasted from 1850 to 1864 fought between the established Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the millenarian movement of the Heavenly Kingdom of Peace.

Caudillo (pron. kow-DEE-yohs)

A military strongman who seized control of a government in nineteenth-century Latin America.

colonial racism

A pattern of European racism in their Asian and African colonies that created a great racial divide between Europeans and the natives, and limited native access to education and the civil service, based especially on pseudo-scientific notions of naturally superior and inferior races.

Indian Rebellion

A rebellion in India against the rule of the British East India Company, that ran from May 1857 to July 1859.

Boxer Uprising

A violent anti-Christian and anti-alien uprising that took place in China between 1899 and 1901, towards the end of the Qing dynasty.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Document drawn up by the French National Assembly in 1789 that proclaimed the equal rights of all men; the declaration ideologically launched the French Revolution.

socialism in the United States

Fairly minor political movement in the United States, at its height in 1912 gaining 6 percent of the vote for its presidential candidate.

Toussaint Louverture (pron. too-SAN loo-ver-TOUR)

First leader of the Haitian Revolution, a former slave (1743-1803) who wrote the first constitution of Haiti and served as the first governor of the newly independent state.

Indian cotton textiles

For much of the eighteenth century, well-made and inexpensive cotton textiles from India flooded Western markets; the competition stimulated the British textile industry to industrialize, which led to the eventual destruction of the Indian textile market both in Europe and in India.

Estates General

French representative assembly called into session by Louis XVI to address pressing problems and out of which the French Revolution emerged; the three estates were the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners.

Young Ottomans

Group of would-be reformers in the mid-nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials, military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of Westernizing reforms to the political system.

invention of tradition

In many colonial states, a process of forging new ways of belonging and self-identification that defined and to some extent mythologized the region's past, especially to create broader terms of belonging than had existed before.

Latin American export boom

Large-scale increase in Latin American exports (mostly raw materials and foodstuffs) to industrializing countries in the second half of the nineteenth century, made possible by major improvements in shipping; the boom mostly benefited the upper and middle classes.

populism

Late-nineteenth-century American political movement that denounced corporate interests of all kinds.

Swami Vivekananda (pron. vee-vikah-NAHN-dah)

Leading religious figure of nineteenth-century India (1863-1902); advocate of a revived Hinduism and its mission to reach out to the spiritually impoverished West.

Crimean War

Major international conflict (1854-1856) in which British and French forces defeated Russia; the defeat prompted reforms within Russia.

steam engine

Mechanical device in which the steam from heated water builds up pressure to drive a piston, rather than relying on human or animal muscle power; the introduction of the steam engine allowed a hitherto unimagined increase in productivity and made the Industrial Revolution possible.

Porfirio Díaz (pron. por-FEAR-ee-oh DEE-ahz)

Mexican dictator from 1876 to 1911 who was eventually overthrown in a long and bloody revolution.

Young Turks

Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed ca. 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire

maternal feminism

Movement that claimed that women have value in society not because of an abstract notion of equality but because women have a distinctive and vital role as mothers; its exponents argued that women have the right to intervene in civil and political life because of their duty to watch over the future of their children.

scramble for Africa

Name used for the process of the European countries' partition of the continent of Africa between themselves in the period 1875-1900.

creoles (pron. KREE-ohls)

Native-born elites in the Spanish colonies.

Declaration of the Rights of Woman

Short work written by the French feminist Olympe de Gouges in 1791 that was modeled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and that made the argument that the equality proclaimed by the French revolutionaries must also include women.

Owens, Robert

Socialist thinker and wealthy mill owner (1771-1858) who created an ideal industrial community at New Lanark, Scotland.

Boer War

Started on 11 October 1899 and ended on 31 May 1902

cultivation system

System of forced labor used in the Netherlands East Indies in the nineteenth century; peasants were required to cultivate at least 20 percent of their land in cash crops, such as sugar or coffee, for sale at low and fixed prices to government contractors, who then earned enormous profits from further sale of the crops.

informal empire

Term commonly used to describe areas that were dominated by Western powers in the nineteenth century but that retained their own governments and a measure of independence, e.g., Latin America and China.

proletariat (pron. proh-li-TARE-ee-at)

Term that Karl Marx used to describe the industrial working class; originally used in ancient Rome to describe the poorest part of the urban population.

bourgeoisie (pron. boor-zwah-ZEE)

Term that Karl Marx used to describe the owners of industrial capital; originally meant "townspeople."

dependent development

Term used to describe Latin America's economic growth in the nineteenth century, which was largely financed by foreign capital and dependent on European and North American prosperity and decisions.

The Duma (pron. DOOmah)

The elected representative assembly grudgingly created in Russia by Tsar Nicholas II in response to the 1905 revolution.

nationalism

The focusing of citizens' loyalty on the notion that they are part of a "nation" with a unique culture, territory, and destiny; first became a prominent element of political culture in the nineteenth century.

Western-educated elite

The main beneficiaries in Asian and African lands colonized by Western powers; schooled in the imperial power's language and practices, they moved into their country's professional classes but ultimately led anticolonial movements as they grew discouraged by their inability to win equal status to the colonizers.

Karl Marx

The most influential proponent of socialism, Marx (1818-1883) was a German expatriate in England who advocated working class revolution as the key to creating an ideal communist future.

Nian Rebellion

The rebellion failed to topple the Qing dynasty, but caused the immense economic devastation and loss of life that became one of the major long-term factors in the collapse of the Qing regime in the early 20th century.

apartheid (pron. uhPART-hite)

Afrikaans term literally meaning "aparthood"; the system that developed in South Africa of strictly limiting the social and political integration of whites and blacks.

cash-crop agriculture

Agricultural production, often on a large scale, of crops for sale in the market, rather than for consumption by the farmers themselves.

progressivism

American political movement in the period around 1900 that advocated reform measures to correct the ills of industrialization.

social Darwinism

An application of the concept of "survival of the fittest" to human history in the nineteenth century.

abolitionist movement

An international movement that between approximately 1780 and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States.

British Royal Society

Association of scientists established in England in 1660 that was dedicated to the promotion of "useful knowledge."

Labour Party

British working-class political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to the revolutionary emphasis of Marxism.

self-strengthening movement

China's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West.

Hong Xiuquan (pron. hong SHEEYOEUGH-chuan)

Chinese religious leader (1814- 1864) who sparked the Taiping Uprising and won millions to his unique form of Christianity, according to which he himself was the younger brother of Jesus, sent to establish a "heavenly kingdom of great peace" on earth.

Selim (pron. seh-LEEM)

Ottoman sultan (r. 1789-1807) who attempted significant reforms of his empire, including the implementation of new military and administrative structures.

Abd al-Hamid (pron. AHB-dahlhahm-EED)

Ottoman sultan (r. 1876-1909) who accepted a reform constitution but then quickly suppressed it, ruling as a reactionary autocrat for the rest of his long reign.

Blyden, Edward

Prominent West African scholar and political leader (1832-1912) who argued that each civilization, including that of Africa, has its own unique contribution to make to the world.

Boxer Rebellion

Rising of Chinese militia organizations in 1900 in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed.

unequal treaties

Series of nineteenth-century treaties in which China made major concessions to Western powers.