Period 5 COLLEGE BOARD
Describe the effects of Lincoln's election
Abraham Lincoln's victory on the Republicans' free-soil platform in the presidential election of 1860 was accomplished without any Southern electoral votes. After a series of contested debates about secession, most slave states voted to secede from the Union, precipitating the Civil War
Explain the various factors that contributed to the Union victory in the Civil War
Both the Union and the Confederacy mobilized their economies and societies to wage the war even while facing considerable home front opposition. - conscription (draft) instituted in both - opposition persisted in both North: MD newspapers shut down by Lincoln, NYC draft riot: "right man war, poor man fight" South: farmers didn't fight, slaves can't fight Although the Confederacy showed military initiative and daring early in the war, the Union ultimately succeeded due to improvements in leadership and strategy (Sherman and Grant, using the Anaconda Plan: blockade), key victories (Antietam: tie, strategic victory and morale boost, Gettysburg: insurance of address), greater resources (large population and more factories), and the wartime destruction of the South's infrastructure (Sherman's march to sea)
Compare the relative significance of the effects of the Civil War on American values.
Intensified by expansion and deepening regional divisions, debates over slavery and other economic, cultural, and political issues led the nation into civil war Ideological and economic differences over slavery produced an array of diverging responses from Americans in the North and the South. Debates over slavery came to dominate political discussion in the 1850s, culminating in the bitter election of 1860 and the secession of Southern states. The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights The North's greater manpower and industrial resources, the leadership of Abraham Lincoln and others, and the decision to emancipate slaves eventually led to the Union military victory over the Confederacy in the devastating Civil War Reconstruction and the Civil War ended slavery, altered relationships between the states and the federal government, and led to debates over new definitions of citizenship, particularly regarding the rights of African Americans, women, and other minorities
Explain the context in which sectional conflict emerged from 1844 to 1877.
Intensified by expansion and deepening regional divisions, debates over slavery and other economic, cultural, and political issues led the nation into civil war. - slavery issues in new territories Ideological and economic differences over slavery produced an array of diverging responses from Americans in the North and the South -North: manufacturing relied on free labor - South: agriculture: reliant on slavery (King Cotton) - Free Soil Movement: sought to keep slavery from expanding in the land out west and land gained in the Mexican Cession Debates over slavery came to dominate political discussion in the 1850s, culminating in the bitter election of 1860 and the secession of Southern states - election of 1860: The election of the president of the United States 1860. Lincoln won the election, and had more electoral votes and more popular votes than any candidate. Since the race had four main candidates, it allowed Lincoln to get more electoral votes than he would otherwise. The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession, but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights. The North's greater manpower and industrial resources, the leadership of Abraham Lincoln and others, and the decision to emancipate slaves eventually led to the Union military victory over the Confederacy in the devastating Civil War. - improved in leadership and strategy: Sherman and Grant, Anaconda Plan, blockade - large population work in factories - destruction of southern infrastructure Reconstruction and the Civil War ended slavery, altered relationships between the states and the federal government, and led to debates over new definitions of citizenship, particularly regarding the rights of African Americans, women, and other minorities. -Amendments: 13: abolish slavery 14: born in US -> citizen and equal protection under law 15: universal MALE suffrage
Explain how Lincoln's leadership during the Civil War impacted American ideals over the course of the war.
Lincoln and most Union supporters began the Civil War to preserve the Union, but Lincoln's decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation (9/22/1862) reframed the purpose of the war and helped prevent the Confederacy from gaining full diplomatic support from European powers. Many African Americans fled southern plantations and enlisted in the Union Army, helping to undermine the Confederacy. Lincoln sought to reunify the country and used speeches such as the Gettysburg Address to portray the struggle against slavery as the fulfillment of America's founding democratic ideals. - sought to ensure all men are truly equal "new birth of freedom"
Explain the effects of government policy during Reconstruction on society from 1865 to 1877.
Reconstruction altered relationships between the states and the federal government and led to debates over new definitions of citizenship, particularly regarding the rights of African Americans, women, and other minorities. The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, while the 14th amendment granted African Americans citizenship, equal protection under the laws, and the 15th amendment universal male suffrage and equal voting rights. The women's rights movement was both emboldened and divided over the 14th and 15th amendments to the Constitution. Fredrick Douglas: favored black suffrage PRIOR to women's Stanton and Anthony fear W.S. would not be granted soon Efforts by radical and moderate Republicans to change the balance of power between Congress and the presidency and to reorder race relations in the defeated South yielded some short-term successes. Reconstruction opened up political opportunities and other leadership roles to former slaves, but it ultimately failed, due both to determined Southern resistance and the North's waning resolve. - President vs radial reconstruction: congress debates over when to re-admit states - Johnson's vetos vs Congress override - Johnson impeached, NOT removed - increase political opportunities: Robert smalls Congressman and Hiram Revels senator. - determined southern resistance, Redeemer governor - local and state ousted republican governor which led to violence and intimidation - north's waning resolve: death of Charles Sumner in 1874, Panic od 1873, tainted republican party, class for smaller government
Explain how and why Reconstruction resulted in continuity and change in regional and national understandings of what it meant to be American.
Southern plantation owners continued to own the majority of the region's land even after Reconstruction. Former slaves sought land ownership but generally fell short of self-sufficiency, as an exploitative and soil-intensive sharecropping system limited blacks' and poor whites' access to land in the South - former slaves had difficulty getting land bc of high-interest rates (crop lien system) Sharecropping: - freedom work on farms and exchange labor for land/housing - half of the crops given to landowner - if cotton prices fell (1870s), perpetual debt was common - by 1890 most southern blacks were sharecroppers Segregation (Jim crow laws, Plessy v Furguson "separate but equal"), violence (KKK and White League, Intimidated AA from voting), Supreme Court decisions (Plessy v Furguson, civil right cases, individuals/private businesses can discriminate), and local political tactics (poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses) progressively stripped away African American rights, but the 14th and 15th amendments eventually became the basis for court decisions upholding civil rights in the 20th century (Brown v Board, overturn Plessy)
Explain the effects of immigration from various parts of the world on American culture from 1844 to 1877
Substantial numbers of international migrants continued to arrive in the United States from Europe and Asia, mainly from Ireland and Germany, often settling in ethnic communities where they could preserve elements of their languages and customs. - Irish settled in northeast cities (catholic) - Germans settled on the frontier/midwest as farmers - immigrant children attended parochial schools - Chinese immigrants settled in west cost (1850s) and worked in gold mines, factories, farming - Chinese exclusion act (1882) A strongly anti-Catholic nativist movement arose that was aimed at limiting new immigrants' political power and cultural influence - sought to limit immigrants political parties - know-nothing-party: anti-immigrant, anti-catholic sought to limit their power/influence
Explain the similarities and differences in how regional attitudes affected federal policy in the period after the Mexican-American War.
The Mexican Cession led to heated controversies over whether to allow slavery in the newly acquired territories. The courts and national leaders made a variety of attempts to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories, including the Compromise of 1850. -Dred Scott v Stanford: AA were deemed not citizens and could not sue, considered property, therefore the government could not take away and congress count not regulate slavery in territories - Compromise of 1850 (Douglas/clay) 1. CA added as freed states (tips balance) 2. Slave trade abolished in DC 3. popular sovereignty in the Mexican cession 4. strict fugitive slave laws in the north, led to personal liberty laws to fight back.
Explain how regional differences related to slavery caused tension in the years leading up to the Civil War.
The North's expanding manufacturing economy relied on free labor in contrast to the Southern economy's dependence on slave labor. Some Northerners did not object to slavery on principle but claimed that slavery would undermine the free labor market. As a result, a free-soil movement arose that portrayed the expansion of slavery as incompatible with free labor. - free soil: sought to keep slavery from expanding. Land out west and gained from Mexican cession African American and white abolitionists, although a minority in the North, mounted a highly visible campaign against slavery, presenting moral arguments against the institution, assisting slaves' escapes, and sometimes expressing a willingness to use violence to achieve their goals. - moral argument: enlightenment - assisting escapes: underground RR - willingness to use violence: John Brown @Harpers Ferry Defenders of slavery based their arguments on racial doctrines, the view that slavery was a positive social good, and the belief that slavery and states' rights were protected by the Constitution. Labeled them as savage Slavery deemed property in Dred Scott Decision
Explain the causes and effects of the Mexican American War.
The United States added large territories in the West through victory in the Mexican-American War and diplomatic negotiations, raising questions about the status of slavery, American Indians, and Mexicans in the newly acquired lands. - Wilmot Proviso: sought to ban slavery in the American cession, passed in house NOT state. - Dred Scott v Stanford: AA were deemed not citizens and could not sue, considered property, therefore the government could not take away and congress count not regulate slavery in territories - Compromise of 1850 (Douglas/clay) 1. CA added as freed states (tips balance) 2. Slave trade abolished in DC 3. popular sovereignty in the Mexican cession 4. strict fugitive slave laws in the north, led to personal liberty laws to fight back. U.S. government interaction and conflict with Mexican Americans and American Indians increased in regions newly taken from American Indians and Mexico, altering these groups' economic self-sufficiency and cultures - Sand Creek Massacre (1864): CO militia attacked Cheyenne Indians, killed over 100 mostly women and children - Little Big Horn (Custer's Last Stand); natives attacked Custer and his men. Led to the US wanting to assimilate many natives w/ the expectation they would accept white ways
Compare the relative significance of the effects of the Civil War on American values.
The United States became more connected with the world, pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere, and emerged as the destination for many migrants from other countries Popular enthusiasm for U.S. expansion, bolstered by economic and security interests, resulted in the acquisition of new territories, substantial migration westward, and new overseas initiatives. In the 1840s and 1850s, Americans continued to debate questions about rights and citizenship for various groups of U.S. inhabitants.
Explain the context in which sectional conflict emerged from 1844 to 1877.
The United States became more connected with the world, pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere, and emerged as the destination for many migrants from other countries -reasons for westward migration: gold rush CA, Comstock lode: silver -safety valve theory: can always pack up and move out west to make money - Mormons took religious refuge, led by Brigham Young Popular enthusiasm for U.S. expansion, bolstered by economic and security interests, resulted in the acquisition of new territories, substantial migration westward, and new overseas initiatives. - Defeated Mexico and gained the Mexican cession - Gadsen Purchase for southern continental railroad - Oregon Territory In the 1840s and 1850s, Americans continued to debate questions about rights and citizenship for various groups of U.S. inhabitants. - Status of natives and Mexicans: Mexicans given choice for US citizen or Mexican
Explain the political causes of the Civil War
The courts and national leaders made a variety of attempts to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories, including the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott decision, but these ultimately failed to reduce conflict. - Kansas-Nebraska Act (Douglass): popular sovereignty in KS and NB, overturn MO compromise, help create republican Party - Dred Scott v Stanford: AA were deemed not citizens and could not sue, considered property, therefore the government could not take away and congress count not regulate slavery in territories The Second Party System ended when the issues of slavery and anti-immigrant nativism weakened loyalties to the two major parties and fostered the emergence of sectional parties, most notably the Republican Party in the North - declined due to issues over slavery and anti-immigration sentiments (whigs) - free soilers and former whigs made up the republican party, Lincoln rain on the non-extension of slavery
Explain the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877.
The desire for access to natural and mineral resources and the hope of many settlers for economic opportunities or religious refuge led to an increased migration to and settlement in the West. - Gold rush in CA and Comstock Lode, silver - religious refuge: Mormons led by Brigham Young - Safety valve theory: one can always pack up and move out west and make money Advocates of annexing western lands argued that Manifest Destiny and the superiority of American institutions compelled the United States to expand its borders westward to the Pacific Ocean. - God given right Westward migration was boosted during and after the Civil War by the passage of new legislation promoting western transportation and economic development. - Homestead Act (1862) 160 acres of land to live and improve on for 5 years - government provided subsidies to RR U.S. interest in expanding trade led to economic, diplomatic, and cultural initiatives to create more ties with Asia. - Matthew Perry and "Opening of Japan" (1850's) - clipper ships allowed for increased/faster trade w China - missionaries established in China to spread Christianity