Period 7

Pearl Harbor

-Japanese planes from aircraft carriers flew over here -bombing every ship in sight -surprise attack lasted less than 2 hours -In that time, 2400 Americans were killed, almost 1200 were wounded, 20 warships were sunk or damaged, and approximately 150 airplanes destroyed

Japan/Machuria

-Japanese troops marched into _____ in September renamed the territory Manchukuo -est. a puppet government -Showed the League's inability to maintain peace

Robert Oppenheimer

-Led the Manhattan Project and employed over 100,000 people and $2 billion to develop the atomic bomb

Maine Sinking

-Less than one week after the De Lôme letter made headlines, a far more shocking event occurred -On February 15, 1898, the U.S. battleship _____ was at anchor in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, when it suddenly exploded, killing 260 Americans on board -yellow press accused Spain of deliberately blowing up the ship, even though experts later concluded that the explosion was probably an accident

Braceros Program

-Many Mexican Americans worked in defense industries, and over 300,000 served in the military, A 1942 agreement with Mexico allowed Mexican frameworkers, known as ______, to enter the United States in the harvest season without going through formal immigration procedures -sudden influx of Mexican immigrants into Los Angeles stirred white resentment and led the so-called zoot suit riots in the summer of 1943, in which whites and Mexican Americans battles on the streets

Automobile Impact/Society

-More than anything else, the automobile changed society -By 1929, a total of 26.5 million automobiles were registered, compared to 1.2 million in 1913 -enormous increase in automobile sales meant that, by the end of the decade , there was an average of nearly one car per American family -In economic terms, the production of automobiles replaced the railroad industry as the key promoter of economic growth -Other industries- steel, glass, rubber, gasoline, and highway construction- now depended on automobile sales -In social terms, the automobile affected all that Americans did: shopping, traveling for pleasure, commuting to work, even dating -Of course, there were new problems as well: traffic jams in the cities, injuries and deaths on roads and highways

Works Progress Administration

-Much bigger than the relief agencies of the first New Deal, it spent billions of dollars between 1935 and 1940 to provide people with jobs -After its first year of operation under Hopkins, it employed 3.4 million men and women who had formerly been on the relief rolls of state and local governments -It paid them double the relief rate but less than the going wage for regular workers -Most workers were put to work constructing new bridges, roads, airports, and public building -Unemployed artists , writers, actors, and photographers were paid by them to paint murals, write histories, and perform in plays -One part of it, the National Youth Administration (NYA), provided part-time jobs to help young people stay in high school and college or until they could get a job with a private employer

Five Power Naval Treaty

-Nations with the five largest navies agreed to maintain the following ratio with aspect to their largest warships, or battleships: the United States, 5; Great Britain, 5; Japan, 3; France, 1.67; Italy, 1.67. -Britain and the United States also agreed not to fortify their possessions in the Pacific, while no limit was placed on the Japanese

17th Amendment

-Nevada in 1899 was the first state to give the voters the opportunity to elect US senators directly -By 1912, a total of 30 states had adopted this reform, and in 1913, adoption of this amendment required that all US senators be elected by popular vote

Manhattan Project

-Office of Research and Development was established to contract scientist and universities to help in the development of electronics, such as radar and sonar, medicines such as penicillin, jet engines, rockets, and in the top secret __________, the atomic bomb

Hiroshima & Nagasaki

-On August 6, an A-bomb was dropped on _____, and an August 9, a second bomb was dropped on _________ -About 250,000 Japanese dies, either immediately or after a prolonged period of suffering, as a result of the two bombs

Smith v. Allwright

-One judicial victory was achieved in the Supreme Court this case (1944) -ruled that it was unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties to African Americans as a way of excluding them from voting in primaries

Eugene Debs

-One of the Socialist party's founders was the party's candidate for president in five elections from 1900 to 1920 -former railway union leader -adopted socialism whiled jailed for the Pullman strike -He was an outspoken critic of business and a champion of labor

Henry Demarest Lloyd

-One of the earliest muckrakers was this Chicago reporter -wrote a series of articles for the Atlantic Monthly attacking the practices of the Standard Oil Company and the railroads -Published in book form in 1894, ______ Wealth Against Commonwealth fully exposed the corruption and greed of the oil monopoly but failed to suggest how to control it

DeLome Letter

-One story that caused a storm of outrage was a Spanish diplomat's letter that was leaked to the press and printed on the front page of Hearst's Journal -Written by the Spanish minister to the United States, Dupuy de Lôme -letter was highly critical of President McKinley -Many considered it an official Spanish insult against the U.S. national honor

New Deal

-President Franklin Roosevelt's programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy -It increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life -well-known 3Rs are relief, recovery, and reform

Supreme Court Reorganization Plan

-President Roosevelt did not have an opportunity to appoint any Justices to the Supreme Court during his first term -He hoped to remove the Court as an obstacle to the New Deal by proposing a judicial-reorganization bill in 1937 -It proposed that the president be authorized to appoint to the Supreme Court an additional justice for each current justice who was older than a certain age (70 ½ years) -in effect, the bill would have allowed Roosevelt to add up to six justices to the Court- all of them presumably of liberal persuasion -Critics called it a "Court-packing" bill.

Harry Truman

-President after the death of FDR in 1945 -ordered the atomic bombs to be dropped on Japan (he did plead for a Japanese surrender before doing so) -In June 1945 he witnessed the signing of the charter of the United Nations -wrote his own 21-point policy to Congress, which later became known as the Fair Deal -deal with the beginning of the Korean War in 1950, but attempted to keep the American role in the war limited -deal with the beginning, and part of the heart, of the Cold War with the Soviet Union, often having to deal with the Soviet leader, Joseph Stalin -After his term was up in 1953, he decided not to run again

Harold Ickes

-Public Works Administration (PWA), directed by Secretary of the Interior _____, allotted money to state and local governments for building roads, bridges, dams, and other public works -Such construction projects were a source of thousands of jobs -With Eleanor's help, he promptly arranged for Anderson to give a special concert at the Lincoln Memorial

Upton Sinclair

-Pulitzer Prize-winning prolific American author who wrote over 90 books in many genres -He wrote "The Jungle", which became a novel that inspired pro-consumer federal laws regulating meat, food, and drugs

Jones Act of 1916

- (1) granted full territorial status to that country - (2) guaranteed a bill of rights and universal male suffrage to Filipino citizens - (3) promised independence for the Philippines as soon as a stable government was established.

Josef Stalin

-Recognizing the failure of appeasement, Britain and France pledged to fight if Poland was attacked -They had always assumed that they could count on the Soviet leader -opposed Hitler, since communism and fascism were ideological enemies -democracies were therefore shocked in August 1939 when him and Hitler signed a nonaggression pact -Secretly, the Soviet and German dictator's agreed to divide Poland between them

Federal Reserve Act

-Rejecting the Republican proposal for a private national bank, Wilson proposed a national banking system with 12 district banks supervised by a Federal Reserve Board -after months of debate, Congress finally passed it -Ever since, Americans have purchased goods and services using the Federal Reserve Notes (dollar bills) issued by the federally regulated banking system

Wendell Willkie

-Republicans had a number of veteran politicians who were eager to challenge the president -Instead, they chose a newcomer to public office -lawyer and utility executive with a magnetic personality -Although he criticized the New Deal, largely agreed with Roosevelt on preparedness and giving aid to Britain short of actually entering the war -His strongest criticism of Roosevelt was the president's decision to break the two-term tradition established by George Washington

President Hoover

-Republicans turned to an able leader with a spotless reputation, self-made millionaire and Secretary of Commerce -served three presidents in administrative roles but had never before campaigned for elective office -Nevertheless, in 1928, he was mad the Republican nominee for president -Republicans boasted of "Coolidge Prosperity", which he promised to extend -He even suggested that poverty would soon be ended altogether (ironic) -won in a landslide and even took a large number of the electoral votes in the South

Teller Amendment

-Responding to the president's message, Congress passed a joint resolution on April 20 authorizing war -Part of the resolution, the __________, declared that the United States had no intention of taking political control of Cuba and that -once peace was restored to the island, the Cuban people would control their own government

Trust Busting

-Roosevelt further increased his popularity by being the first president since the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890 to enforce that poorly written law -trust that he most wanted to bust was a combination of railroads known as the Northern Securities Company -Reversing its position in earlier cases, the Supreme Court in 1904 upheld Roosevelt's action in breaking up the Railroad Monopoly

Standard Oil Company

-Roosevelt later directed his attorney general to take antitrust action against Standard Oil and more than 40 other large corporations -Roosevelt did make a distinction between breaking up bad trusts which harmed the public and stifled competition, and regulating good trusts which through efficiency and low prices dominated a market

Lend-Lease (Act)

-Roosevelt proposed ending the cash-and-carry requirement of the Neutrality Act and permitting Britain to obtain all the U.S. arms it needed on credit -president said it would be like lending a neighbor a garden hose to put out a fire -Isolationists in the America First Committee campaigned vigorously against this -By now, however, majority opinion had shifted toward aiding Britain, and this was signed into law in March 1941

Quarantine Speech

-Roosevelt recognized the dangers of Fascist aggression but was limited by the isolationist feelings of the majority of Americans -When Japan invaded China in 1937, he tested public opinion by making a speech proposing that the democracies act together to "______" the aggressor -Public reaction to the speech was overwhelming negative, and Roosevelt dropped the _______ idea as politically unwise

Fireside Chats

-Roosevelt went on the radio on March 12, 1933, to present the first of many ______ to the American people -president assured his listeners that the banks which reopened after the bank holiday were safe -public responded as hoped, with the money deposited in the reopened banks exceeding the money withdrawn

Eleanor Roosevelt

-Roosevelt's wife -emerged as a leader in her own right -most active first lady in history, writing a newspaper column, giving speeches, and traveling the country -personal relationship was strained, they had a strong mutual respect -she served as the president's social conscience and influenced him to support minorities and the less fortunate

San Fran School Issue

-San Fran required Japanese American children to attend segregated schools -U.S. & Japanese government reached a "gentlemen's agreement" where Japan would secretly restrict Japanese emigration and then California would repeal its discriminatory laws

Gertrude Stein

-Scorning religion as hypocritical and bitterly condemning the sacrifices of wartime as a fraud perpetrated by money interests were two dominant themes of the leading writers of the postwar decade -This disillusionment caused the writer to call these writers a "lost generation."

Washington Conference

-Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes initiated talks on naval disarmament, hoping to stabilize the size of the U.S. -Navy relative to that of other powers and to resolve conflicts in the Pacific Representatives to the _______________ came from Belgium, China, France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, and Portugal -Three agreements to relieve tensions resulted from the discussions: Five-Power Treaty Four-Power Treaty Nine-Power Treaty

Federal Reserve

-Some economists have concentrated blame on the ______ for its tight money policies, as hundreds of banks failed -Instead of trying to stabilize banks, the money supply, and prices, The ______ tried to preserve the gold standard

Korematsu v. U.S.

-Supreme Court case (1944) upheld the U.S. government's internment policy as justified in wartime -Years later, in 1988, the federal government agreed the ruling was unjust and awarded financial compensation to those still alive who had been interned

Insular Cases

-Supreme Court cases that went on from 1901 until 1903 -They ruled that constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions and that the power to decide whether or not to grant such rights belonged to Congress

Ex Parte Endo

-Supreme Court decision that citizens could not be held in war authority concentration camps -Allowed the Japanese Americans to return to the west coast

Lost Generation

-Termed used by Gertrude Stein in regards to disillusioned writers -Scorning religion as hypocritical and bitterly condemning the sacrifices of wartime as a fraud perpetrated by money interests were two dominant themes of the leading writers of the postwar decade

Charles Lindbergh

-To mobilize American opinion against war, they formed the America First Committee and engaged speakers such as _______ to travel the country warning against re-engaging in Europe's troubles

New Freedom

-Two major pieces of legislation in 1914 completed Wilson's ______ Program: -Clayton Antitrust Act- strengthened the provisions in the Sherman Antitrust Act for breaking up monopolies. Most important for organized labor, the new law contained a clause exempting unions from being prosecuted as trusts. -Federal Trade Commission- the new regulatory agency was empowered to investigate and take action against any "unfair trade practice" in every industry except banking and transportation.

Frances Perkins

-U.S. Secretary of Labor (1933-1945) -1st woman ever appointed to the US Cabinet -As Roosevelt's friend and supporter, she brought the labor movement into the New Deal coalition -She and Harold Ickes were the only original members of Roosevelt's cabinet for the entirety of his Presidency

Stimson Doctrine

-U.S. response to Japan's violation of the Open door policy was somewhat stronger than the League's response- but no more effective in deterring further aggression -Secretary of State Henry _____ declared in 1932 that the United States would honor its treaty obligations under the Nine-Power Treaty (1922) by refusing the legitimacy of any regime like "Manchukuo" that had been established by force -League of Nations readily endorsed this and issued a similar declaration

Great White Fleet

-U.S., which demonstrated their naval power to Japan and other nations -Roosevelt sent a fleet of battleships on an around-the-world cruise (1907-1909) -ships made an impressive sight, and the Japanese government warmly welcomed their arrival in Tokyo Bay

Stock Market Crash

-Although stock prices had fluctuated greatly for several weeks preceding the crash, the true panic did not begin until a Thursday in late October -On this Black Thursday- October 24, 1929- there was an unprecedented volume of selling on Wall Street, and stock prices plunged -The next day, hoping to stave off disaster by stabilizing prices, a group of bankers bought millions of dollars of stocks -The strategy worked for only one business day, Friday. The selling frenzy resumed on Monday -On Black Tuesday, October 29, the bottom fell out, as millions of panicky investors ordered their brokers to sell- but almost no buyers could be found -From that day on, prices on Wall Street kept going down and down -By late November, the Dow Jones index had fallen from its September high of 381 to 198 -Three years later, stock prices would finally hit bottom at 41, less than one-ninth of their peak value

Hawaii Annexation

-American missionaries/entrepreneurs had settled on Hawaii -expansionists coveted the island -American settlers then aided in the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani, the Hawaiian monarch -Cleveland opposed imperialism and blocked republican efforts to annex this state -occurred in 1898 under McKinley due to the outbreak of war in the Philippines

Roosevelt Corollary

-An addition to the Monroe Doctrine by Roosevelt was this -U.S. would intervene in Latin America for European powers if it became necessary -They would send gunboats to a Latin American country that was delinquent in paying its debts -then U.S. sailors and marines would occupy the country's major ports to manage the collection of taxes until European debts were satisfied

National Urban League

-Another Organization was formed in 1911 to help people migrating from the South to northern cities -The league's motto, "Not Alms But Opportunity," reflected its emphasis on self-reliance and economic advancement

18th Amendment

-Another controversy that helped define the 1920s concerned people's attitude towards this amendment -Wartime concerns to conserve grain and maintain a sober workforce moved congress to pass this amendment, which strictly prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages

Frederick W. Taylor

-Another idea that gained widespread acceptance among progressives came from the practical studies of this man -he discovered ways of organizing people in the most efficient manner -the scientific management system

Jacob Riis

-Articles on tenement life by him, one of the first photojournalists, were published as How the Other Half Lives (1890)

Charles Evans

-As Secretary of State, he wanted to find a replacement to the League of Nations as a guarantee of world peace and stability -The most important of these efforts was the Washington Conference of 1921 which was an attempt to prevent a destabilizing naval armaments race among the US, Britain, and Japan

Holocaust

-As US troops advanced through Germany, they came upon German concentration camps and witnessed the horrifying extent of the Nazi's program of genocide against the jews and others -6 million jewish civilians and several million non-Jews had been systematically murdered by Nazi Germany

Boxer Rebellion

-As the 19th century ended, nationalism and xenophobia (hatred and fear of foreigners) were on the rise in China -In 1900, a secret society of Chinese nationalists-the Society of Harmonious Fists, or ________ attacked foreign settlements and murdered dozens of Christian missionaries, in order to protect American lives and property, U.S. troops participated in an international force that marched in Peking (Beijing) and quickly crushed the rebellion of the Boxers -countries forced China to pay a huge sum in indemnities, which further weakened the imperial regime

Robert La Follette

-At the state level, reform governors battled corporate interests and championed such measures as the initiative, the referendum, and the direct primary to give common people control of their own government -In Wisconsin, he established a strong personal following as the governor who won passage of the Wisconsin Idea

Sigmund Freud

-Austrian psychiatrist writings stressed the role of sexual repression in mental illness -Others, who perhaps had never heard of him, took to premarital sex as if it were- like radio and jazz music- one of the inventions of the modern age

Adolf Hitler

-Born in Austria, he became a radical German nationalist during World War I -led the National Socialist German Workers' Party-the Nazi Party-in the 1920s -became dictator of Germany in 1933 -led Europe into World War II

Cash & Carry

-British navy still controlled the seas -Therefore, if the United States ended its arms embargo, it would help only Britain, not Germany -Roosevelt persuaded Congress in 1939 to adopt a less restrictive Neutrality Act, which provided that a belligerent could buy U.S. arms if it used its own ships and paid cash -Technically "_________" was neutral, but in practice, it strongly favored Britain

Scientific Management (System)

-By using a stopwatch to time the output of factory workers, Frederick W. Taylor discovered ways of organizing people in the most efficient manner -Many Progressives believed that the government too could be made more efficient if placed in the hands of experts and scientific managers

Father Coughlin

-Catholic priest attracted a huge popular following in the early 1930s through his weekly radio broadcasts -founded the National Union for Social Justice, which called for issuing an inflated currency and nationalizing all banks -His attacks on the New Deal became increasingly anti-Semitic and Fascist until his superiors in the Catholic Church ordered him to stop his broadcasts.

United Nations

-Created to provide representation to all member nations -five major allies of the war, the US, Great Britain, France, China, and the Soviet Union -granted permanent seats and veto power in the this security council

Clarence Darrow

-Defending Scopes in his trial was the famous lawyer -Scopes was convicted and the northern press asserted that he and the modernists had thoroughly discredited fundamentalism

FDR

-Democratic candidate who won the 1932 election by a landslide -refused to uphold any of Hoover's policies with the intent on enacting his own -presented a "New Deal" to the American public

"Big stick" (foreign policy)

-Describing his foreign policy, the new president, Theodore Roosevelt -press therefore applied the labelto Roosevelt's aggressive foreign policy -By acting boldly and decisively in a number of situations, Roosevelt attempted to build the reputation of the U.S. as a world power -Imperialists applauded his every move, but critics dislike breaking the tradition of non-involvement in global politics

National Recovery Administration

-Directed by Hugh Johnson, was an attempt to guarantee reasonable profits for business and fair wages and hours for labor -With the antitrust laws temporarily suspended, it could help each industry (such as steel, oil, and paper) set codes for wages, hours of work, levels of production, and prices of finished goods -laws creating also gave workers the rights to organize and bargain collectively -complex program operated with limited success for two years before the Supreme Court declared the unconstitutional (Schechter v. U.S.) in 1935

Public Works Administration

-Directed by secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes, allotted money to state and local governments for building roads, bridges, dams, and other public works -Such construction projects were a source of thousands of jobs.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

-During his 1908 campaign, Taft had promised to lower the tariff -Instead, conservative Republicans in Congress passed this in 1909, which raised the tariff on most imports -Taft angered Progressives in his party not only by signing the tariff bill but by making a public statement in its defense

Relief, Recovery, Reform

-During the early years of his (Roosevelt) presidency, it became clear that his New Deal programs were to serve three R's: relief for people out of work, recovery for business and the economy as a whole, and reform of American economic institutions

Big Three

-During the war, these leaders of the United States, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain -arranged to confer secretly to coordinate their military strategies and to lay the foundation for peace terms and postwar involvement

Consumer Culture

-Electricity in their homes enabled millions of Americans to purchase the new consumer appliances of the decade- refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, and washing machines -Automobiles became more affordable and sold by the millions, making the horse-and-buggy era a thing of the past -Advertising expanded as businesses found that consumers' demand for new products could be manipulated by appealing to their desires for status and popularity -Stores increased sales of the new appliances and automobiles by allowing customers to buy on credit -Later, as consumers faced more "easy monthly payments" than they could afford, they curtailed buying, contributing to the collapse of the economic boom -Chain stores, such as Woolworth's and the A & P, proliferated -Their greater variety of products were attractively displayed and often priced lower than the neighborhood stores, which they threatened to displace

Douglas MacArthur

-FDR named him commander of all US Army forces in the Far East in July 1941 -he did not have the resources to build a force capable of holding off the Japanese -attack on Pearl Harbor was the crashing point of his army in the Philippines -In March 1942, FDR made him commander of the Allied forces in the Southwest Pacific and ordered him to go to Australia -He was awarded the Congressional "Medal of Honor" on April 1, 1942 -In Australia he said his famous promise, "I shall return" -He fought for his promise for the next three years

Dwight Eisenhower

-Former U.S General who led the Allied forces in D-Day during WWII -Republican candidate for president in the election of 1952 with the slogan "I like Ike". -won over Adlai Stevenson, the Democratic candidate

Charles Evans Hughes

-Former presidential candidate and Supreme Court justice -appointed to be secretary of state under Harding.

Huey Long

-From Roosevelt's point of view, the most dangerous of the depression demagogues was the "Kingfish" from Louisiana, Senator _____ -immensely popular in his own state, he became a prominent national figure by proposing a "Share Our Wealth" program that promised a minimum annual income of $5,000 for every American family, to be paid for by taxing the wealthy -challenged Roosevelt's leadership of the Democratic party by announcing his candidacy for president -Both his candidacy and his populist appeal were abruptly ended when he was killed by an assassin

Washington v. Du Bois

-Unlike Washington, who had been born into slavery on a southern plantation, W.E.B. Du Bois was a northerner with a college education, who became a distinguished scholar and writer -In his book, "The Souls of the Black Folk" (1903). Du Bois criticized Booker T. Washington's approach and demanded equal rights for African Americans -He argued that political and social rights were prerequisite for economic independence -Washington's pragmatic approach to economic advancement and Du Bois' militant demands for equal rights framed a debate in the African American community that continued throughout much of the 20th century

Spanish Civil War

-Viewed by US as an ideological struggle between the forces of fascism -led by Gen Francisco Franco, and the forces of republicanism, called Loyalists -Ultimately in 1939, Franco's Fascists prevailed and established a military dictatorship

Tennessee Valley Authority

-Was a huge experiment in regional development and public planning -As a government corporation, it hired thousands of people in one of the nation's poorest regions, the Tennessee Valley, to build dams, operate electric power plants, control flooding and erosion, and manufacture fertilizer - sold electricity to residents of the region at rates that were well below those previously charged by a private power company

Underwood Tariff

-Wasting no time to fulfill a campaign pledge, Wilson on the first day of his presidency called a special session to Congress to lower the tariff -Passage of this substantially lowered tariffs for the first time in over 50 years. To compensate for the reduced tariff revenues, this included a graduated income tax with rates from 1 to 6 percent

High School Education Development

-Widespread belief in the value of education, together with economic prosperity, stimulated more state governments to enact compulsory school laws -Universal high school education became the new American goal -By the end of the 1920s, the number of high school graduates, had doubled to over 25 percent of the school-age young adults

Atlantic Charter

-With the U.S. actively aiding Britain, Roosevelt knew that the U.S. might soon enter the war -He arranged for a secret meeting in August with the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill aboard a ship off the coast of Newfoundland -two leaders drew up a document known as the ________ that affirmed that the general principles for a sound peace after the war would include self-determination for all people, no territorial expansion, and free trade

Ida Tarbell

-Wrote a series of muckraking articles (The History of the Standard Oil Company) that were published in Mr. Mcclure's Magazine

Lincoln Steffens

-Wrote a series of muckraking articles (Tweed Days in St. Louis, 1902) that were published in Mr. Mcclure's Magazine -His The Shame of the Cities (1904) also caused a sensation by describing in detail the corrupt deals that characterized big-city politics from Philadelphia to Minneapolis

President Coolidge

-Harding's vice president and successor had won popularity in 1919 as the Massachusetts governor who broke the Boston police strike -nicknamed, "silent Cal" -summarized both his presidency and his era in the phrase: "The business of America is business" -After less than a year in office, he was the overwhelming choice of the Republican party as their presidential nominee in 1924 -He won the election easily against his opponent La Follette -believed in limited government that stood aside while business conducted its own affairs -Little was accomplished in the White House except keeping a close watch on the budget -Cutting spending to the bone, he vetoed even the acts of the Republican majority in Congress -He would not allow bonuses for WWI veterans and vetoed a bill (the McNary-Haugen Bill of 1928) to help farmers as crop prices fell

Harry Daugherty

-Having appointed some excellent officials Harding also selected a number of incompetent and dishonest men to fill important positions including this Attorney General -he took bribes for agreeing not to prosecute certain criminal suspects

President Wilson

-He believed in the "self-determination" policy of post-WWI where the people chose their government -He was more of an idealist man, rather than pragmatic -However, like Teddy Roosevelt, he believed the president should strike out and lead the country -His platform was the New Freedom which supported small business and wanted to bust all trusts, not distinguishing good or bad -The plan did not include social welfare programs

A Philip Randolph

-Head of the Railroad Porters Union, threatened a march on Washington to demand equal job opportunities for African Americans

Jazz Age

-High school and college youth expressed their rebellion against their elders' cultures by dancing to jazz music -Brought north by African American musicians, jazz became a symbol of the "new" and "modern" culture of the cities -proliferation of phonographs and radios made this new style of music available to a huge (and chiefly youthful) public

Square Deal

-His reforms greatly influenced economic, environmental, and international affairs as well -Roosevelt's platform became known as the this because he vowed not to favor any group of Americans but to be fair to all -It started with the strike of the coal miners -If the strike were to continue the people feared they would freeze to death in the winter -After the coal miners refused to compromise, Roosevelt threatened to take over the mines with federal troops -The owners finally agreed to accept the findings of a special commission, which granted 10 percent wage increase and a nine-hour workday to the miners -However, the union did not have to recognize the union

Appeasement

-Hoping to avoid open conflict with Germany, the democracies adopted this policy -allowing hitler to get away with relatively small acts of aggression and expansion -Showed how unprepared the democracies were to challenge Fascist aggression

Hundred Days

-Immediately after being sworn into office on March 4, 1933, Roosevelt called Congress into a_____-long special session -During this brief period, Congress passed into law every request of President Roosevelt, enacting more major legislation than any single Congress in history -Most of the new laws and agencies were commonly referred to by their initials: WPA, AAA, CCC, NRA

Russo-Japanese War

-Imperialist rivalry between Russia and Japan led to war in 1904, a war Japan was winning -To end the conflict, Roosevelt arranged a diplomatic conference between the two foes at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in 1905 -Although both Japan & Russia agreed to the Treaty of Portsmouth, Japanese nationalists blamed the United States for not giving their country all that they believed they deserved from Russia

Henry Ford

-In 1914, had perfected a system of manufacturing automobiles by means of an assembly line -Instead of loosing time moving around a factory as in the past, his workers remained at one place all day and performed the same simple operation over and over again at rapid speed -In the 1920s, the most major industries adopted the assembly line and realized major gains in worker productivity

Marcus Garvey

-In 1916, the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) was brought to Harlem from Jamaica by this charismatic immigrant -he advocated individual and racial pride for African Americans and developed political ideas of Black Nationalism -Going beyond the efforts of W.E.B Du Bois, establishes an organization for black separatism, economic self-sufficiency, and a back-to-Africa-movement -sale of stock in the Black Star Steamship line led to federal charges of fraud -In 1925, he was tried, convicted, and jailed -Later, he was deported to Jamaica and his movement collapsed.

Teapot Dome

-In 1924, Congress discovered that Fall, Secretary of Interior under Harding, had accepted bribes for granting oil leases near _________, Wyoming -Harding died and was never implicated in any of the scandals -In the election of 1924 the Democrats tried to make an issue of the scandal

Alfred Smith

-In 1928, Hoover's Democratic opponent was the governor of New York -As a Roman Catholic and an opponent of Prohibition, he appealed to many immigrant voters in the cities -Many Protestants, however, were openly prejudiced against him

Pan-American Conferences

-In 1933, US delegation pledged never again to intervene in the internal affairs of a Latin American country -In 1936, Roosevelt attended and personally pledge to submit future disputes to arbitration and also warned that if a European power such as Germany attempted to "commit acts of aggression against us," it would find "a hemisphere wholly prepared to consult together for our mutual safety and our mutual good."

Bank Holiday

-In early 1933, banks were failing at a frightening rate, as depositors flocked to withdraw funds -As many banks failed in 1933 (over 5,000) as had failed in all the previous years of the depression -To restore confidence in those banks that were still solvent, the president ordered the banks closed for this on March 6, 1933 -He went on the radio to explain that the banks would be reopened after allowing enough time for the government to reorganize them on a sound basis

Good Neighbor Policy

-In his inaugural address in 1933, Roosevelt promised a "_________" toward other nations of the Western hemisphere -First, interventionism in support of dollar diplomacy no longer made economic sense, because U.S, business during the depression lacked the resources to invest in foreign operations -Second, the rise of militarist regimes in Germany and Italy prompted Roosevelt to seek Latin American's cooperation in defending the region from potential danger -FDR implemented his _________ through several actions

Potsdam Conference

-In late July, after Germany's surrender, only Stalin remained as one of the Big Three -Truman was the U.S. president, and Clement Attlee had just been elected the new British prime minister -three leaders met in Potsdam, germany (1945) and agreed (1) to demand that Japan surrender unconditionally, and (2) to hold war-crime trials of Nazi leaders

Jingoism

-In the 1890s, American public opinion was being swept by a growing wave of _____ -an intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy

NYE committee

-In the early 1930s, Americans commonly felt that U.S. entry into World War I had been a terrible mistake -An investigating committee by led by Senator Gerald Nye of North Dakota bolstered this view when it concluded in 1934 that the main reason for U.S. participation in the world war was to serve the greed of bankers and arms manufacturers -This committee's work influenced isolationist legislation in the following year

Battle of Midway

-Intercepting and decoding Japanese messages enabled US forces to destroy four Japanese carriers and 300 planes in the decisive battle

Japanese Internment

-Japanese Americans were suspected of being potential spies and saboteurs, and a Japanese invasion was considered imminent -In 1942, these irrational fears as well as racism prompted the US government to order over 100,000 Japanese Americans on the west coast to leave their homes and reside in the barracks of internment camps

Teddy Roosevelt

-a Republican governor of NY was eager to build U.S. power through global expansion -McKinley's assistant secretary of the navy -eager to show off his country's new, all-steel navy -commanded Commodore Dewey to Philippines -election of 1900= made Vice President for McKinley re-elected term -Following McKinley's assassination in 1901, the Spanish-American war hero took office -"Big-Stick" policy -build the reputation of the U.S. as a world power -orchestrated a revolt for Panama's independence in 1903, and was determined to build the Panama Canal after taking control of the Canal Zone -est. ______ Corollary which went against the Monroe Doctrine, but justified sending U.S. forces to Latin American regions -assisted in ending the Russo-Japanese War and received a Nobel Peace Prize for it -created a "gentleman's agreement" between the states and Japan -sent the Great White Fleet to demonstrate the U.S. Naval power to Japan and other nations.

Margaret Sanger

-advocated birth-control education, especially among the poor -Over time, the movement developed into the Planned Parenthood organization -Women made progress in securing educational equality, liberalizing marriage and divorce laws, reducing discrimination in business and the professions, and recognizing women's rights to own property

Axis Powers

-alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan -"Keeping their pledge, Britain and France declared war against Germany - and soon afterward, they were also at war with its axis allies, Italy and Japan

D-Day

-allied drive to liberate france began on June 6 1944 with the largest invasion by sea in history -invasion date was called, Britain, Canadian, and US forces under the command of Eisenhower secured several beachheads on the Normandy Coast

City Manager System

-approach toward reform in which elected officials hired an outside, professionally trained business manager to take charge of the government -By the end of the progressive era, most smaller cities were operating under commission, and another 45 employed city managers

Spheres of Influence

-certain country could dominate trade and investments made within their sphere, a particular port or region in China -shut out competitors

Gifford Pinchot

-chief of Forest Service, fired for insubordination by Taft in the Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy

19th Amendment

-dedicated efforts of women on the homefront in WWI finally persuaded a ⅔ majority in congress to support a women's suffrage amendment -Its ratification in 1920 guaranteed women's right to vote in all elections at the local, state, and national levels

Great Depression

-depression of the 1930s felt different -it lasted far longer, caused more business failures and unemployment, and affected more people- both middle class and working class- than any preceding period of hard times -Before it was over, two presidents- Herbert Hoover and Franklin Roosevelt- would devote 12 years to seeking the elusive path toward recovery.

Harry Hopkins

-director of Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) -one of the president's closest friends and advisors -more prominent in Roosevelt's administration with the creation in 1935 of a new and larger relief agency, the WPA

Recall

-enabled voters to remove a corrupt or unsatisfactory politician from office by majority vote before that official's term had expired

Portsmouth Treaty

-ended the war between Russia and Japan -It was arbitrated by the U.S. Japan blamed the U.S. for not giving their country all that they believed they deserved from Russia

Carrie Chapman Catt

-energetic reformer from iowa, became the new president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) in 1900 -argued for the vota as broadening of democracy which would empower women, thus enabling them to more actively care for their families in an industrial society -At first, she continued NAWSA's drive to win votes for women at the state level before changing strategies and seeking a suffrage amendment to the U.S. Constitution -Following the victory of her cause, she organized the League of Women Voters, a civic organization dedicated to keeping voters informed about candidates and issues

Foraker Act

-established a civilian government in Puerto Rico, an island

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

-federally funded, government-owned corporation was created by Congress early in 1932 as a measure for propping up faltering railroads, banks, life insurance companies, and other financial institutions -president reasoned that emergency loans from the RFC would help to stabilize these key businesses -benefits would "trickle down" to smaller businesses and ultimately bring recovery. Democrats scoffed at this measure, saying it would only help the rich

Casablanca Conference

-first conference involved only two of the Big Three -In January 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill agreed on the grand strategy to win the war, including to invade Sicily and Italy and to demand "unconditional surrender" from the Axis power

Quota Laws 1921 & 1924

-first limited immigration to 3 percent of the number of foreign-born persons from a given nation counted in the 1910 Census (a maximum of 357,000) -To reduce the number of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, Congress passed a second set quotas of 2 percent based on the Census of 1890 (before the arrival of most of the "new" immigrants) -Although there were quotas for all European and Asian nationalities, the law chiefly restricted those groups considered "undesirable" by the nativists -By 1927, the quota for all Asians and eastern and southern Europeans had been limited to 150,000 with all Japanese immigrants barred -With these acts, the traditional United States policy of unlimited immigration ended

Kamikazes

-for the first time in the war, the Japanese used these pilots to make suicide attacks on US Ships

Fascism

-idea that people should glorify their nation and their race through an aggressive show of force-became dominant ideology in European dictatorships in the 1930s

NAACP

-in 1908, W.E.B. DuBois, other members of the Niagara Movement, and a group of white Progressives founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People -Their mission was no less than to abolish all forms of segregation and to increase educational opportunities for African American children -By 1920, the ______ was the nation's largest civil rights organization, with over 100,000 members

Yalta Conference

-in February 1945, the Big Three conferred again at ______, a resort town on the Black Sea coast of the Soviet Union -Their agreement at ______would prove the most historic of the three meetings -After victory in Europe was achieved, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed: -Germany would be divided -free elections in the liberated countries -soviets would enter into the war on Japan -the soviets would control the southern half of Sakhalin island -the UN would be formed at a conference in San Fran.

Wisconsin Idea

-in Wisconsin, Robert La Follette established a strong personal following as the governor who won passage of the _______ - a series of progressive measures that included a direct primary law, tax reform, and state regulatory commissions to monitor railroads, utilities, business such as insurance

Schechter v. U.S.

-key measure in 1933 to combine immediate relief and long-term reform was the National Recovery Administration (NRA) -NRA was an attempt to guarantee reasonable profits for business and fair wages and hours for labor, as well as gave workers the right to organize and bargain collectively -complex program operated with limited success for two years before the Supreme Court declared the NRA unconstitutional in this case

20th Amendment

-known as the lame-duck amendment, passed in February 1933 and ratified by October 1933, shortened the period between presidential election and inauguration -amendment set the start of each president's term for January 20

Harlem Renaissance

-largest African American community developed in the Harlem section of New York City -With a population of almost 200,000 by 1920, Harlem became famous in the 1920s for its concentration of talented actors, artists, musicians, and writers -Because of their artistic achievements this period

John J Lewis

-leader of the Committee of Industrial Organizations (C.I.O.) was also president of the United Mine Workers union

Langston Hughes

-leading Harlem poets included Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, James Weldon Johnson, and Claude McKay -Commenting on the African American heritage, their poems expressed a range of emotions, from bitterness and resentment to joy and hope

Benito Mussolini

-led Italy's Fascist party, which attracted dissatisfied war veterans, nationalist, and those afraid of rising communism -Dressed in black shirts, the Fascists march on Rome and installed ______ in power as "II Duce" (the Leader).

Initiative

-method by which voters could compel the legislature to consider a bill

Referendum

-method that allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws printed on their ballots

Movie development 1920s

-movie industry centered in Hollywood, California, became big business in the 1920s -Going to the movies became a national habit in cities, suburbs, and small towns -Sexy and glamorous movie stars such as Greta Garbo and Rudolf Valentino were idolized by millions -Elaborate movie theater "palaces" were built for the general public -With the introduction of talking pictures in 1927, the movie industry reached new heights -By 1929, over 80 million tickets to the latest Hollywood movies were sold each week

Scopes Trial

-much-publicized trial in Tennessee which focused the debate between religious fundamentalists in the rural South and the modernists of the northern cities -To challenge the constitutionality of these laws, the American Civil Liberties Union persuaded a Tennessee biology teacher, John Scopes, to teach the theory of evolution to his high school class -For doing so, Scopes was arrested and tried in 1925 -entire nation followed the Scopes trial both in newspapers and by radio -Defending Scopes was the famous lawyer Clarence Darrow -Representing the fundamentalists was three-time Democratic candidate for president William Jennings Bryan, who testified as an expert on the Bible -As expected, Scopes was convicted, but the conviction was later overturned on a technicality -Laws banning the teaching of evolution remained on the books for years, although they were rarely enforced -The northern press asserted that Darrow and the modernists had thoroughly discredited fundamentalism -However, to this day, questions about the relationship between religion and the public schools remain controversial and unresolved.

The Jungle

-muckraking book by Upton Sinclair -described in horrifying detail the conditions in the chicago stockyards and meatpacking industry

Federal Trade Commission

-new regulatory agency was empowered to investigate and take action against any "unfair trade practice" in every industry except banking and transportation

President Warren Harding

-newspaper publisher in Ohio before entering politics -handsome and well-liked among the Republican political cronies with whom he regularly played poker -His abilities as a leader, however, were less than presidential -When the Republican national convention of 1920 deadlocked, the party bosses decided "in a smoke-filled room" to deliver the nomination to him as a compromise choice -he recognized his limitations and hoped to make up for them by appointing able men to his cabinet -He approved (1) a reduction in the income tax, (2) an increase in tariff rates under the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act of 1922, and (3) establishment of the Bureau of the Budget, with procedures for all government expenditures to be placed in a single budget for Congress to review and vote on -surprised many people, particularly his conservative allies by pardoning and releasing him from federal prison Socialist leader Eugene Debs. Harding's decision to pardon --> Deb's was prompted by the president's generous spirit -in August 1923 (post presidency), shortly before these scandals were uncovered publicly, he died suddenly while traveling in the West -He was never implicated in any of the scandals

John Steinbeck

-novelist wrote about the dust bowl farmer's hardships in his classic study of economic heartbreak, The Grapes of Wrath (1939)

Sinclair Lewis

-novels expressed the disillusionment with the ideals of an earlier time and with the materialism of a business-oriented culture - In 1930, he became the first writer from the United States to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature - awarded "for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters.

Ernest Hemingway

-novels expressed the disillusionment with the ideals of an earlier time and with the materialism of a business-oriented culture -expressed his unhappiness by moving into exile in Europe - nobel prize in literature in 1954

F. Scott Fitzgerald

-novels of theirs expressed the disillusionment with the ideals of an earlier time and with the materialism of a business-oriented culture - wrote the Great Gatsby -took to a life of drinking

Alice Paul

-of New Jersey -broke from NAWSA in 1916 to form the National Woman's party -From the beginning, she focused on winning the support of Congress and the president for an amendment to the Constitution

Battle of Atlantic

-ongoing battle between German submarines and American convoys -German U-boats relentlessly and successfully damaged American convoys carrying oil and other vital supplies to Britain and the Soviet Union

Francisco Franco

-outbreak of civil war in Spain in 1936 was viewed in Europe and the United States as an ideological struggle between the forces of fascism, led by General _______, and the forces of republicanism, called loyalist -Ultimately, in 1939, his Fascists prevailed and established a military dictatorship

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

-passed by the Republican Congress set tax increases ranging from 31 percent to 49 percent on foreign imports -In retaliation for the U.S. tariff, however, European countries enacted higher tariffs of their own against U.S. goods -effect was to reduce trade for all nations, meaning that both the national and international economies sank further into depression

Kellogg Briand Treaty

-peace movement by women achieved its greatest success in 1928 with the signing of a treaty arranged by U.S. Secretary of State Frank Kellogg and the French foreign minister Aristide Briand -Almost all the nations of the world signed, which renounced the aggressive use of force to achieve national ends -This international agreement would prove ineffective, however, since it (1) permitted defensive wars and (2) failed to provide for taking action against violators of the agreement

Open Door Policy

-policy sent to all nations controlling China's trade -stated that all nations would have equal trading privileges -Since no nation rejected the policy, John Hay declared that they had all accepted it

Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

-progressives the chief of the Forest Service, Gifford Pinchot, as a dedicated conservationist -On the other hand, they distrusted Taft's secretary of the interior , Richard Ballinger, especially after he opened public lands in Alaska for private development -In 1910, when Pinchot criticized Ballinger, Taft stood by his cabinet member and fired Pinchot for insubordination -Conservatives applauded; Progressives protested

Francis Townsend

-proposed that a 2 percent federal sales tax be used to create a special fund from which every retired person over 60 years old would receive $200 a month -By spending their money promptly, he argued, recipients would stimulate the economy and soon bring the depression to an end -The popularity of the Townsend Plan persuaded Roosevelt to substitute a more moderate plan of his own, which became the Social Security System

16th Amendment

-ratified by the states in 1913, authorized the US government to collect an income tax -Progressives heartily approved the new tax, b/c at first, it applied only to the very wealthy

Social Security Act

-reform that, for generations afterward, would affect the lives of nearly all Americans was the passage of this -It created a federal insurance program based upon the automatic collection of payments from employees and employers throughout people's working careers -trust fund would then be used to make monthly payments to retired persons over the age of 65 -Also receiving benefits under this new law were workers who lost their jobs (unemployment compensation), person who were blind or otherwise disabled, and dependent children and their mothers

Panama Canal

-runs through Central America and connects the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean -Construction to make it began in 1904 and was completed in 1914 -U.S. started a revolt in Panama, in order to gain control of the Canal Zone -In time, the U.S. gave the zone back to the Republic of Panama

Dust Bowl

-severe drought in the early 1930s ruined crops in the Great Plains This region had poor farming practices coupled with high winds blew away millions of tons of dried topsoil -With their farms turned to dust, and their health often compromised, thousands of "Okies" from Oklahoma and surrounding states migrated westward to California in search of farm or factory work that often could not be found

George Gershwin

-son of Russian-Jewish immigrants blended jazz and classical music in his symphonic Rhapsody in Blue and the folk opera Porgy and Bess

WWWII Start

-started by Germany in an unprovoked attack on Poland -Britain and France declared war on Germany after Hitler had refused to abort his invasion of Poland

Zoot Suit Riots

-sudden influx of Mexican immigrants into Los Angeles as a result of the braceros program stirred white resentment and led to the so-called ________ in the summer of 1943, in which whites and Mexican Americans battled on the streets

Mann- Elkins Act of 1910

-two other progressive measures were at least equal in importance to legislation enacted under roosevelt -This act gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to suspend new railroad rates and oversee telephone, telegraph and cable companies

Great Depression Causes

-uneven distribution of income -stock market speculation -excessive use of credit -overproduction of consumer goods -weak farm economy -government policies -global economic problems

Great Depression Effects

-values of all goods and services produced by the nation dropped -nation's income decline by more than 50% -20% of all banks closed, wiping out 10 million savings accounts -unemployment rates increased -ended Republican domination of government -increased difficulties for existing lower class -poverty and homeless increased

Frederick Lewis Allen

-was a journalist who wrote "Only Yesterday" describing the change from 1919 to 1920 overnight -book had Mr. and Mrs. Smith who emulated the average 1920's family and how society progressed in regards to can foods, radio, bob haircuts, smoking, clubs, etc -an editor of Harper's Bazaar

SEC- Securities and Exchange Commission

-was created to regulate the stock market and to place strict limits on the kind of speculative practices that had led to the Wall Street crash in 1929 -required full audits of and financial disclosure by corporations to protect investors from fraud and insider trading

Spanish American War

-when the US overpowered Spain so easily it's referred to as the "splendid little war" -U.S. was being influenced by a policy known as Jingoism, which is an aggressive form of nationalism -U.S. wanted to be seen as an influential world power, similarly to England and France, and saw Spain, an older and weaker country, as a means to get there -In 1895, the colony of Cuba wanted freedom from Spain -Spain sent 100,000 troops to Cuba in an attempt to settle the revolt -Spanish generals tried to crush the rebellion through dangerous and inhumane tactics, such as locking citizens in camps where many of them died due to a lack of sanitation -war was fought both in Cuba and the Philippines, another Spanish colony that desired independence -When the war ended, a treaty, called the Treaty of Peace, was signed between the United States and Spain -gave Cuba its independence, gave America control of Guam and Puerto Rico, and gave Spain $20 million for the Philippines -After this treaty was signed, the United States introduced the Platt Amendment, which made Cuba a protectorate of the United States -This allowed the United States to step in with problems in Cuba if they felt that American interests were threatened

Teddy Roosevelt

-widely popular due to his status as a hero of the Spanish-American War and his belief in "speaking softly and carrying a big stick." -Taking over the presidency in 1901 after the assassination of William McKinley, he quickly assured America that he would not take any drastic measures -He then demanded a "Square Deal" that would address his primary concerns for the era (the three C's: control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation.)

Platt Amendment

-withdrawal of U.S. troops from Cuba conditional upon Cuba's acceptance of the terms of the amendment. -The terms included: • Required Cuba to agree to: • Never sign a treaty with a foreign power that impaired its independence • To permit the US to intervene in Cuban affairs to preserve its independence and maintain law and order • Allow the US to maintain naval bases in Cuba, including one permanent base, Guantanamo Bay

Margaret Sanger

-work of her and others advocated of birth control achieved growing acceptance in the twenties

Immigration struggles 1920s

-world war had interrupted the flow of immigrants to the United States, but as soon as the war ended, immigration shot upward -Over a million foreigners entered entered the country between 1919 and 1921 -Like the immigrants of the prewar period, the new arrivals were mainly Catholics and Jews from eastern and southern Europe -Once again, nativist prejudices of native-born Protestants were arouse -Workers feared competition for jobs -Isolationists wanted minimal contact with Europe and feared the immigrants might foment revolution -In response to public demands for restrictive legislation, Congress acted quickly

John Maynard Keynes

-writings of the British economist _____ taught Roosevelt that he had made a mistake in attempting to balance the budget -According to _____ theory, deficit spending was helpful in difficult times because the government needed to spend well above its tax revenues in order to initiate economic growth -Deficit spending "prime the pump" to increase investment and create jobs

FDIC- Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

guaranteed individual bank deposits

Volstead Act

of 1919 was the federal law enforcing the adoption of the Prohibition Amendment

Civilian Conservation Corps

Employed young men on projects on federal lands and paid their families small monthly sums

National Consumer's League

Florence Kelley and _______ promoted the passage of state laws to protect women from long working hours

Andrew Mellon

Pittsburgh industrialist and millionaire who was appointed secretary of the treasury under Harding

George Goethals

- The Panama Canal was completed thanks in great measure to the skills of two Army colonels- ____________, the chief engineer of the canal

Dr. William Gorgas

- The Panama Canal was completed thanks in great measure to the skills of two Army colonels- ____________, whose efforts eliminated the mosquitos that spread deadly yellow fever

Alfred Thayer Mahan

- U.S. Navy Captain who wrote an important book, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890), in which he argued that a strong navy was crucial to a country's ambitions of securing foreign markets and becoming a world power. - book was widely read by prominent American citizens- as well as by political leaders in Europe and Japan. - Arguments in his book were used by U.S. naval strategists to persuade Congress to finance the construction of modern steel ships, making America the 3rd largest navy in the world by 1900

William Jennings Bryan

- Wilson's Secretary of State - hoped to demonstrate that the United States respected other nation's rights and would support the spread of democracy - He led an anti-imperialist league that rallied opposition to further acts of expansion in the Pacific - As a 1900 presidential candidate, he argued for free silver and vigorously attacked the growth of American imperialism - his pet project was to negotiate treaties in which nations pledged to (1) submit disputed to international commissions and (2) observe a one-year cooling-off period before taking military action. He arranged, with Wilson's approval, 30 such conciliation treaties.

Woodrow Wilson

- called for a New Freedom in government and promised a moral approach to foreign affairs - said he opposed imperialism and the big-stick and dollar-diplomacy policies - In his first term as president (1913-1917), he had limited success applying a high moral standard to foreign relations - He and Secretary of State WIlliam Jennings Bryan hoped to demonstrate that the United States respected other nations' rights and would support the spread of democracy - won passage of the Jones Act of 1916 - persuaded Congress in 1914 to repeal an act that had granted U.S. ships and exemption for paying the standard canal tolls charged other national - his policy on Panama Canal tolls angered American nationalists such as Roosevelt and Lodge but pleased the British, who had strongly objected to the U.S exemption. he refused to recognize the military dictatorship of General Victoriano Huerta, who had seized power in 1913 by having the democratically elected president killed. Wilson called for an arms embargo against the Mexican government and sent a fleet to blockade the port of Vera Cruz.

William Seward

- leading Republican of the 1850s and 1860s - served as secretary of state (1861-1869) under both Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson - most influential secretary of state since John Quincy Adams (who formulated the Monroe Doctrine in 1823). - During the Civil War, he helped prevent Great Britain and France from entering the war on the side of the Confederacy. - led the drive to annex Midway Island in the Pacific, gained rights to build a canal in Nicaragua, and purchased the vast territory of Alaska.

"Gentlemen's Agreement"

- major cause of friction between Japan and the United States concerned the laws of California, which discriminated against Japanese Americans. - In 1908, President Roosevelt arranged a compromise by means of an informal understanding - Japanese government secretly agreed to restrict the emigration of Japanese workers to the United States in return for Roosevelt persuading California to repeal its discriminatory laws

T.S. Eliot

- poet who expressed the disillusionment with the ideals of an earlier time and with the materialism of a business-oriented culture -expressed his unhappiness by moving into exile in Europe as well as Hemingway

Elkins Act 1903

-(1903), the ICC had great authority to stop the railroads from granting rebates to favored customers

Lochner v. New York

-(1905) the Supreme Court ruled against a state law limiting workers to a ten-hour workday

Pure Food & Drug Act

-(1906) forbade the manufacture, sale, and transportation of adulterated or mislabeled foods and drugs

Meat Inspection Act

-(1906) provided that federal inspectors visit meatpacking plants to ensure that they met minimum standards of sanitation

Hepburn Act 1906

-(1906), the commission could fix "just and reasonable" rate for railroads

Muller v. Oregon

-(1908) the high court ruled that health of women needed special protection from long hours

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

-(1911) in a New York City high-rise garment factory took 146 lives, mostly women - tragedy sparked greater women's activism and motivated states to pass laws to improve safety and working conditions in factories

Clayton Antitrust Act

-(1914) This act strengthened the provisions in the Sherman Antitrust Act for breaking up monopolies -Most important for organized labor, the new law contained a clause exempting unions from being prosecuted as trusts

Muckrakers

--Writers specializing in investigative stories were referred to as "_____" by President Roosevelt. -Therefore many publications featured in-depth investigative stories -Newspaper and Magazine publishers found that their middle class readers loved to read about underhanded schemes in politics

21st Amendment

-1933, repealing the Eighteenth was ratified, and millions celebrated the New Year by toasting the end of Prohibition

President Taft

-27th president of the U.S. -angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff -He later lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term

***President Hoover

-31st president -defeated by FDR -during his presidency the stock market crashed and America suffered economic collapse -tried to stabilize the economy through Emergency Relief, Construction Act, and Reconstruction Finance Corporation

***FDR

-32nd president -served his term during the Great Depression and WWII -New Deal in an attempt to combat economic depression -3Rs- relief, recovery, and reform.

Yellow Journalism

-Actively promoting war fever in the United States -sensationalistic reporting that featured bold and lurid headlines of crime, disaster, and scandal

Four Freedoms Speech

-Addressing Congress on January 6, 1941, the president delivered a speech that proposed lending money to Britain for the purchase of U.S. war materials -justified such a policy by arguing that the United States must help others nations defend this - freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear

Samuel M Jones

-Adopting "golden rule" as both his policy and his middle name, Mayor _____ "Golden Rule" ____ delighted Toledo's citizens by introducing a comprehensive program of municipal reform, including free kindergartens, nights schools and public playgrounds

Music development 1920s

-African American jazz musicians such as Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong were so popular among people of all races that the 1920s is often called the Jazz Age -Other great performers included blues singer Bessie Smith and their multi-talented singer and actor Paul Robeson -While these artists sometimes performed before integrated audiences in Harlem, they often found themselves and their audiences segregated in much of the rest of the nation

Louis Armstrong

-African American jazz musicians such as Duke Ellington and him were so popular among people of all races that the 1920s is often called the Jazz Age -While these artists sometimes performed before integrated audiences in Harlem, they often found themselves and their audiences segregated in much of the rest of the nation

Recession of 1937

-After the economy showed signs of gradually pulling out of its nosedive, the economy once again had a backward slide and entered into a recessionary period in the winter of 1937 -Government policy was at least partially to blame new Social Security tax reduced consumer spending at the same time that Roosevelt was curtailing expenditures for relief and public works -In reducing spending for relief, the president hoped to balance the budget and reduce the national debt

Island Hopping

-After the victory at Midway, the United States began a long campaign to get within striking distance of Japan's home islands by seizing strategic locations in the Pacific -Using a strategy called "_________", commanders bypassed strongly held Japanese posts and isolated them with naval and air power -Allied forces moved steadily toward Japan

Bonus Army March

-Also in the desperate summer of 1932, a thousand unemployed World War I veterans marched to Washington, D.C., to demand immediate payment of the bonuses promised them at a later date -They were eventually joined by thousands of other veterans who brought their wives and children and camped in improvised shacks near the Capitol -Congress failed to pass the bonus bill they sought, When two veterans were killed in clash with police, Hoover ordered the army to break up the encampment. General Douglas MacArthur, the army's chief of staff, used tanks and tear gas to destroy the shantytown and drive the veterans from Washington -The incident caused many Americans to regard Hoover as heartless and uncaring.

Wagner Act

-Also known as the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 -major labor law of 1935 replaced the labor provisions of the National Industrial Recovery Act, after that law was declared unconstitutional -guaranteed worker's right to join a union and a union's right to bargain collectively -outlawed business practices that were unfair to labor -new agency, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), was empowered to enforce the law and make sure the workers' rights were protected

Sacco & Vanzetti

-Although liberal American artists and intellectuals were few in number, they loudly protested against racist and nativist prejudices -They rallied to the support of two Italian immigrants who in 1921 had been convicted in a Massachusetts court of committing robbery and murder -Liberals protested that the two men were innocent, and that they had been accused, convicted, and sentenced to die simply because they were poor Italians and anarchists (who were against all government) -After six years of appeals and national and international debates over the fairness of their trial, they were executed in 1927

George Dewey

- After Roosevelt anticipated war and recognized the strategic value of Spain's territories in the Pacific, Roosevelt had ordered a fleet commanded by _______ to the Philippines. - This large group of islands had been under Spanish control ever since the 1500s. - On May 1, Commodore ______ fleet fired on Spanish ships in Manila Bay making the Spanish ships was beat by US naval guns. - Allied with Filipino rebels, US troops captured the city of Manila on August 13.

Pancho Villa

- Along with a group of rebels loyal to him, challenged the new Mexican Government under Carranza - Hoped to destabilize the gov't by leading raids across the US-Mexican border. - Murdered several people in the Texas and New Mexico

Emilio Aguinaldo

- Filipino nationalist leader who had fought alongside U.S. troops during the Spanish-American War - Now he led bands of guerilla fighters in a war against U.S. control.

James Blaine

- Harrison's Secretary of State - repeated efforts to establish closer ties between the U.S. and its southern neighbors bore fruit in 1889 with the meeting of the Pan-American Conference in Washington - Representatives from nations in the Western Hemisphere came and created a permanent organization for international cooperation on trade and other issues. - He hoped to bring about reductions in tariff rates, but failed. - However, the foundation was established for the larger goal of hemispherical cooperation on both economic and political issues. The Pan-American Union still exists today.

Moral Diplomacy

- In Wilson's first term as president, he had limited success applying a high standard to foreign relations - He and his Secretary of State, William Jennings Bryan, hoped to demonstrate that the United States respected other nation's rights and would support the spread of democracy. - Hoping to demonstrate that his presidency was opposed to self-interested imperialism, Wilson took steps to correct what he viewed as wrongful policies of the past; this was referred to as...

Josiah Strong

- In his first book Our Country: Its Possible Future and Present Crisis (1885) - Reverend who wrote that people of Anglo-Saxon stock were "the fittest to survive." - He believed that Protestant Americans had a religious duty to colonize other lands in order to spread Christianity and the benefits of their "superior" civilizations) medicine, science, and technology) to less fortunate peoples of the world.

John Hay

- McKinley's secretary of state - alarmed that the Chinese empire, weakened by political corruption and failure to modernize, was falling under the control of various outside powers. - To prevent the United States from losing access to the lucrative China trade, he dispatched a diplomatic note in 1899 to nations controlling spheres of influence. - He asked them to accept the concept of an Open Door, by which all nations would have equal trading privileges in China. - The replies to his notes were evasive. However, because no nation rejected the concept, he declared that all had accepted the Open Door policy. The press hailed Hay's initiative as a diplomatic triumph. - In 1900 he wrote a second note to the imperialistic powers stating U.S. commitment to (1) preserve China's territorial integrity as well as (2) safeguard "equal and impartial trade with all part of the Chinese empire".

Henry Cabot Lodge

- Republican senator from Massachusetts - responsible for another action that alienated both Latin America and Japan - A group of Japanese investors wanted to buy a large part of Mexico's Baja Peninsula, extending south of California. Fearing that Japan's government might be secretly scheming to acquire the land, he introduced and the Senate in 1912 passed a resolution known as the _____ Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. - The resolution stated that non_eurpean powers (such as Japan) would be excluded from owning territory in the Western Hemisphere. - President Taft opposed the corollary, which also offended Japan and angered Latin American countries.

William Howard Taft

- Roosevelt's successor, did not carry a big stick - He adopted a foreign policy that was mildly expansionist but depended more on investors' dollars than on the navy's battleships - His policy of promoting U.S. trade by supporting American enterprises abroad was known as dollar diplomacy - believed that private American financial investment in China and Central America would lead to great stability there, while at the same time promoting U.S. business interest - His policy, however, was thwarted by one major obstacle: growing anti-imperialism both in the United States and overseas. - first tested his policy in China - Wanting U.S. bankers to be included in British, French, and German plan to invest in railroads in China. - succeeded in securing American participation in an agreement signed in 1911.

Dollar Diplomacy

- Taft's policy of promoting U.S. trade by supporting American enterprises abroad was known as _________ - policy was mildly expansionist but depended more on investors' dollars than on the navy's battleships.

Florence Kelly

Jane Addams, _____, and other leaders of the social justice movement found that they needed political support in the state legislatures for meeting the needs of immigrants and the working class -They lobbied vigorously and with considerable success for better schools, juvenile courts, liberalized divorce laws, and safety regulations for tenements and factories

John J. Pershing

ordered by President Wilson to pursue Villa into northern Mexico with a "expeditionary force" - They failed to capture Villa - With the threat of the U.S. joining WWI, Wilson, withdrew Pershing's troops from Mexico

Rosie the Riveter

this song abotu her encouraged women to take defensive jobs