Period 7, Week 3 ID's

Causes of Post-War Economic Boom

1) Europe was destroyed by WWI, so we are the only industrial country in the WORLD. People had to come to us for things. 2) Federal Government went back to its pro-business policies 3) New technologies (Ford comes up with the Model T and the Assembly Line). In 1920, 1.5 million cars are sold, by 1929, it was 5 million. This was no longer the luxury of the rich, commo people could have it. 4) Cheap and Available Electricity (Coal and Oil)

Dawes Plan

1924. The US will loan Germany money to pay the reparations to GB and France. Then, France and GB will pay back the Wartime loans to the US with it.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

1930. Part of the governments plan to support business, raised tariffs by 50%

Herbert Hoover

31st President of the United States. President during the Great Depression, tried to help (did not do well). Sent troops to remove the Bonus Army.

Bonus Expeditionary Force

A group of World War I veterans that staged a protest march in Washington DC to demand payments on their military pensions. In July of 1932, the bill that would have provided pension payments to these veterans was defeated. So the protestors camped out in droves in empty buildings and open spaces in the nation's capital, demanding that the bill be reviewed and passed. Hoover decided to call on the country's standing army to expel them, which led to General Douglas MacArthur and Major George Patton using brutal force to break up the demonstrators and uproot them from Washington DC.

Red Scare

A period of time where there was a fear of communism. . We wanted to keep them out! The federal government start rounding up people who are believed to be communists. There were antiradical crusades, where social groups would be very nativist and attack communists. Attorney General Mitchell Palmer ran the red raids, his house was bombed by communists.

Bootlegger

A person who moved alcohol around illegally

Flappers

A sophisticated, pleasure-mad young woman. The term originated with a drawing by a magazine illustrator depicting a fashionable young woman whose rubber boots were open and flapping. Although the flapper stereotype was created by journalists, fashion designers, and advertisers, it played a significant cultural role. In the nineteenth century, the idealized woman on her moral pedestal had symbolized an elaborate complex of cultural ideals. The flapper, with her bobbed hair, defiant cigarette, lipstick, and short skirt, similarly epitomized youthful rejection of the older stereotype of womanhood.

Cotton Club

A speak easy where blacks played but could not be apart of the audience. One of the most famous Harlem nightspots.

Limited Welfare State

A state in which the welfare of the people in such matters as social security, health and education, housing, and working conditions is not solely the responsibility of the government

Charles Lindberg

A young pilot who flew solo across the Atlantic in his small biplane, The Spirit of St. Louis, on May 20-21, 1927. Minnesotan of Swedish ancestry, he was a daredevil stunt pilot who decided on impulse to enter a $25,000 prize competition offered by a NY hotel for the first nonstop NY to Paris flight.

Effects of the Great Depression: Hoovervilles, etc.

A. Bank Failures B. Lack of Available Credit C. People Stopped Spending $$ D. Massive Unemployment E. Homelessness F. Government Response (Trickle Down)

Causes of the Great Depression

A. False Sense of Prosperity B. High Protective Tariffs C. Over-Speculation on Stocks D. Stock Market Crash E. Expansion of Credit F. Failure of Federal Reserve G. Drought & Overuse of Land

League of Women voters

Abandoned activism for "non-partisan" studies of civic issues,

Washington Naval Arms Conference

After the war ended in 1918, the US, GB, and Japan edged toward a dangerous (and costly) naval arms race. In 1921 Harding called for a conference to address the problem. When the delegates gathered in Washington, Secretary of State Hughes startled them by proposing a specific ratio of ships among the world's naval powers. In Feb 1922 the three nations, together with Italy and France, pledged to reduce their battleship tonnage by specified amounts and to halt all battleship construction for 10 years. The US and Japan agreed to respect each other's territorial holdings in the Pacific. Although this treaty ultimately failed to prevent war, it did represent an early arms-controlled effort.

Volstead Act/18th Amendment

Allowed federal agents to seize illegal alcohol, raid clandestine breweries, inspect vehicles at border crossings for contraband, and arrest those involved with the illegal production and sale of liquor. Congress passed this to set firm parameters for federal law enforcement to support prohibition & the 18th amendment. (Alcoholic beverages including beer, gin, rum, vodka, whiskey, and wine. Banned the making, selling, or transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States.)

Installment Plan Purchasing

Allows a consumer to pay a certain percentage of the item's total cost at first, and then allow him or her to make block payments to pay off the remaining amount. It became the precursor to modern credit. Whereby consumers could charge an item's entire price to an account and pay off the total amount plus interest over time. With all these new goods competing with each other for sales, the modern advertising industry made its debut in the 1920s to help sell it all.

Chicago Riots of 1919

An enormous number of African Americans moved to Chicago to work in the meat packing industry. But this summer, it was SUPER hot. So, an African American teen decides to swim in Lake Michigan. A group of white teens decide that he is "in their territory." So, they start to throw rocks at him, one hits him and kills him. Black people and white people start arguing and the city goes up in flames for about a week.

Radio

An important mode of advertising communication. In 1913, the United States _____ industry formed after an engineer named Edwin Armstrong pioneered the use of a circuit that made long-range voice and musical broadcasting possible. By the 1920s, the vacuum tube _____ was widely available with loudspeakers powerful enough to make audio transmissions audible to an entire room of people. ______ themselves were an important consumer product. That came with the added benefit that they allowed other consumer-oriented businesses to advertise their wares in between news broadcasts and music programs. By the end of the 1920s, about two-thirds of American households had at least one _____. Meaning that enticing consumers over the audio waves was a sure-fire way to market one's consumer goods.

Mass Circulation Magazines

Attracted national audiences. The Saturday Evening was a magazine for the rural's as was more traditional. Other magazines were for the urban people. The Reader's Digest put together stories that were previously published but this was an effort to make them condensed in effort to expand world knowledge. Time magazine was created to shorten the news of the week to make it brief and available and lively (alternative to newspaper).

Depression's Effect on Families

Bank failures wiped out the savings of many older Americans. By 1935 a million Americans over 65 were on relief. The birthrates fell in the early thirties as married couples postponed a family or limited its size. For parents, running a household in the 1930s often meant a struggle to make ends meet and hold the family together. They patched clothes, stretched food resources, and turned to public assistance when necessary. In homes with a tradition of strong male authority, the husband's loss of a job and consequent erosion of self-esteem often had a devastating psychological impact.

Marcus Garvey

Born in Jamaica, he founded UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association) in 1914 and 2 years later moved to NYC's Harlem, which became the movement's headquarters. In a white-dominated society, he glorified all things black. Urging black economic solidarity, he founded a chain of UNIA grocery stores and other businesses. He summoned black people to return to "Motherland Africa" and establish there a great nation.

21st Amendment

Eliminated the restrictive provisions of the Eighteenth Amendment (prohibition).

FERA Under Hoover

FERA (Federal Emergency Relief Administration) was Hoover's main effort at salvaging the nations wrecked economy. Provided funds to bail out big banks and large corporations without providing direct aid to impoverished private citizens. Despite the Hoover administration's modest efforts at relief, poverty prevailed and public anger broke out.

Zora Hurston

For African-American writers of the Harlem Renaissance, topics of racial discrimination, violence, and identity within American society were important themes that shaped their poetry, novels, and plays. Hurston migrated from Florida to New York in 1918 and enrolled at Barnard College where she studied literature and anthropology. By the mid 1920s she was living and writing in Harlem, incorporating her knowledge of African-American and Afro-Caribbean folklore Interpoetry collections like 1922's Journey's End, and the 1925 play Colorstruck.

Langston Hughes

For African-American writers of the Harlem Renaissance, topics of racial discrimination, violence, and identity within American society were important themes that shaped their poetry, novels, and plays. Missouri-born poet and novelist who arrived in New York to study at Columbia University in 1921. Due to racial prejudice, they dropped out of Columbia, but continued writing in the district of Harlem.

Fundamentalist Christians v. Modernist Christians

Fundamentalists insisted on the literal truth of the Bible, including the Genesis account of Creation. Religious "modernist," they charged, had abandoned the truths revealed in God's Word.

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote. Had little political effect. Women who joined forces to work for suffrage now scattered across the political spectrum or withdrew from politics altogether.

McNary-Haugen Bill

Give subsidies to farmers, pays them to destroy crops. Coolidge vetoed it twice. It was not the federal governments jobs to do this. This is really going to hurt the farmers.

Al Smith

Governor of New York four times, and was the Democratic U.S. presidential candidate in 1928. He was the first Roman Catholic and Irish-American to run for President as a major party nominee. He lost the election to Herbert Hoover. Indicated growing power of the city. Wanted to end Prohibition. Represented political machine.

Lost Generation

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

Coolidge's Position on Government Assistance

He thinks "It was not the job of the Federal Government to do this."

Speakeasies

Illegal underground drinking establishments. Estimates suggest that by 1925, New York City alone was home to upwards of 50,000 of these.

Robert LaFollette and CPPA

In 1922, a midterm election year, labor and farm groups formed the Conference for Progressive Political Action (CPPA), which helped defeat some conservative Republicans. In 1924 CPPA delegates revived the Progressive Party and nominated Sen Robert La Follette for President. The Socialist party and the American Federation of Labor endorsed La Follette.

Depression's Effect on Women

Indeed, for the 25 percent of American women employed in 1930, the depression brought difficult times. The female jobless rate stood at more than 20 percent through much of the decade. Women desperate to continue working often did so only by taking lower-paying jobs. A laid-off factory worker might became a waitress. Many young women new to the job market had to settle for temporary or part-time work. Competition from displaced male workers reduced the proportion of women even in such traditional "women's professions" as library work, social work, and school teaching. Married women workers faced harsh criticism, and women workers also faced wage discrimination.

Sexual Revolution

Known largely from anecdotes and journalistic accounts. Premarital intercourse may have increased, but it remained exceptional and widely disapproved. Young people also discussed - and sometimes indulged in - sex more freely than their parents. "Courting" had once been a prelude to marriage. The 1920s brought the more informal ritual of "dating." Through casual dating, young people gained social confidence without necessarily contemplating marriage.

Walter Reuther

Leader of the union against General Motors. Young autoworker and labor activist. When the depression hit, Reuther and his brother Victor rediscovered their socialist roots. In Dec 1936 employees at GM's two body plants in Flint stopped work and peacefully occupied the factories, carefully protecting the equipment and the cars on the assembly lines. This "sit-down strike" paralyzed GM's production.

Jazz Music

New form of music in the 1920s which was heavily influenced by African American culture. Began in New Orleans and brought to Harlem, attracting both black and white listeners.

Eugene O'Neil

One of the "monikers of the Lost Generation." Contributed to the last generations literary library as a playwright with strong social views. His 1924 play, Desire Under the Elms explore controversial issues relating to human sexuality. While his 1920 production The Emperor Jones addressed the taboo of race.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

One of the "monikers of the Lost Generation." In 1925, they wrote "The Great Gatsby," which became one of America's most enduring pieces of 20th century literature.

Ernest Hemingway

One of the "monikers of the Lost Generation." Writer who had served as an ambulance driver in Northern Italy during the war. Returned home to produce literature that reflected his wartime experiences. A Farewell to Arms, published in 1929, expressed his beliefs about the absurdity and inhumanity, of war.

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

Only 3% of any nationality can enter country based on 1910 census

Immigration Restriction Act / National Origins Act of 1924

Only allowed 2% of any nationality based on 1890 census. Allowed no immigration from Asia. This law stayed until 1965

Effect of Mass Culture on Society

People had more things and life became easier.

National Women's Party

Proposed an equal-rights amendment to the Constitution, but other reformers argued that such amendment could jeopardize gender-based laws protecting women workers.

Movies

Reached all social classes as they expanded from the rowdy nickelodeons of the immigrant wards into elegant uptown theaters with names like Majestic, Ritz, and Palace.

Dust Bowl

Result of years of over-farming and drought in America's Great Plains region. It became a full-fledged natural disaster by the early 1930s, when windstorms led to massive dust storms spanning from northern Texas through western Oklahoma and Kansas. Farmlands became barren and people got sick from dust inhalation.

Election of 1928

Resulted in the victory of Herbert Hoover, a Republican leader who campaigned on the conservative economic platform of his predecessors Warren G Harding and Calvin Coolidge. Hoover rose to power just as the booming economy of the earlier part of the 1920s was screeching to a halt, and was faced with the challenges of a nation in economic crisis.

Effect of Depression on Discrimination

Rural or urban, life was hard. Black tenant farmers and sharecroppers often faced eviction. Among black industrial workers, the depression era-jobless rate far outran the rate for whites, largely because of the racism and discriminatory hiring policies. Although black workers in some industries benefited from the CIO's nondiscriminatory policy, workplace racism remained a fact of life. Lynching rates continued, in 1933, 24 black people died by lynching. Other minority groups faced discrimination. California continued its efforts to prevent Japanese-Americans from owning land. In 1934 Congress set an annual quota of 50 for immigrants from the Philippines, still a US colony -- lower than that for any other nation. Congress also offered free travel "home" for Filipinos long settled in the US. The more than 2 million Hispanic-Americans faced trying times as well. Some were citizens with ancestral roots in the SW, but most were recent arrivals from Mexico or Caribbean Islands such as Cuba and Puerto Rico. Most Mexican newcomers worked as migratory agricultural laborers in the SW and elsewhere, or in the MidW steel or meatpacking plants.

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Sacco and Vanzetti were Italian immigrants. They were accused of robbery and murder. They admitted that they were anarchists and atheists. There was almost no evidence, but they were found guilty and executed.

Teapot Dome Scandal

Scandal during the Harding administration. Interior Secretary Fall went to jail for leasing government oil reserves, one in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, to two oilmen in return for a $400,000 bribe.

Warren G. Harding

Senator from Ohio. Ran for president, and won! In 1923, he suffered a heart attack and died. His VP, Coolidge, took over.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Signed by the US, France, and 60 other nations. Renounced aggression and calling for the outlawing of war. Lacking any enforcement mechanism, this high sounding document did nothing to prevent WWII.

Social Changes in the 20's

Society lacked Idealism and Vision. People went and saw the war, people changed. Sense of personal alienation, loss. People became obsessed with materialism and a lack of morality. People are drinking and dancing. Women are liberated (birth control invented). People just want to have fun.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Started the path to Prohibition. Founded in 1873 as an advocacy group run by Prosthetic Christian Women. They championed a variety of progressive causes, but focused a great deal of energy on the dangers of alcohol, which they believed to be the root cause of many social problems.

Harlem Renaissance

The New York City district of Harlem on Manhattan's Upper West Side served as a meeting point for many African-American authors and musicians giving birth to a cultural episode.

Al Capone

The New York born son of Italian immigrants relocated to Chicago in 1919 where he worked as a brothel bouncer and bootlegger under to tutelage of senior crime leaders Johnny Torrio and Jim Colosimo. Eventually become a crime boss who help traffic liquor.

Consumerism

The ability of people to buy consumer goods. From cars to home goods to personal care products, the economic landscape of 1920s America was profoundly impacted by the booming culture of ___________. Not only selling Americans convenient and novel new products, but also selling them the notion of an idealized lifestyle. Advertising supported ___________ by marketing the benefits. Not just of a product, but of the sense of accomplishment, sophistication, and status that came with owning modern products. Growing incomes and thriving private industries made conspicuous consumption a social and economic hallmark of 1920s American life.

New Klu Klux Klan

The first enactment of the clan was during Reconstruction, after the civil war. It was mainly in the deep south. The 2nd enactment began in 1940. Between 1940-50, the KKK was active all over the country. There were almost 8 million members. They weren't about lynching and secrecy anymore. They wanted more members. They hosted picnics, fairs, and parades. Lower middle-class white protestants were a huge part of the group. White supremacists put together a movie called, "Birth of a Nation." Wilson watched his at the white house! KKK members ran for office, they became mayors, sheriffs, everybody! They preached Christian morality and temperance. Membership begins to decline BECAUSE THEY ARE BAD PEOPLE! They steal money.

Mexican Migration

The influx of Hispanics in America from 1850-1900. Mainly worked as railway builders and farmhands. Heavily discriminated against.

Speculation

The practice of making high-risk investments with borrowed money in hopes of getting a big return. (Ex: Ms. Rutkowski has an extra $50, now she wants to invest in a high-risk high reward stock. Companies will let you buy on the margin (company will give me $1000 worth of stock for $50 with the understanding that when the stock goes up, I pay off stock.) She buys $1 a shar - 1000 shares - for $50. Then stock goes up to $2 a share - 2000 shares - pay $950. Problem is banks were doing this!)

Trickle-Down Economics

Theory that you help the rich because that will make them hire people and build things. DOES NOT WORK!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Great Migration

They didn't leave the South in droves. They didn't know people and it was hard to leave where they grew up. But new generations came and wanted to leave to the north. They want to get away from Jim Crow and racism, and better economic opportunities. Cities were booming and factory jobs were everywhere. Between 1910 and 1930, 1 million African Americans leave the South and go North. They take everything with them. When they get to the cities, where are they going to live? African Americans were not sold homes or allowed to live in apartments. They could only live where other African Americans live. A lot of members in the new soil party lived here, they don't want African Americans to take the white man's job.

Independent Internationalism

Title given to the time after WWI and before WWII; Not isolationism; US didn't join all of the political organizations but were still globally active economically

Model T/Mass Production

To minimize costs and maximize efficiency, Ford perfected the assembly line method. Organizing workers into neat lines with each worker assigned to one specific task in the production process. Owning a motor vehicle became the quintessential American status symbol of the 1920s. The Model T was the first mass produced car.

Tulsa Massacre of 1921

Tulsa is in Oklahoma. There was a large population of African Americans living here, they were incredibly affluent. They had property and were professionals. They nicknamed an area of Tulsa, "Black Wallstreet." (Huge amount of KKK members in OK). A young teenage boy was a messenger and went downtown to deliver a message. He goes into a building and has to go up the elevator. The elevator operator was a white woman. But she was very intimidated by a black teen in the elevator, so she screamed "rape!" The teen gets arrested the next day and the boy's father (a prominent businessman) and a few and his friends go and try to help his son. Suddenly, a white mob forms and began an attack. White people got into planes and started to bomb the black community! African Americans were DECAPITATED!!!

Attorney General Mitchell Palmer

Used a series of raids to round up and arrest about 6,000 suspected Communists.

Calvin Coolidge

VP to Harding in the Election of 1920, ran as Republican. Run on campaign of "return to normalcy." Win in a LANDSLIDE. Harding has heart attack, dies, and this person becomes president.

Scopes Trial

When the Tennessee legislature barred the theory of evolution from the state's public school in 1925, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) offered to defend any teacher willing to challenge this law. A high-school teacher in Dayton, TN, John T. Scopes, accepted the offer. Scopes summarized Darwin's theory to a science class and was arrested. Famed criminal lawyer Clarence Darrow headed the defense team, and Bryan assisted the prosecution. Journalists poured into Dayton; a Chicago radio station broadcast the proceedings live; and the Scopes trial became a media sensation. Cross-examined by Darrow, Bryan insisted on the literal veracity of every Bible story and dismissed evolutionary theory. Although the jury found Scopes guilty, the Dayton trial exposed fundamentalism to ridicule. When Bryan died of a heart attack soon after, H.L. Mencken wrote a column mercilessly deriding him and the "gaping primates" who idolized him.

Consumer Necessities in the 20's

With more and more American homes having access to electricity by this time. Convenient home items such as refrigerators, washing machines, and vacuum cleaners, all powered by electricity, became exciting new possibilities. Companies such as DuPont, General Electric, and Frigidaire emerged as leaders in America's home appliance industry. Using department stores, door-to-door sales, and catalogs to ply their wares.

Back to Africa Movement

a movement, led by Marcus Garvey during the 1910s and 1920s, that promoted the return of blacks living all over the world to Africa