Period 8 APUSH

The ________________________ in Chicago was a stark demonstration of just how divided the Democratic party had become. Students and members of the counterculture, known collectively as the "New Left" made up one faction, while the older generation of New Deal Democrats, which became known as the "Old Left," constituted another. The convention descended into utter chaos as thousands of antiwar activists converged on the streets of Chicago, where law enforcement officers clubbed them with nightsticks and doused them in tear gas.

1968 Democratic National Convention

Dismayed with the lack of progress in the Vietnam War and disturbed by the factionalism rupturing the Democratic Party, ___________ chose not to run for reelection.

Lyndon Johnson

___________ fiery rhetoric and charismatic presence gained the Nation of Islam many new adherents in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The Nation of Islam advocated black self-empowerment and self-reliance, as well as cultural and racial pride.

Malcolm X's

___________________, a Baptist minister who endorsed nonviolent civil disobedience, emerged as leader of the Boycott.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

President Johnson also established ___________, which provide healthcare to the poor and to the elderly.

Medicare and Medicaid

Which of the following would NOT be included in liberation movements of the late 60s and early 70s?

Moral Majority

In sum, the Great Society was an ambitious domestic program that expanded the scope of the federal government far beyond the limits of the_______, and it constitutes one of Johnson's most enduring legacies.

New Deal

What did Eisenhower believe to be the cause of the cold war?

communism

Kennedy announced that he would ask Congress for a $10 billion ________ unaccompanied by decreases in federal spending. He argued that an economic boom would result from such an approach, and thus tax revenues would be higher despite lower tax rates.

tax cut

Southern congressmen issued a ___________ denouncing the Court's ruling. Governors and state legislatures employed a variety of tactics to slow or stop school desegregation; white Citizens' Councils emerged to lead local resistance.

"Southern Manifesto"

The Court declared "separate" educational facilities _________.

"inherently unequal."

Richard Nixon's 1968 presidential campaign was notable for a number of reasons. He emphasized the theme of "law and order," which he understood would appeal to the ________________ those white middle-class Americans anxious and fearful of radical social change.

"silent majority,"

Despite the hefty price tag of the program - about $14.5 billion dollars - veterans who took advantage of the educational subsidy earned, on average, $10,000-15,000 more per year than those who did not, generating ten times the cost of the program in tax revenue. Consequently, some analysts have called it _________________________.

"the best investment the US government has ever made."

In order to have a respectable understanding of the Vietnam War we have to rewind all the way back to the late 1800s when France was colonizing Southeast Asia and in particular it colonized what is now Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia that were collectively called __________________.

French Indochina

A combination of factors produced this baby boom: soldiers returning home from the war were weary of adventure and wished to settle down into family life with their sweethearts, and__________ promised the decent pay, access to good jobs, and affordable housing that made raising a family possible.

GI Bill benefits

The ______________ partitioned Vietnam along the 17th parallel between North Vietnam and South Vietnam, and the whole point of this partition was really to just allow for a cooling-off period a period where you could have things settling down and then having elections. It wasn't meant to be a permanent partition.

Geneva Conference of 1954

The reported attack on the USS Maddox angered Congress and angered the American people, so we passed the _______________ and what's relevant about it is it gave LBJ here it gave him the authority to officially engage in a war in Vietnam and to officially escalate it to an actual war without a Congressional declaration of war.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

____________ was founded by a group of white and black students on the campus of the University of Chicago in 1942. Its founders had been active in the interfaith, pacifist Fellowship of Reconciliation, and drew inspiration from Mahatma Gandhi's practice of nonviolent civil disobedience

CORE

One of the earliest approaches of the Civil Rights Movement was centered in the courts. Spearheaded by the _______________, this strategy initiated lawsuits to undermine the legal foundation of Jim Crow segregation in the South.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

In 1966, the ___________________, formed and proceeded to set an agenda for the feminist movement. Framed by a statement of purpose written by Friedan, the agenda began by proclaiming its goal to make possible women's participation in all aspects of American life and to gain for them all the rights enjoyed by men.

National Organization for Women (NOW)

On March 7, 1965, six hundred activists set out on a march from __________ to Montgomery to peacefully protest the continued violations of African Americans' civil rights. When they reached the Edmund Pettus Bridge over the Alabama River, hundreds of deputies and state troopers attacked them with tear gas, nightsticks, and electric cattle prods.

Selma, Alabama

Hoping to provide servicemen and women with a measure of financial security upon their return (and, hopefully, siphon a substantial proportion of veterans away from the labor market and into educational programs), President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the _____________on June 22, 1944. Commonly known as the GI Bill, it offered veterans a year of unemployment pay after their homecoming; guaranties for loans to purchase homes, businesses, or farms; and tuition and living stipends for college or vocational programs.

Servicemen's Readjustment Act

In 1963, writer and feminist Betty Friedan published _________________, a nonfiction book in which she contested the post-World War II belief that it was women's destiny to marry and bear children. Friedan's book was a best-seller and began to raise the consciousness of many women who agreed that homemaking in the suburbs sapped them of their individualism and left them unsatisfied.

The Feminine Mystique

In August 1963, the United States, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain signed a treaty banning ______________________.

atmospheric and underwater nuclear testing

On the 14th of October we're sending these U2 spy planes over Cuba and one takes pictures that look like _________________ are being set up in Cuba, and so all of a sudden it looks like the Soviet Union is using Cuba to do the same thing that we use Turkey and Italy for - to set this up right off of our coast and _____________ that could now reach any of the strategic population centers especially on the East Coast or the Midwest of the United States. So by the 16th, literally two days after the pictures were taken, they're analyzing them and they tell the State Department about them. On the 16th they tell Kennedy about them and Kennedy holds a meeting of the executive committee.

ballistic missiles

Medical science also contributed a tool to assist women in their liberation. In 1960, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the _____________.

birth control pill

The Cold War gave rise to talk of the need to employ a diplomacy of _______: a willingness on the part of American leaders to take the world to the edge of a nuclear war with the hope that the Soviets would back down in the face of a potential US nuclear strike.

brinksmanship

The crisis evoked fears of nuclear destruction, revealed the dangers of __________, and invigorated attempts to halt the arms race.

brinksmanship

Suburbs' emphasis on __________ had negative effects on both white women and minorities. Many white women began to feel trapped in the role of housewife, while restrictive covenants barred most African American and Asian American families from living in suburban neighborhoods at all.

conformity

Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his inspirational "I Have a Dream" speech, which envisioned a world where people were judged not by the color of their skin, but by the ___________________.

content of their character.

From a military point of view it was a was a complete ___________ for the United States.

debacle

Many African American women were incentivized by economic necessity to work outside of the home, and were thus excluded from the postwar ideal of ___________.

domesticity

The twentieth-century Civil Rights Movement emerged as a response to the unfulfilled promises of _________, partly as a result of the experiences of black soldiers in the Second World War.

emancipation

These troops are doing what in reference to the students?

escorting them into school

In 1955, two white men brutally murdered African American teenager Emmett Till for reportedly ___________ in the town of Money, Mississippi.

flirting with a white woman

In the late 1960s and 1970s, Native Americans, gay men, lesbians, and women organized to change discriminatory laws and pursue government support for their interests, a strategy known as __________________.

identity politics

Due to _______________, more Americans could afford to own homes than ever before.

low prices and veterans' benefits

Rosa Parks's arrest sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott, during which the black citizens of Montgomery refused to ride the city's buses in protest over the bus system's policy of racial segregation. It was the first _______ of the modern civil rights era.

mass-action

The Kennedy administration established a ___________ to prevent any more missiles from reaching Cuba, and in no uncertain terms demanded the immediate removal of the missiles that had already been delivered.

naval blockade

1 Any _________in America must be, in large measure, a left with real intellectual skills, committed to deliberativeness, honesty, reflection as working tools. The university permits the political life to be an adjunct to the academic one, and action to be informed by reason. 2 A _________ must be distributed in significant social roles throughout the country. The universities are distributed in such a manner. 3 A _________ must consist of younger people who matured in the postwar world, and partially be directed to the recruitment of younger people. The university is an obvious beginning point. 4 A _________ must include liberals and socialists, the former for their relevance, the latter for their sense of thoroughgoing reforms in the system. The university is a more sensible place than a political party for these two traditions to begin to discuss their differences and look for political synthesis. .....

new left

The March on Washington, which took place on August 28, 1963, was one of the largest civil rights rallies in US history, and one of the most famous examples of _____________.

non-violent mass direct action.

The term _____________ emerged to describe and encourage the stability of the family as the essential building block of a strong and healthy society. In this view, a woman played a crucial role by keeping the family unit strong and intact.

nuclear family

Till's mother Mamie held an _________ so that the world could see the violence that murderous racists had inflicted on her son's body.

open-casket funeral

On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a black seamstress, was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama for ____________.

refusing to give up her bus seat

___________, a new style of music which drew inspiration from African American blues music, embraced themes popular among teenagers, such as young love and rebellion against authority.

rock and roll

Johnson chose not to ________________, largely due to the disastrous war in Vietnam and the internecine conflicts tearing apart the Democratic Party.

run for re-election in 1968

CORE sent some of its members to help in the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and supported _______ at lunch counters across the South. In 1961, CORE's national director James Farmer organized an effort to integrate interstate bus stations and buses in the Deep South with a series of _____________. They were groups of white and black civil rights activists who rode buses to challenge segregation in interstate transportation in southern states.

student sit-ins / Freedom Rides

The Eisenhower administration's national security strategy was called ____________. It relied on strategic nuclear weapons and air power while scaling back conventional army and navy forces. A nuclear arsenal was cheaper to maintain than paying a standing army: "more bang for the buck," the popular slogan went.

the New Look

If you see this graph and focus on the years 1946 - 1964, you know without a doubt that this graph should be labelled...

the baby boom

The GI Bill expanded American university instruction from a curriculum focused solely on _______ to one encompassing a range of career paths, including science, business, and engineering. Historian James T. Patterson has called it "the most significant development in the modern history of American education."

the liberal arts

In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) a ___________ Supreme Court declared that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional.

unanimous

Black servicemen dedicated themselves to advancing not only the cause of Allied victory in World War II, but also the cause of civil rights at home. This dual enterprise to achieve victory over fascism and victory over racism was deemed the ________ campaign by the Pittsburgh Courier, a prominent black newspaper. African Americans, both in and out of uniform, hoped that valorous service to the nation would forge a pathway to equal citizenship

"Double V"

What might these students have been chanting as they marched?

"Hey, hey LBJ, how many kids did you kill today?"

Techniques of mass production made it possible to build homes faster and cheaper than ever before. Using an assembly-line system, the construction firm Levitt and Sons built three giant ______________ suburbs in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.

"Levittown"

The March on Washington was highly publicized in the news media, and helped to gather momentum for the passage of the ______________.

Civil Rights Act in 1964.

__________ said, "We are portrayed as a violator of those standards of conduct which the peoples of the world united to proclaim in the Charter of the United Nations. There they affirmed 'faith in fundamental human rights and in the dignity and worth of the human person' and they did so 'without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion.'"

Dwight Eisenhower

The student movement arose at the University of California at Berkeley in 1964, when students involved in civil rights activism chafed at the university's sudden attempt to prevent them from organizing politically on campus. The ______________ arose to challenge the university's restrictions on political speech and assembly

Free Speech Movement

____________, a package of programs and legislation aimed at eradicating poverty and improving health care and education, was President Johnson's chief domestic policy program and one of his permanent legacies.

The Great Society,

In 1966 Stokely Carmichael was elected to head SNCC. Carmichael embraced the Black Power Movement, which included black separatism and the use of violence in self-defense. In June 1966, Carmichael declared at a rally that "1966 is the year of the concept of_____________.The year when black men realized their full worth in society—their dignity and their beauty—and their power—thegreatest power on the earth—the power of the right."

Black Power

Highway act

1956 Congressional action that led to the current interstate highway system, Eisenhower's legacy

Suburban living promoted the use of automobiles for transportation, which led to a vast expansion of _______________.

America's highway system

Levitt and Sons also took advantage of the government support offered by the ______________ and the Veterans Administration (VA). Before these programs, would-be homeowners had to put down an average of 58% of a home's purchase price to secure a mortgage, a nearly impossible prospect for working class families. Since the GI Bill insured veterans' mortgages, Levittown could afford to offer them unprecedented credit, in some cases allowing veterans and their families to move in without putting down a cent.

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

In 1959 you have a successful revolution against the dictator Batista, and the revolution is led by this character _________________, and his number two right hand men are Raul Castro and Che Guevara

Fidel Castro

When you go to the early morning of April 17th you have the real invasion where you have the 1400 Cuban exiles with CIA and US military support at the ____________.

Bay of Pigs

During Kennedy's brief presidency, the United States experienced both foreign policy triumphs and tragedies, including the _____________________________.

Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis.

The ____________ gained notoriety when in the spring of 1967, its gun-toting members staged a protest at the state capitol against a gun control bill then being debated by the California state legislature. The _____________ espoused a militant form of black self-defense and functioned as a local militia, taking advantage of open-carry gun laws to patrol black neighborhoods in Oakland in order to prevent police harassment and brutality. They also provided community services, such as free breakfasts for children, drug and alcohol rehabilitation programs, self-defense classes, and free medical clinics and childcare centers.

Black Panthers

Once in office, Johnson moved quickly to secure the passage of civil rights legislation that had languished in Congress during Kennedy's presidency. The______________ banned racial segregation in public education and facilities, and prohibited discrimination in jobs and housing. In March 1965, Johnson delivered a speech in which he condemned racial bigotry and informed the nation that he was sending another civil rights bill to Congress. The ____________ outlawed poll taxes, literacy tests, and other devices that had been used to prevent Southern blacks from voting.

Civil Rights Act of 1964 / Voting Rights Act of 1965

In 1959 you have a revolution in Cuba led by Fidel Castro and he is heading the ___________ Party there. Cuba is now an enemy right off of the coast of the United States. This is the middle of the of the Cold War and the United States believes in a strategy of containment and does not like this.

Communist

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 contained provisions barring discrimination and segregation in education, public facilities, jobs, and housing. It created the __________________ to ensure fair hiring practices, and established a federal Community Relations Service to assist local communities with civil rights issues.

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

France stayed the colonizing power all the way through all the way through World War II, and so you can imagine during World War II France was quickly overrun by the Germans. The Vietnamese wanted their independence and so you have a liberation movement that rises up and it was led by the Viet Minh and the Viet Minh were led by __________. Besides being a liberation movement they were also communist they were also communist which you could imagine later on during the Cold War we'll kind of bias the United States against them

Ho Chi Minh

In 1975 the North just overruns the south and then in and then later that year you have set you have Saigon falling to the north and then it becomes _______________.

Ho Chi Minh City

The incursion into Cambodia set off a wave of protests around the nation and on university campuses in particular. In Ohio, the governor called out the National Guard to put down riots at _______________. The guards shot and killed four young people and wounded nine others on May 4, 1970, in an incident that sparked rage across the nation.

Kent State University

On the 28th of October there was finally an agreement, and so publicly _________ agreed to remove the weapons that were there, and the Americans agreed that they would not invade Cuba.

Khrushchev

_______________, an unstable ex-Marine with ties to the Soviet Union and to the Cuban émigré community in Miami, shot Kennedy from the window of a book depository while the president was riding in a convertible limousine as part of a motorcade.

Lee Harvey Oswald

The school in the previous question was ...

Little Rock Central High School

In 1973 you have the _________ where officially there is peace between the the North the South.

Paris Peace Accords

In 1971, the New York Times broke the story of the __________________, a Department of Defense report that concluded that the Johnson and Nixon administrations had systematically lied to the American people and Congress about the extent of US involvement in the Vietnam war

Pentagon Papers

In 1971, the ____________ get leaked to the New York Times and pretty much articulate that the the military and non-military leadership of the Vietnam War was to some degree lying to Congress and the American people - was lying about how the war was going it and was lying about what activities it was doing.

Pentagon Papers

An 1896 Supreme Court decision,___________ , had declared "separate but equal" Jim Crow segregation legal. The ruling asserted that so long as purportedly "equal" accommodations were supplied for African Americans, the races could, legally, be separated.

Plessy v. Ferguson

The assassinations contributed to the perception among many Americans that the social fabric of the nation was ripping apart. What assassinations?

RFK and MLK

___________, as its name suggests, endeavored to coordinate efforts among students—both black and white—in direct action, nonviolent efforts in the movement for civil rights. ________ conducted lunch-counter sit-ins, contributed participants to the 1961 Freedom Rides, cosponsored the 1963 March on Washington, and contributed to voter education and registration drives across the South. During the 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer three young _________ activists were murdered in their efforts to register black voters.

SNCC

As they age, the ratio of retired Americans compared to working Americans will increase significantly, placing considerable strain on ______, hospitals, and other government agencies designed to aid the elderly.

Social Security

After the failed Bay of Pigs invasion Castro definitely aligned himself closely with the ________ so you know he became much more open about being a Marxist Leninist communist state

Soviet Union

_______________________ formed at the University of Michigan and issued the Port Huron Statement, which criticized US foreign policy and attacked the Cold War assumptions underlying it.

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

In 1968 the Vietcong orchestrate the ______________ which is this this massive coordinated attack on a bunch of targets throughout South Vietnam. And even though it wasn't completely successful militarily, the intent of it was to turn the tide of public opinion in the US about the war, and in that sense it was successful.

Tet Offensive

The Civil Rights Movement contributed materially to women's rights. The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibited discrimination in employment on the basis of race, color, national origin, and religion, also prohibited discrimination on the basis of sex in _____________.

Title VII

The US started placing missiles starting in the late 50s, medium-range ballistic missiles, in _________.

Turkey

South Vietnamese supporters of Ho Chi Minh did not like the Diem government of the South as it was a fairly corrupt, autocratic ruler who wasn't a big fan of democracy and so these players in the south who started to rise up against President Diem are the "___________." So this is really sets up what the Vietnam War is all about. You have the Communist Ho Chi Minh controlled North that was fighting a conventional war against the South.

Vietcong

Kennedy also set the stage for increased US involvement in _________ by supporting a military coup.

Vietnam

During the election of 1968, Nixon had promised he had a "secret plan" to get the United States out of Vietnam. His plan turned out to be twofold: first, the United States would undertake a plan of __________________, slowly replacing the more than 500,000 American soldiers on the ground with South Vietnamese soldiers.

Vietnamization

President Johnson informed the nation that he was sending a new voting rights bill to Congress, and he urged Congress to vote the bill into law. Congress complied, and President Johnson signed the _____________ on August 6, 1965.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Till's murderers stood trial one month later, in a case that received a great deal of media attention across the United States and the world. Both men were _________.

acquitted

Was Eisenhower for or against government expansion

against- he distrusted it

Once in office, Nixon attempted to quash domestic dissent by reducing the US troop presence in Vietnam and reforming the draft. The elimination of the draft and its replacement with an ____________________was a major lasting consequence of the antiwar movement.

all-volunteer professional army

Though Kennedy and Nixon often have been portrayed as ideological opposites, they both agreed on the necessity of US global leadership in the Cold War. Both men were firmly ____________and emphasized the importance of maintaining and strengthening US military supremacy.

anti-communist

Geographic living patterns in the United States changed during the postwar era as more Americans moved to ______________.

western and southern states

A campaign of "Massive Resistance" by _______ emerged in the South to oppose the Supreme Court's ruling that public schools be desegregated in Brown v. Board (1954).

whites

Shows promoting the values of domesticity, like Leave it to Beaver and Father Knows Best, became especially popular. These shows portrayed the primary roles of women as _____________.

wives and mothers

African Americans performed admirably in WWII, partly because they believed the war would foster change. The man in the poster, Dorie Miller...

won the Congressional Medal of Honor

In the 1950s and 1960s, ___________ had more disposable income and enjoyed greater material comfort than their forebears, which allowed them to devote more time and money to leisure activities and the consumption of popular culture.

young Americans