Personality Exam 2

negative life events, same attachment classification, negative life events,50%, negative life events, negative events

1.When studying stability and change across time in terms of attachment patterns in life- from cradle to grave- this is a strong statement and the data does not support that kind of relationship, but there is moderate stability across the first 20 years of life. purpose of our big brain is to adapt to changing situations - for us to stay the same in our responses to hanging environmental conditions makes no sense. The system has to be flexible and the modern stability coefficients are consistent with that idea. What determines a change in attachment pattern? role of ________- things happen to you that confirm or disconfirm your expectancies and this impacts your working models. In this study assess attachment at 12 months and when adults did an adult attachment interview and food that 72% received the _________________ as adults. 1. 1. just based on secure vs insecure - good stability over 20 year period. What predicted change in other 28%? __________esp for those that were initially secure. stressful life events explained change- 1 + negative events 66.6% of secure went to secure where no negative life events 15% of secure when to insecure (can think of this as noise). stressful life events were not significantly related to classification changes in insecure infants. changing from secure to insecure is closely related to those experience a negative life event. 2. in a study looking at relationship breakups, researchers measured attachment styles twice four years apart and assessed break up during this time in between. what percentage of those people change versus stage the same? if insecure and no break up- no change at time two (72%). if insecure and did experience a breakup no change at time two (62%). so having a breakup does not affect stability of attachment. Secure who did not experience a breakup 90% are still secure, but if they did - more than ______ switch to insecure putting these two studies together —> what explains change in attachment ? ________ - globally, or more specifically within the relationship. And what does it mean to switch? if you are insecure it is very difficult to make a switch to secure- just because your life is going well, doesn't make you secure. but easier for secure to go to insecure. This may be due to flexible adaptably - if they experience rejection they are willing to change schemas. OR what makes sense for us as a species to attend to? attention to _________. if someone is honest and you see them cheat once, you say they are dishonest. if someone is dishonest, need to see them act honest ALOT for you to change you mind

unresponsive, responsive, unresponsive, secure

2010 Johnson study looks at how children respond versus just working models in 2007 paper. Tapping into mental representations of the self (2010) versus working models of caregiver (2007). how the self responds to unresponsive versus responsive parent. in habituation phase big oval and little oval together than the get separated and little oval cries and the little oval comes back and waits from the little oval. some approach from parent but up to the little oval to approach. In test condition there are two groups: 1. responsive infant - little oval appraoches big oval and meet half way 2. unresponsive infant - little oval moves farther away. hypothesis/results: secure babies to look at _________ infant longer. avoidant should look at ________ child longer- unresponsive condition is how they cope. 3. anxious/resistent kids look at _______ longer - showing same pattern as _______ infants. So here distinction is between secure & anxious versus avoidant.

feature resemblance, with your S-O, recreating, stability

A lot of transference happens just based on physical resemblance. Krauss and Chen did a trasnference study based on ___________. in phase 1 p's rated pictures on similarity to a positive S-O to identify a face that will be used in phase 2, had them rate the personality of the S-O- what kind of person they are, and then rated their own personality when they are with this specific S-O- we have many selves. in phase 2, they were given targets that looked like S-O from phase 1 vs someone else's S-O look alike (yoked). look at similarity between buddy (target that look similar) and S-O and see that own S-O condition, people are making trait judgements about this person that are more consistent with their S-O- perceiving this person to be more alike in terms of personality to their S-O, they like this person much better (emotion), and interestingly, the person that they are with at that moment (what kind of person are you at this moment when you read buddy's description) resembles who you are when you are ____________. so the way you act, feel, behave is also similar in relationship with S-O- __________ the relationship. so why do people recreate relationships over and over again? this is another _________ mechanism. will also elicit similar responses from that other person- so situation selection, evocation , top down processing by perceiving the person in consistent ways with how you perceive S-O- so all the elements of stability in this process of transference.

motivation, acceptance, rejection, rejection/acceptance, social acceptance, longer time

According to sociometer theory, one should feel _______ for _________ following _________. In a study (DeWall), three conditions- p's completed persoanlity information sheet and given bogus feedback. in one condition, told that based on their profile told they would have a lot of relationships and love (future belonging condition). in the other condition, based on profile told they would likely spend life alone. future misfortune condition (3) based on profile told they were prone to accidents. (misfortune condition) purpose of future misfortune condition is negative condition but not about ______________. is this about rejection just about being a negative experience or rejection specifically that changes people's processing. then experimenters gave them a matrix of faces which were neutral or unhappy and only one smiley face. task is to locate the smiley face. how long does it take P's to find smiley face. if someone finds the face really fast, they are motivated and attuned to __________ so that attention is drawn to acceptance consistent information- actually perceptually they are faster to id smiley face. people are taking much shorter to find smiley face when told they would be alone in the future. this was a huge RT difference. 250 ms. once they find smiley face, future alone group also spends a ___________ looking at the smiley face. rejection motivates us to attune to social acceptance related information- we are seeking that feedback out and we will behave in ways to make sure we get that. you are more prosocial after rejection and try to gain acceptance from other people (other studies)

leadership, assertiveness, risk taking, fun loving, excitement seeking

Another consequence of niche partitioning - firstborn is smarter, wiser,stronger so occupy niche of ______ and _______ facets of E. Little ones in contrast map onto _______, _______, and _________ facets of E. Sulloway found that laterborns take more likely to engage in dangerous sports, and more home runs and steals in major league baseball - risk takers.

universal goal

Assessing how CSW and sociometer theory relate to each other, they can thought to be related is that being accepted is a _________- everyone is contingent on that- all this other stuff is where we see individual differences. acceptance and social belonging is an area in which we are all contingent.

N, status, self-conscious, self-esteem

Birth order effects show no difference in trait _____ because firstborn are anxious about status and laterborns are _______ and have lower _________ because older ones are constantly telling them how stupid they are

protest, despair, detachment

Bowlby observed these children go through prolonged separation from parents and observed three gradual stages (normative- happens in population at large, everyone does this because situation is so profound) 1. __________: proximity maintenance function gets activated, cant be consoled by anyone else, active searching, resistance to others soothing efforts- goal is to get parent back under normal circumstances (2) ________: protest behavior doesn't work, state of passivity and sadness; (3) ________: if parents don't come back for long enough, sever psychological ties, an active, seemingly defensive disregard for and avoidance of the mother if she returns

proximity, protest

Bowlby" talks about three functions of attachment system, some data demonstrates that these functions are assured by adults in romantic relationships. in a study bu Fraley and Shaver - testing _________ function- observed couples separating and not separating at an airport (saying goodbye to someone else). coded for behavioral indices of ________ (distress, sadness), contact seeking (kissing, embracing), contact maintenance (extended "hand stretch", unwilling to let go). attachment behaviors significantly more pronounced in couples who were separating vs not separating . women higher in avoidance dimension were less engaged in this kind of protest behavior- least distressed at separation. adults romanic relationships are serving this function (term).

errors of overconfidence, high of a performance standard

Cons of high SE include ______________. in certain situations in which people may be challenged, they may set too _____ ______ ______ ____ ___________ ________ for themselves. In a study, ps performed a computer task repeatedly and earned money so that they felt comfortable performing the task, then they were allowed to bet on their own performance to surpass a certain set criterion on their final performance. if you reach this, triple the money, if don't reach it, lose the money. IN the threat to ego manipulation condition they advice "If you are someone who chokes under stress, I advise you to bet small" in the control, there is no threat. They put bets on and play the game and look at how much did they bet and how much did they at the end win as a function of SE and if they were in threat condition. Results show that high SE bet more and set a really high performance standard. low SE bet less money in threat condition where high self esteem bet a lot more during ego threat. in control condition, high SE have a huge advantage but in ego threat condition, low SE are making slightly more money- not significant, but performance advantage is eliminated or reversed. overly confidence is shooting themselves in the foot- betting more and setting performance standards that are too high.

spending more time, contingent

Crocker found that 7 domains college students stake themselves in, academic competence, competition, appearance, approval from others, family support, God's love, virtue. Tracked behavior throughout year and asked what students were contingent on- most people show greater contingencies on one or more domains than others (though not necessarily). behavior analaysis found that those contingent in academics, spend more time studying for example, grooming- appearance, time spent with family etc. idea that people are ________ engaging in behaviors that are geared toward success in a domain for which they are __________.

parental investment

Differences in ________ show that firstborns spend a portion of their childhood without other sibling thus research finds nutritional differences (firstborns taller), vaccinations (firstborns more often vaccinated), lower mortality among first borns, laterborns are more likely to die in childhood, firstborns higher in IQ- As a function of all these and more attention paid to first born.

Western, Eastern

Earlier cultural differences in autbiographical memory __________: encoding of personal expereinces, specific "one moment"events, detailed, earlier ages, autonomous orientation (referencing own agency, preferences,emotions). alot of specific one moment events encoded in memory that focus on their own memory, what did i think, feel, why was it important to me? These memories are encoded at earlier ages. _________: retention of social knowledge important for harmony/solidarity, generic repeated events (we went to this lake every summer), not detailed, older ages, social orientation. not one moment events, but more like regularities in their experiences that define them as they are growing up, references of group activities, less detail and older ages.

wester, Asian

For ________ children, the self concept should reflect autonomy focused, internal traits, high value on self esteem- emphasis on promoting the self, a lot more positive attributes, encourages positive self views. For ______ kids self is focused on seocial relations, interperonsal context, fulfill obligations, faciliate solidarity in the group, self criticism encouraged, hypothesis is that self is focused on roles that they play in society. in this study, asked children of different age groups to write a story about themselves. coded these stories for personal vs social self descriptions. Results show that raito of personal to social self descriptions are higher for western children as early as age 3. At age 3.5 this difference is even bigger between Asian and western. this differences exist into adulthood.

reporting back , encoded memories, spurious

Hazen and Shaver started out with a simple study (1987) in which they go with prototype descriptions from Aimsworth work but adapt it to romantic relationships and asked different samples pick the one that describes you the best in most relationships. People did not have a problem making this decision. Found that 56% were secure, 25% avoidant, and 19% anxious. Is there a relationship between what people say about relationship partner and life growing up with parent. rated parent/child relation. The more secrue adults reported parents to be more affectionate, less demanding, more responsive etc. Cant conclude its parents that cause later attachment styles, why? Problem with Shaver and Haven design—> these are adults __________ on parental relationships. maybe I'm avoidant and i only ________ of parents when they were nasty to me- current avoidance coloring past perceptions/ memories. nevertheless, tons of data points to attachment relationships with parents carrying over- so not ______. This is a truism. we know early relationships affect our schemas of later relationships.

protective factor, negative mood, varied linearily, internal compass, failure

High SE is a ___________- more generally related to well being in that it buffers against negative mood. IN a study, trait SE was measured by self report and then induced positive, negative, or neutral mood. then asked how Ss how good they currently feel about themselves (positive self appraisals). so measuring state SE after mood manipulations. people Low in SE, there mood _________ with mood condition in contrast to those in high SE who were more stable. Shows that low SE may have a less stable _______ and react to mood changes more readily. high SE also increases persistence at the face of ________ and have high aspirtions and expectations--> self fulfilling prophecy? go for things more, evoke certain responses from others etc.

Object Relations Theory, biologically

Historical roots of attachment come from Freud - satisfaction of biological-based physical needs by parents, we are driven by two instincts (sex and aggression) and both are evolutionarily functional. moves around different erogenous zones in the body.. idea was that at each phase, the way that parents to these specific challenges had long lasting influences this kind of children will become- say parent is not responsive in oral phase and kid will develop an oral personality. Neo Fruedians important contributing theory was _______ and emphasizes that the need to socially belong is ____________ programmed and parent fills this need. moved away from sex and aggression, but really a need to belong, social belonging also serving a survival function- safety etc

categorical, anxiety about rejection, avoidance of intimacy, independent

How do we measure adult attachment? issues with _________ models. Not like there is a triple modal distribution. its a bell curve. now accepted way of measuring anxiety and avoidance in adults (2 orthogonal - uncorrelated dimensions) is a dimensional measure that (1) taps into ___________: I worry that romantic partners won't care about me as much as I care about the,. I do not often worry about being abandoned. (2) ___________ (discomfort with closeness): i don't feel comfortable opening up to romantic partners, i feel comfortable depending on romantic partners These are empirically _________ you can be high in one and not necessarily high in another- can be high in anxiety and low on avoidance, or i can be high on both, or low on both (secure)

not always the same, more

IS there just one general working model attachment style, or are there more specific styles that we associate with our specific relationships? we have both. even in strange situation, kids attachment to mothers versus fathers were ______________. argues against the idea that its just temperament, its not just who they are- or else they wouldn't show different attachment styles. for adults, Baldwin did a study and asked undergrads to list there most important 10 relationships and for each relationships asked what attachment styles characterized those relationships. it not like if you are secure with one, you are secure with everyone else. everyone had a relationship that was secure, anxious, and avoidance. BUT if you are secure , you are more likely to have _______ secure relationships etc. The other difference is that if you are generally secure , its easy for me to come up with these relationships - having hard time coming up with these avoidant relationships- because of available schemas we have- this is the most applicable to new relationships. 88%--> more than one attachment pattern 47%--> experience with each of the three attachment patterns Still attachment style differences • # of relationships that matched their own general style. • The ease with which participants could identify relationships that represented each attachment. Multiple relationship specific models that differ in their accessibility

Freudian, transference

In ________ terms, _______ refers to the process by which childhood fantasies and conflicts about a significant other are superimposed onto the analyst in the context of psychoanalysis. idea that we transfer information from old information onto new people is an important idea

secure base, social exploration, environmental exploration , competence motivation, fear of failure, avoidance, anxiety, avoidance

In a studies that tested the _______ (independence, self confidence, competence) function in an adults (a) desire for learning about new and complex stimuli - ________(i want to meet new people), intellectual exploration (i want to go to modern art museum), __________(traveling oversees)> are you willing to learn new things and approach —> the higher you are on avoidance, the lower you score on all of these exploration indices and same is true for anxiety but a little less strong- avoidance most strongly associated (b) ___________ ; need for achievement I i have a tendency to work long and hard at a task, even when difficulty is encountered) and _________ (i try to avoid failure at all costs)—> results show that those high _______negatively correlates with achievement and that high in ______ and _______ are positively correlated with fear of failure having a secure base translates into a positive self concept- i will still be loved if i fail etc- i went out, i fell, my mom was there, she soothed me, i recovered, and i played again and was fine- so you don't fear failure that much - have an internal compass of self worth that is internalized

secure children look longer at unresponsive caregiver and insecure look longer at responsive caregiver (no difference between anxious/avoidant- so similar working model- how i think about others reactions toward me- so common to both types of insecure children)

In a study by Johnson (2010) that tested working models of attachment in infants- mental representation. Capitalizes on phenomenon that children tend to look at novel things longer. If you show them the same thing over time, attention decreases and stops looking at it. Using this looking behavior as an index of expectation or surprise. in habituation event had children habituate an event that symbolizes separation (big oval separating from small oval and little oval starts crying). eventually children habituate to this. Then, in test condition, have two events- in one event, the big oval comes back close to little oval (responsive caregiver) and in other event oval moves even farther away after little oval starts crying (unresponsive). what are results? trying to understand how children are representing child parent relationships to get at working models ideas. study is capitalizing on fact that children look at things longer if they are novel. assumption that we have size priors at birth even though not thinking "little one is me" they understanding big strong powerful like adult, small vulnerable like me hypothesis is that secure kids will look at unresponsive longer because they aren't expecting this. This study was a bigger sample study and replicated 2007 study. Look for other quizlet cards for rest of study. **** This may be more on the lines of 2007 study - i think they just replicated it with larger sample

consistency

In independent cultures, self concept clarity is based on autonomy of the individual from context to context. behavioral variability viewed as "not true" self, cross situational _______ value of individual, unique identity, value self not changing across situations if you have an interdependent self construal, SCC is based on social context. adjust behaviors to fir demans of close others, fulfilling designated roles, maitain relationship harmony. if...than consistency is important for these cultures. likely to have context-specific self conceptions, self-concept varies across relationships. self concept clarity may be defined in terms of 'if...then' consisitency Serena Chen and graduate student measure self views across different contexts. for indepedent cultures consitency across situations is important for SCC. for interdependent self consistency across if...then predicts SCC. had people come up with relationships and asked them to tell them about what kind of person they are with friend or parent. 6 months later rated the self in terms of those realtionships in terms of same traits. also rated nominal or physical situation. nominal situations are important because we expect these if..then consistencies more strongly across relationship context , but psychological elements are not emergent - nominal situations are not importnat for SCC ! it is really important for social interactions esp for interdependent self- looking for consistency across realtionships. results show that this is more important for Euro Americans- magnitude of effect much larger than for Asian. nominal situaitons is not difference between groups. in if..then situation consistency, much larger effect in relationship conditions. look at graph. compare cross-situation consistency to if...then for Asian groups. clearly, consistency for if...then is much more important for Asian Americans in terms of SCC. For euro-american. LOOK AT GRAPH !

transference, your S-O

In the___________ paradigm, or methodology, p's come to the lab- always two session- and write down qualities of a S-O and non S-O, say neighbor and husband. At the same time someone else is also doing the same thing. My husband: Witty Athletic Open-minded. My neighbor: polite, quite, loner; F husband: world traveler, chef, artist; F's neighbor; policitian, family man, generous two weeks later, do experiment. read descriptions of four target people: - Target 1: Witty, Athletic, talkative - Target 2: Quiet, loner, sophisticated - Target 3: Gourmet chef, artist, book-worm - Target 4: Politician, family-man, tennis-player These people resemble the Target 1 shares qualities with husband (chroncially accessible) so its the representation of husband. neighbors dont really have a very accessible elaborate schema about neighbor (available but not accessible)- so this is much harder for a small resemblance to make her think about her neighbor. target 3 and 4 are not accessible schemas. particiapants are then asked how confident are they that target one is witty? these are descriptions that were just read to them. so really confident. how confident are you that target 2 is quiet? confident. so these are all fine. Now the real test, how confident are you that target one is open minded? you dont have data about this person's open mindedness but shares represenation with husband so you are confident he is open-minded. filling in the gaps. target two is polite? not confident - dont think about neighbor- not really accessible. how confident are you that target three likes traveling? not confident. why are we looking at F's husband? what is the point? what it is controlling for? what if there is something unique about the way we describe S-O's- something that is common to the way S-Os are described- so why we include someone else's real description of an S-O - to make sure effects are specific to my S-O and not others (yolked condition). Only in S-O condition to we see over confident ratings for false alarms. you show higher confidence for false alarms only when it is __________!

low SE, consequence, cause

Issues with ________ are less happiness; greater depression; negative emotion and lower task persistence after failure; greater self-handicapping (don't study for a test you suspect you may fail). Predictive of drug use, teen pregnancy, bullying, poor academic performance etc. in the 1980s there was an impression at level of policy levels that (term) was causing many problems among youth. the SE movement worked to raise SE with chanting, etc, spent a lot of money on these interventions and it just didnt work- academic performance actually dropped in CA. SO, SE may be more a _______rather than _______ of those things. maybe if they had read literature!!!!

narcissism, in group bias, cognitive dissonance

Jordon et al hypothesized that threat to self will activate implicit negative self view (low implicit SE) and will make us engage in behaviors at the explicit level that wil try to defend our explicit beliefs- try to compensate for the fact that i feel bad about myself at unconscous level - acting in ways that are defensive. they operationalized defensive in study one as _____________(pathologically high SE-> ie Trump, i am better than most people). when they look at who scores higher on narcissism- is the group that says they have high explicit SE, but have low implicit SE on IAT. taking these narcissism scores as an index of defensiveness. During study two, they looked at defensiveness in turns of greater ____________- low implicit with high explicit, not only do i exole the self, but also exole my ingroup. we think people who are in our group are better than out group and certain situations in which bias may be smaller or bigger. for defensive SE people, they engage in this in group bias to a greater degree. In study three, measured defensiveness by ____________(believing one way and acting another) reduction. Those higher in defensive SE had greater cognitive dissonance reduction. IT is this group that is higher on all of these indicies -> narcissism, greater in group bias, more cognitive dissonance reduction.

sociometer theory

Leary 1995 tested sociometer theory in which people completed an information sheet about themselves and then were evaluated by 4 other p's and then experimenters randomly assigned p's to either the group work (inclusion) or the alone (exclusion) group- basically signalling to p's that others did or didn't want to work with you based on your info sheet OR it was just assigned randomly to work by yourself or in group (control). Then looked at self esteem. in condition in which p's felt rejected, self esteem went down. p's self esteem also went up if group chose to work with them.

O, C, E,A, N, SE

SCC and big 5- no relationship with __, postiively correlated with ____, ____, ___and strongly negatively correlated with _____. this pattern goes above and beyond relationship with _______.

explicit, implicit, implicit association test, not correlated (.17)

SE can be _______; consciously accessible, self-reported and ______; unconscious, not accessible by self-report - measure this with the. These two constructs are ________. can have high of one and low of other and vice versa

stress

Self complexity can act as a buffer against ________. To test this theory, measured SC and measured stressful events in a two week proceeding this session and then two weeks later asked p's to compete measures of depression and physical illness. longitudinal design so we know that these are coming after stressful events. if you have low SC, you are doing great if no stressful experiences, but you are doing very poorly if you had high stress. Those high in SC, difference is completely eliminated. *** low self complexity doing better than doing high in SC when things are going well. hmmm find a similar pattern for physical symptoms

prinicple of divergence, siblicide, niche partitioning, compete, cooperation

Sibling competition for parental investment explains BO effects in personality. Darwin's ______________explains survival and applies to human families. The greatest amount of life can be supported by the greatest diversification of structure. Why are these differences the foundation of survival? reduces competition for the same resources and may lead to cooperation. Also the environment may change at any time and so nature cant put all its eggs in one basket- needs to diversify. diversity is basis of survival for all species. one may to deal with competition is _____ and __________; diversify strategies and traits so you dont occupy the same space, dont need same resources, no need to ______, increases ________. a good example is Nadar family- all studied different parts of the world - didnt have to compete in the same field

pursuing high SE, cheat academically

The pitfalls of ___________ include trying to validate our ability in that domain - tend to focus on performance goals, not actual improvement, learning , developing (learning takes a back seat), react to threats defensively, any threats can become any more hurtful (derogate test as invalid,inaccurate), challenge negative information about the self (avoid, ignore, not remember information that is inconsistent with how you want to see yourself,), preoccupied with yourself at the expense of others, take distance from others who outperform them, and we know that this group in particular is more likely to ___________.

within- family non-shared environment, parental investment, sibling competition, niche partitioning

There are genetic differences and environmental effects happen through non-shared env. Birth order is a ______ ________. This studied from a evolutionary perspective so that these effects serve survival functions. Aspect of this environment show clear differences in _______ and clear ________ and _________ lead to personality as a function of birth order.

schema driven, top-down processing (prior expectations color how you perceive the world), self fullfilling prophecy (you behave in ways that elicit reactions from others that confirm your expectations), situation selection (you chose to enter/avoid certain situatons which may confirm or disconfirm your expectations), evocation (you unintentionally elicit predictable responses from others).

What 4 psychological phenomena that explain stability (2/3rd of people) in attachment? ************

avoidant (insecure)

_____ attachment is characterized by suppression of attachment needs; detachment; discomfort with intimacy, reject and deny all attachment needs, makes sure attachment system is not activated so no need for protest or despair

self-schemas, domain, past experience, information processing

______ are cognitive generalizations about the self in a specific ______, derived from _______, and guides and organizes future ___________ about the self in new situations. this work is really old, after social cognitive revolution- demonstrated that this schemas are like other schemas

self concept, self awareness, self schemas

______ refers to our knowledge about who we are, our ________ which is constituted by ________- mental representations of the self.

secure

_______ attachment is characterized trust; a lack of concern with being abandoned; and the view that one is worthy and well liked.

Harry Harlow's, Neo-Freudian

________ experiment with cloth monkeys shows that the need to belong is present at birth- supports the _________ view- not just fullfilling bodily functions- monkey preferred cloth mom than wire mom with milk. early isolation damaged these monkeys for life - profound point about important about sense of security, safety, and warmth for early development

Safe haven, secure, anxious, avoidant, secure, avoidant

________ function was tested in adults in which couples came into lab and were told that female partner was going to go through an anxiety provoking behavior. induced anticipatory distress about physical harm in women. couples asked to wait in waiting room while they waited for this procedure to get set up and were secretly videotaped the men's behavior in the waiting room. Who is going to seek support as a function of attachment style and who will willing give support? Who seeks support among women (seeks safe haven) and why? who gives support (provides safe haven)among men and why? who should seek support? ______ and _____ will seek support, _______should not seek support and will be very unwilling to give support. findings were specific to women who were scared of the procedure. only see this pattern emerge if women are buying the story and are actually on edge about participating. This comparison is ______ vs _______.

self-complexity, self-characteristic sorting task

________ refers to the degree to which the person has multiple, non-overlapping self schemas. Failure/success in one self-schema does not spill over to the other ones.if overlapping, you feel like a failure as a husband and a son and have nothing else that is indepedent to fall back on. vs if not overlapping, you have other schemas for self haven- as they are so independent from who you are as a person. less affective extremity. 2 components- how many self schemas do you have? how much to they overlap? This construct is measured via the _____________; they say here are a bunch of traits, task is to organize them in to differnet self concepts- can come up with as many few or many as you want and can use a triat as many times as you want and then they come up with number of selves and overlap to come up with index- more complexity is many selves that are not overlapping. SC --> # of self- aspects AND # traits repeated; the greater the number of self aspects created and the less redundant the features (less overlap, less repetition) used in creating these self-aspects, the greater the SC score

self-concept clarity, SE, negative life events, trait, state, relationships

________ refers to the extent to which self-concept is 1. clearly and confidently defined (in general, i have a clear sense of who I am), 2. internally consistent (my beliefs about myself often conflict with one another, you make sense), 3. temporally stable (if i were asked to describe my personality, my description might end up being different from one day to another day). This is independent of ______!! not the evaluation of the self, but the extent to which you have a clearly defined, consistent, and stable personality. the questionaire that assesses this refer to this domains and you get an index. factors that affect SCC , fluctuations, are___________ particularly in domains in which you are invested (contigencies) of you fail in a goal domain that is valuable to you, you feel like you dont know who you are as you do when you succeed. the more imporatant the domain to which you succeed in, the higher state SCC. people high in ____ SCC show less variability in ______ SCC. average levels (trait) are more highly correlated for SCC what kind of negative events lead to fluctuations in SCC? _________. this is a domain in which we are all invested in at the normative level. in a study that tested SCC, completed surveys for 7 months looking at relationship breakups and the degree to which people are reporting SCC on a weekly basis. results show that breakups predicted less SCC- drop in SCC.

CSW

________ says that SE fluctuates (up or down) based on success or failures in domains that you have invested yourself in.

anxious-ambivalent (insecure)

_________ attachment is characterized by anxiety and concern over abandonment; expecting and fearing rejection but still hoping for acceptance , cant detach because may be accepted sometimes, desire to really unite to figure, clingy, huge dependence

Contingencies of self worth (CSW), individual difference, will , will not

_________ theory states that we stake our SE in certain domains (academics, athletics, others' approval, appearance, morality, God's love), we see __________in contingencies (where we stake SE differs from person to person), different consequences for SE --> if contingent in a domain, success/failure in that domain ______ affect SE, if not contingent in a domain, success/failure in that domain _______ affect SE this theory is not really functional, but looks at when and why we experience low versus high self esteem. we stake our worth in certain domains and when we experience success or failure in these domains in which we are contingent, SE goes up or down. and vice versa. so individual differences in domain for which we stake ourself in

Konrad Lorenz, imprinting

__________ also had a huge influence on attachment when he worked with animals and discovered _______ in ducklings. critical period right after birth and whatever figure they see after birth they follow this figure everywhere. why are they doing this? ensures survival because most likely case is its their mother and thus if following mother, they will be safe and secure from predators. so imprinting is geared toward safety and security not just bodily needs

Mary Ainsworth, strange situation

__________ created a paradigm to assess attachment style in infants called the ________: 1. introduction to experiemental room * 2. freeplay- mom and baby in room alone, should see exploratory behavior using mom as a secure base - can be high quality or low quality exploration - is baby sharing affective experience with mom, or are they using toys as a way to avoid the mother 3. stranger enters, approaches baby, Mom leaves *4. First separation - baby with stranger, expect protest system to be activated, proximity seeking *5. first reunion mom returns and stranger leaves- in this situation we observe how easily the child is soothed, is mom able to console the baby, does the baby return to exploring after soothed, does the baby ignore the mom, approach, excited to see mom, easily soothed? 6. second separation- mom leaves again, baby alone 7. second separation continues- stranger enters 8. second reunion- mom returns, stranger leaves

birth order

__________ effects are good examples of effect of environment on personality

situation selection, working models

__________ is where we chose to enter or avoid particular situations and those selections may be consistent with our expectations, desire that confirm or disconfirm our expectations this supports stability of attachment. The idea here is that particular individuals may chose to enter situations which maintain these __________ of theories we have about the world. in this study, dating partner profiles were written by male college students. some had characteristics associated with being prone to psychological abuse (I will treat you like you are God until you break my trust and then you are just another person, i have a bad temper, jealousy, control, ideation and demonization). Female college students than rated their interest in dating each of the men. three profiles of men - undesirable, abusive, and desirable. asking females to pick those they are interested in as well measure prior experience with previous abusive relationships. are these people that have been abusive relationships, is it because they are choosing to enter these relationships? among the women who didn't have past abusive relationships, they do not want to date abuse or undesirable, 70% go for desirable. But women high in psychological abuse - abusive guys are seen as attractive as desirable guy- so willing to enter into these relationships to a greater extent.

high integration

__________ refers to positive and negative aspects o the self are integrated within each self schema- not number of domains or content overlap, just looking at within each self concept if there is an integration of postiively and negatively valenced traits.

John Bowlby, genetically predisposed, survival value, Proximity maintenance, secure base, safe haven

__________(Neo-Freudian) is considered to be the father of attachment theory. He worked as a psychiatrist in WWII in which government mandated London children separation from parents to countryside where they could be safe, but were separated for a long time. He worked for these kids and developed his thoery of attachment. These observations led him to hypothesis that infants are ___________ to bond with (attach to) an adult, and that attachment has __________. This survival function of attachment serves three functions (1) ___________; want to physically be close to attachment figures who will protects us and protests when separated, gets activated when separation occurs; (2)__________; if you have an attachment figure that you can trust, you can move away from figure to explore the env, this helps develop confidence, need to learn to survive independently, mental representation that i can go explore on my own (3) ___________; if something happens during exploration, I can turn to my caregiver for comfort and reassurance.

working models, cognitive, affective

___________ are developed from attachment and include _______ (expectations of rejection/acceptance, beliefs about other's trustworthiness) and _________ (anxiety/fear of abandonment, discomfort with intimacy) components and various combinations of these components characterize 3 basic attachment styles.

self esteem

___________ is how positively or how negatively you evaluate yourself- affective, evaluation (good vs abd) component of the self-conecept. The overall positive or negative evaluation we have of ourself.

Euro-American, Chinese, autobiographical memories, self concept

___________Mothers supplemented conversations with children with embellished details, provided narrative structure for personal stories, child centered conversation, referring to child's role in event- no lesson, mom is allowing child to elaborate on what happen to them from their own perspective. - not saying how did yelling make me(mom) feel. _________ mothers take a directive role in asking questions to children, provided less embellishment or feedback, referenced social norms, heirarchy, behavioral expectations. directive question and answer style, all about social obligations. how they actually change their behavior and what child has done wrong. context of these conversations differences lead to differences in ________ which translate into different __________ about our traits.

self-fulfilling prophecy, stability, perceive, negative , expected rejection, negatively

____________ is when we behave in ways that elicit reactions from other that confirm our expectations. this explains ________ of attachment. if you have rejection expectations, you are more likely to _______ rejection and thus you behave in a _________ way- hostility or self defense and thus others reject you. and then you go A ha! but is actually expectations leading to this chain reaction. in a study that tested this, teachers were told that children were either going to lag behind or experience a huge growth spurt (randomly assigned to these conditions) a year later, found that teachers believed who were going to have a 'growth spurt' actually increased in IQ. This is because teachers challenge these students more, pay more attention to them, express high expecations. we know that if we tell kids we dont exepct them to do well, they dont. This unfolds with rejection expectations in close relationships, observational study of dating couples- researchers measure expectations of rejection ( at a party you notice someone to talk to and try to start a conversation, do you think the person will want to talk to you?). in the lab, the couple has a conversation of an unresolved conflict and code for behavioral indicies (verbal and non verbal) on hostility 1) mind read negative- an assumption that your partner is motivated by something negative) more likely to make assumptions that partner is motivated by something negative- you have an expectation about being rejected so you are more likely to make assumptions. 2) turn off- non-verbal gestures which communicate disgust, displeasure, disapproval, or disagreement 3) put down--> a verbal statement or nonverbal behavior that demeans of mocks partner . these are low frequency behaviors and nevertheless we see these relationships emerge The self fulfilling prophecy measure asks them about how hostile they feel and thoughts about ending the relationship and then later saw if they actually broke up. Women that _________(higher is rejection expectation) behaved more _________( behavioral measures) and that explained why their partner were a lot more angry and resentful after the discussion. so why were partners more angry? because women behaved more hostile which explains the relationship between these variables. behavior as mediator. Following relationship conflicts, partners of high rejection sensitive people report thinking about ending the relationship to a greater degree. Rejection sensitivity predicts greater likelihood of breakups. in a diary study that probed relationships, they asked to what extent are you thinking about ending the relationship? partners of those that were high in rejection sensitivity are considering breaking up to a greater degree than partners of low rejection sensitivity. most likely because these partners are behaving in a hostile way. A year later, rejection sensitivity predicts breakups. If we put this all together- expectations lead to perceptions which lead to hostility - top down processing are expectations leading to perceptions. the part that is a self fullfilling prophecy is that perceptions lead to hostile behaviors that lead to breakups which confirm the expectation.

low integration

____________ or compartmentalization refers to positive and negative knowledge about the self are compartmentalized into separate, uniformly valenced self-schemas. nothing to buffer you against failures in a domain- if mixed, you can fall back on positive aspects. ONLY looking at valence integration for this construct. DONT look at number of domains or overlap

schema driven top down processing, rejection

____________ predicts stability of attachment because when we have prior expectations, they color how we perceive the world. Our schemas are beliefs and expecations about the world, so in insecure folks, they expect _________ and this colors the way one perceive ambiguous social stimuli and social situations have a lot of ambiguity and we use these theories to disambiguate.Our schemas will therefore color the way perceive situations as well as the way we remember our past experiences. If we elaborate on good stuff because we are secure this is more accessible in one study that tested the role of expecting rejection (both avoidant and anxious perceive others as rejection). in this study we are looking at the mechanisms that is common to both of these attachment styles and the measure asks how one would perceive ambiguous social situations (if you drop your bag, will someone walking by help you? do you expect them to help you? would you be anxious about the possibility that they might not?). This study was done with middle school children and rejection expectations were assessed. Then in the experimental aspect of the study, they pick a friend to interact with and are told that a) friend didn't want to come or b) teacher didnt allow him or her to come. They then ask the children how rejected they feel. control is external explanation (teacher) vs my friend didnt want to come and look at how rejected do you feel? when you do not have expectations of rejection- low in rejection sensitivity - you dont feel very rejected because they are likely to think it is due to something else- not to do with you. this is an ambiguous social situation. If no expectation of rejection, they arent anxious about possibility of rejection and are just not worried about it- they are thinking it must be because they are not doing well- i dont need to take it personally. THose that were expecting rejection are like a ha! it must be becuase me- ambiguous situations that can be interpreted as rejection are, because they are using prior schemas to inform these ambiguous situations. these is an example of top down processing

evocation

_____________ is where we unintentionally elicit predictable responses from others due to some value you may have or characteristic, or belief, that you express unintentionally. in a study that probed situation selection and evocation (people attracting certain types of people)- dating partner profiles were written by female college students and researches added sentences to profiles that suggested that profiles were insecure or secure. male profiles that rated desire to date each women and also measured mens tendencies to inflict psychological abuse in past relationships. so abuse prone men choosing secure vs anxious women- results show that men prefer women high in anxious style. men prefer a particular type of women (situation selection) and anxious women are evoking approach behavior by men that are prone to abuse is the evocation part. abusive man pray on women who signal that they are anxious. key characteristic of abusive men.cycles of violence, key characteristic is that these are the dream guys at the beginning at the relationship- puts out all the stops, this is your dream guy if you are anxious! but this doesn't last and go back and forth. a chemical cycle that goes on.. eventually, esp when men feel they have secured the women, that is when abuse escalates. pray on vulnerable women who have this need- evoking certain kinds of men- and men are maintaining their own cycle of abuse who are going after women who's needs they will fulfill and become dependent on the relationship

negative life events, secure, insecure

about 70% continue with the their attachment style into adulthood. data has shown that for the other 30% ____________ predicts change which disporportionately affects ______ attachment to switch to _________. it is hard for the later to switch because we are more attuned to negative events (safer for survival) - it takes a lot more evidence of good behavior for someone who has behaved badly in the past to change perceptions and relationships with that person.

stable

another important aspect of SE, is whether or not it is _________. This may affect if high SE benefits you in terms of well being.

poor, poverty, ambivalence

anxious/ambivalent (15%) attached children show ______ use of caregiver as secure base--> ________ of exploration, difficulty separating to explore, wary of novelty, new situations show ________ about safe haven--> difficulty settling upon reunion, protests separation, ambivalent/mixed about contact, both seeks and resists contact and soothing, difficult to soothe, has difficulty going back to exploration once Mom returns

positive, negative, approach, avoid

are there transference differences for _______ vs _________ S-Os, a general process when we meet people who remind us of negative S-Os? to test this we use a similar paradigm as one described before, but in this case ask people to come up with a positive S-O and a negative S-O. we all have are evil uncle or whatever. do we like to ________ or _________ people that remind of us as positive/negative sig other. are we transfering approach/avoidance motivation toward new people? when rating scores that measured how close you would like to be with this person that reminds you of positive or negative S-O, when target resembles positive S-O motivation sig increases from base line- you really want to approach people who remind you and you really dont want to approach people who remind you of your negatively valenced S-O. This is situation selection- you are more motivated to enter situations in which you have this transference. These studies look at trait overlap

social cognitive, memory,schema

basic assumptions of the __________ model of transference is the significant other (S-O) schemas are stored in ________, S-O schemas can be activated by different sources of knowledge activation (S-O end to be chronically activated ), transference occurs when a S-O _______ is activated and applied to a new person. The result is that the perceiver goes "beyond the information given" about the new person in S-O representation derived ways. S O schema is activated and applied to a new person. the result of transference - or how do we apply it in the lab? perceiver goes beyond information that is given and starts filling the gaps with knowledge of S-O.

less aggreeable, A

birth order effects show that firstborns are more likely to be leaders and so are ________, not as cooperative in competitive games. high achievers and leaders and not going to mercy you and lose to make little brother happy. laterborns, esp middle children, tend to be higher in _____ have to negotiate with both ends of sibling dimension. middle borns more peace prize winners. laterborns higher in cooperation, forgiveness, and trust.

secure base, exploration, safe haven

children showing secure attachment (60%) attachment use the caregiver as a _______ for ________ > readily separates to explore toys, affective sharing of play, approaching strangers in mom's presence caregiver is a _________--> actively seeks contact and interaction upon reunion - distressed by/protests separation, seeks and maintains contact if distressed, soothed by contact with mother, happy and active in initiating contact, returns to exploration once Mom is back.

not, independent, affective sharing, not, avoidance,

children that have avoidant attachment (25%) caregiver is _____ used for secure base-> ______ exploration, little ________. As well, caregiver is _____ used as a safe haven --> active ________of contact or interaction upon reunion, not overly distressed by separation

indvidualistic

choice is important in ________ cultures- agency. being able to chose what you want is considered a good thing and predicts happiness. so, is that the case across all cultures? for an independent self, personal choice may be important and motivating but for an interdependent self (overlap with S-O) someone else's choice may be as motivating and energizing as own choice. In a study by Iyengar and Lepper presented children with one of three kinds of anagrams- given a choice of which one to chose, chosen by experimenter, or mom chose. once completed, children given another opportunity to solve more anagrams. looking at amount of time children spend trying to solve anagram and performance outcome. western kids spend more time and perform better with own choice, where asian kids are just as motivated by mom's choice as well as own choice. results. time spent with anagrmas during free play- white children the most time with personal choice and second condition spending more time solving that anagram- for Asian anagrams more motivated to play with mommy's choice and also performed better for Mom's choice. performing much better in mom's chose condition. if mom choses anogram for white kids, it doesnt matter.

lastborns

distribution of resources as a function of birth order effects. family size of two resoruces are equal. Three. In family of three, first and last are favored and middle child gets short end of the stick. Genral trend for 2 or more is that firstborns and ________ are favored. the later will have spent a portion of childhood without other siblings (at level of firstborns). Critical point in which having siblings become an asset because they become resources - so enjoying a more resource full environment.

contingencies of Self-Worth, contingent, fluctuating, SE

examaning ______ theory, Crocker et al did a study with undergrads who were applying to graduate school and meausured contingencies of self worth at base line and twice a week for following two month, complete diaries. asked if they had heard from grad school? if it was good news or bad. so no news, good news (acceptance), bad news (rejection) , and looking at self esteem. ON days when they receive good news are they feeling better at themselves. those that were not contigent on academic success, no matter what news they got, their SE was not affected. If they were contingent, news made a big difference. No news better than bad, good better than no news or bad. to the degree that people are _________ is affecting _________ levels of ________.

IQ , unconventionality

firstborns are higher in _____ (2-3 pts) and more likely to attend to better college. higher in some aspects of O than laterborns but biggest difference of O is __________ where laterborns have more. no surrogate parent role (status quo role) , they are intsead taking on bad girl or boy role and can be exhibited by defying rules, status quo, costumes etc. laterborns are over represented among radical revolutionaries, engage in civil disobedience, more likely to endorse Darwinism, more like to be liberal/democratic (firstborns more likely to be conservative/republican). when firstborns did engage in revolutions, tended to be bloody and to maintain status quo. keeping monarchies in place etc historically

autobiographical memory, self concept

how does family scaffold encoding of personal memories, what kind of information do they emphaszie. parents help build link between ________ and _________. joint activities includes cultural messages and socialization goals. cultural emphasis on autonomy = individual identity, cultural emphasis on collectivity = relationship to the group. in independent cultures, parents emphasize autonomy, childs own perspecitive, child focused conversation vs in Asian cultures, social norms, collective, dont care about how you felt, but what did you do wrong and how are you going to correct that behavior.

Hazan and Shaver, romantic partner

idea that led to study of attachment into adulthood goes back to Freud and Bowlby in which these relationship patterns get reinacted over and over again. Social psychologists __________ (1987) said well if that is the case, we should see some kind of continuity- craddle to grave (Bowlby)- we should see similar processes unfold in adults, but relationships now focused on ________ as they take over that role as secure base, safe haven, ect.

anxious, secure, avoidant

implications for attachment relationships according to Shaver and Hazen - how they approach romantic love- on some dimension, secure kids different from avoidant and anxious- secure values friendship, trust, don't fear closeness, and don't experience emotional extremes. when you look at other aspects - jealousy, desire for union, desire for reciporcation, love at first sight- dependence - these are issues for _________ but not for _____ and _______. desire to be together all the time

social-cognitive, transference, similar

in ___________ terms, _________ refers to the process by which significant other representation (schema) is applied to a new person who is ________ to the significant other in some manner. transferring a past relationship onto a new relationship- we can now actually test this empirically

low integrated, access, maximized, buffer

in ____________ individuals when positive self-aspects are activated, positive aspects are more valued, and there is lower stress in system. this is mediated by the fact that ________ to negative information is minimized (low integration is fine in this example- 0 negative valenced trait in this schema so negative aspects not accessible). When negative self-aspects are activated, negative aspects are more valued. higher stress in system. this is mediated by congnitive access to negative informaiton is _________, no positive information to serve as a __________. So overall, higher integration is a better bet, even though in certain situations, low integration is better. in a study, asked if low integration lead to feeling bad about he self in face of daily stressors. Did a card sorting task that evaluated integration. did daily diaries where they reported on negative events and how good or bad they felt about the self. For those with low integration, negative life events really affected self esteem. For those that were integrated, self esteem less affected by either no negative events or negative events. low integration doing pretty poorly during high stress. level of stress doesnt impact people that have integrated self concepts. in another example, does low integration lead to feeling bad about the self when socially rejected? did card task and then participated in rejection-acceptance in an online ball tossing game (people exclude you in rejection condition). if accepted, integration doesnt matter, but if you are rejected and if you have compartmentalized self concepts show a sig deficit in how good they feel about themselves.

ease, behavioral, future, resit

in reference to a self-schema in a given domain, you will process information about the self in that domain with relative _______, retrieve _______ evidence from that domain easily (autobiographical memories), predict on'e own _______behavior in the domain, _______ counter-schematic information about the self.

self expansion model, motivated, increasing, contract, greater

in the ________, we are _________ to expand ourselves- to learn new things, to develop comepetance, to be more of a person. relationships serve this function. when you are in a new relationship - you tend to take roles, perspective, resources, activities of other person- whatever they are bringing to the table. self and other become more overlapping. we come to treat he others resources, perspectives, and identities partly as if they are our own. the more you are overlapping ,the more you are expanding the self concept. at the beginning of relationships, self expansion really _________. people who have fallen in love show more self categories - number of domains increases during ongoing relationships, over time these traits that partner has tend to become like your own. at beginning of session, people make me not me trait judgements about self and answer same questions for partner. have four types of traits T for S & T for P • TforS&FforP • F for S & T for P • F for S & F for P in a second task, they complete the same task viewing this traits again making me not me judgements- time it takes to make a response is important. RT as a measure of how much overlap there is between self and partner. how much confusion. T for S & T for P T for S & F for P F for S & F for P F for S & T for P ("me" responses) Which trials should be faster? Which trials should be faster? to the extent that partner has become you, you should be faster for T for S and T for P, slower for T for S and F for P, faster for F for S and F for P, slower for F for S and T for P creating conflict RTs are longer After breaking up, the self will ________ following a break up. The more expansion provided by a relationship, the _______ the contraction of the self after breakup. SO not uniform across people, the more you gain, the more you lose when ends. P's in dating relationships did a who are you questionnaire at pretest and manipulated self expansion by thinking back to a time when partner added to who you are- improved you as a person- inducing it as a state. in low Self expansion condition think back to a time when partner did not add to your sense of who you are. then visualized a long-term separation. then asked who you are now. people you were in low self expansion group are not showing a sig decline in number of self categories they list, whereas high SE group are listing less self categories. example. you break up and stop going to Tahoe so you dont see skiing as a self concept etc. secure people show greatest overlap and avoidant show lowest level of overlap.

consistently responsive, consistently unresponsive, inconsistent

individual differneces in attachment depend on how parents are psychologically available- dont have to be physically separated in a radical manner- parents may be physically and psychologically available to different degrees which lead to different styles- 1. ________ (i believe that i have a provider, i can trust people, i can cry and I get someone to do something, agency, trust in other and trust in self, self concept) secure children are in protest stage most times in life, 2. __________ (protest doesnt matter, i cant trust other people, they only person i can trust is myself but mixed with ideas that I cant make others cant come back- so fragile self concept - detachment stage, avoidant 3. ________ (intermittent reinforcement schedule, always this hope they will come back, cant actually detach, but stuck in despair stage, anxious/ambivalent or resistent, dont trust but can't separate

higher, lower, higher, higher, no correlation, moderators, age spacing,conflict with parents, functional birth order

laterborns are genreally _______in O, ______ in C, _______ in E (subtleties here), ________ in A, ________ in N BUT very small effect sizes and doesnt explain a lot of variation. why are these effects not bigger? because of ___________- variables that change the relationship between two other variables! these include ___________- the bigger the spacing, the less difference, after 5 years later born is basically a firstborn;___________- even if you firstborns, you look like later born, tend to be more radical; and ___________- death of an older sibling predicts higher IQ, shift to occupy niche of firstborn

self concept

refers to an individual's belief about himself or herself, including the person's attributes and who and what the self is

implicit associations test

right button means self, left button not self. "other" left button. "born in may" right button- so associating right with me and left with other. in next part, indicate if word is pleasant or unpleasant, "joy" pleasant - right key. "vomit" left key. in the critical trial, these are combined. so that task is that right key indicates that are about you and are pleasant- so if you see something pleasant press right key or if its about you. negative not you associated with left key. is this difficult? we all feel great about ourselves so in general, pleasant and me are associated to the extent that they go together in our heads so be fairly fast at this. THEN, pleasant key reversed and unpleasant key is me key- so have a cognitive conflict- harder time giving correct response- will be much slower. so task is looking at different RTs in these last two blocks of trials- if I am faster at first block- that association is stronger for "me" and "positive"

well being, consistency

self construal relates to __________. lots of variability even within cultures as where people fall in terms of indepedent or interdependent women tend to be more interdependent. do individual differences in self construal affect well being? for independent self construal, _________ is very important. being inconsistent for independent self construal predicts ill being. for someone who is interdependent being inconsistent or consistent doesnt matter because context is so important. had people rate behavior across 5 different relationships and assessed consistency within these relationships and looking at well being. for those that had consistency, this increased well being for indepednent self C, but predicted not doing well if inconsistent. this did not matter for interdependent- inconsistency or consistency is unrelated.

trait, state

self esteem can be at _______ level- chronic or average level - and the _________ level self- esteem in which we fluctuate around our mean- momentary ups and downs.

social acceptance, survival value, exclusion

sociometer theory views that ________ has _______ and that self - esteem monitors signals of ___________ (rejection--> low SE, acceptance --> high SE) Low SE leads people to take appropriate actions. we are a species that cannot survive (length of infancy/big brains) without others- so need a monitoring system. if this system detects rejection, it motivates us to behavior in ways that allow us to gain acceptance. to the extent we are rejected chronically, or in a particular situation, we are going to experience low SE.

SCC, weak, high forgiveness

the doormat effect refers to when someone betrays you and you forgive them, you feel like a doormat. in this study, asked question- the role of forgiveness in context of strong vs weak apologies and how that affects _____ --> you respect yourself, but you forgive partner- are you compassionate, but its still disrespectful to you- why did i forgive them, why did i not? confusion about the self. results show that with ______ amends and ________, SCC goes down. if strong amends and forgiveness, SCC goes up. forgiving behvaior is consistent with self. did two studies one was experimental (given fake feedback- compared level of amends partner made with other amends - 17% versus 87% weak amends vs strong amends manipulation, also manipulate forgiveness level. if you have forgiven with weak amends SCC goes down, if you forgive in context of strong apology, you slow slight positive slope) and one was diary study (see same pattern - action in high forgiveness with weak amends). so with experimental and correlational study look at things unfolding in real time- results are consistent

fluctuations, well being, stable SE, low stability, main effect

the literature shows that mean levels of SE is important , but so are _________ around mean in terms of _________ above and beyond our average levels. IN a study by Paradise and Kernis, Ps reported on SE twice daily for a week. A stability measure was taken in which sd's were taken of SE for each P. greater standard deviation means more fluctuation around the mean. Results were that more _________ predicted greater psychological well-being. It seems that consistency across situations, think big 5, is valued in our society. indicates autonamy, environmental mastery, and purpose in life. So, benefits of high level SE attenuated by __________. For low SE being unstable in SE did not affect well being where high SE that is unstable does affect well being. There is a _________of SE- where those that have high SE do have greater well being on average, but the twist is that you really benefit if high SE is stable. if fluctuating, you are just like someone with low SE- the benefits of high SE diminish as SE goes from stable, average, to unstable. For psychological well being they had a number of different indicies and results held for each of them. These effects are holding mean levels constant, so above and beyond mean level differences. so, stable high SE is important and if you are low fluctuations don't matter- just doing less well overall.

self schema, self esteem

the self concept has two components (1) the self schema; cognitive component of the _________ and (2) ________- the affective, evaluative component - do we feel good about that content or not good about that content

multiple, differentiation and complexity, valence, clarity and stability, self-expansion

we have ________ selves or self-schemas, how does the relationship among those different selves affect our well being--> 1. _________, i2. ntegration of _______(integrating positive and negative information within a particular schema), 3. ______ and ________(confidence about who you are),4. __________ (relationship influence on self schema).

conscious, Roseberg Self-Esteem Scale, trait, state

we measure self esteem at a _________ level with self-report questions - to what extent do you agree with the following statement ("i have high self esteem.") The ___________ is a 10 item self report measure • On the whole, I am satisfied with myself • I feel that I have a number of good qualities • At times I think I am no good at all* • I certainly feel useless at times* This can be used to measure ______ or _______ SE • To what extent you agree right now • To what extent you agree in general, in your life

sociometer theory, contingencies of self worth

what are the two major self-esteem theories? these are related conceptually that explains why some people have high or low as well as fluctuations.

surrogate parenting, C

what does niche partitioning in personality? Firstborn gets a lot of attention and when sibling comes along, parents say to older one to be responsible, look out for them etc, show by example etc, expect more from older siblings- so niche they are given is called surrogate parenting which comes identification with parents and their morals etc so become "good children"; hardworking, obedient, achievement striving etc... so firstborns tend to be high in the trait of _________. More firstborns are american presidents, supreme court justices, world leaders, eminent scientists, novel laureates for science, C.E.Os

available, temporarily accessible

what is availability? do you have a schema about something? if you do, you have that schema is ________. before 9/11 no one had a schema of planes hitting buildings, but now we all do. now this is highly available. not everything that is available is equally accessible, the more you think about something, the more accessible it is (chronic). something can be _________- say your cousin- not the first person you think of, but you just talked to them on the phone the other day- so now that schema is more accessible because you have been primed.

high SE, stable, not discrepant (implicit and explicit stable)

what kind of SE would you want to build for your child?

Euro-American, Chinese

when children are asked about childhood memories, we look if it is about a single incident (happening to me) versus generic common events. _______ children have more specific memories compared to _________ children- coding for autonomous orientation- to what extent was their role emphasized. These differences really emerge when they reach grade 2- autobiographical memory happening at later for chinese and less than Euro-Americans. When looking at other/self ration- across the board in age groups- Chinese American children have higher ratios.

defensive SE, unconscious negative self views, denial of negative implicit self-views, defend, explicit

when implicit SE and explicit are in conflict, high explicit and low implicit predicts ________ vs secure SE. theorized that this particular combination is dangerous. for example, Karen Horney says, "Defensive behavior will come from those who consciously think highly of themselves, but unconsciously have self-doubts or self-loathing." someone who brags about themselves but we have a feeling it is coming from a place of insecurity. When people have (term), something happens that threatens SE which activates ________________. This motivates ____________, striving to _______ positive _________ self- views.

self-concept, autobiographical memory

when looking at cultural differences in emergence of self we want to ask how early these differences occur and what are the mechanisms. There are two types of self knowledge (1) _______: conceptual representations of individual's self "I am a cheritable person" and (2) __________ or the extended self - long-lasting memory of personal experiences - these inform first construct. " i remember this experience when I was 5 when i was cheritable"