personality for psychology

survey weaknesses

-people aren't always honest -sampling bias

when is the oral stage

0-18 months

2 ways to study personal control

1)Correlate people's feelings of control with their behaviors and achievements 2)Experiment by raising and lowering people's sense of control and noting the effects

when is the anal stage

18 months to 3 years

Female archetype as expressed in male personality

Anima

Male archetype as expressed in female personality

Animus

· This fear or threat becomes real upon the observation of the female genitalia, which appear to be "castrated"

Castration Anxiety

Why did Alfred Adler feel the best parenting style was a balance between pampering and neglectful?

Children are provided with safety but allowed to get hurt from time to time.

refusal to acknowledge a painful or threatening reality

Denial

redirection of repressed motives or feeling onto substitute objects

Displacement

Individually determined standards of excellence by which we judge our behavior

Expectancies form Performance Standards.

taking on someone else's characteristics

Identification

Trying to understand people's personalities by looking at what is unique to each individual is called the _______________ approach.

Idiographic

detaching from feelings by thinking abt them intellectually

Intellectualization

How did Alfred Adler believe a pampering parenting style could affect the inferiority complex?

Make it worse by leaving children unsure of themselves or insecure in their abilities to take care of things

is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Looking for common patterns in people's personalities is called the _________________ approach.

Nomothetic

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Personality

long-lasting patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that deviate from relevant cultural expectations.

Personality disorders

are questionnaires designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors assessing several traits at once.

Personality inventories

often with true-false or agree-disagree items

Personality inventories

a person's usual ways of thinking, behaving and feeling.

Personality traits

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Psychoanalysis

Nomothetic psychologists measure personality via

Psychometrics

explaining terms in things in making excusing. "everybody is vaping, so I'm gonna vape too

Rationalization

exaggeratedly opposite ideas and emotions

Reaction formation

Ways individuals and the environment interact

Reciprocal Influences

revert to childlike behavior

Regression

exclude painful thoughts or feelings w/o realizing

Repression

According to Carl Rogers, __________ ___________________ is a universal human drive to meet our desires and needs. This is related to our concept of our self, which impacts how personality develops.

Self-actualization

The expectancy that your efforts will be successful

Self-efficacy

Most people see themselves as better than average

Self-serving bias

People accept more responsibility for good deeds than for bad, successes than failures

Self-serving bias

Who was the individual who affected Jung's works greatly but whom he also had a rift with when Jung began to formulate his own ideas and theories?

Sigmund Freud

transforming repressed motives or feelings into more socially accepted forms

Sublimation

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

Superego

(Death Instinct)

Thanatos

Trait theorists argue that behaviors from a situation may be different, but average behavior remains the same. Therefore, traits matter.

The Person-Situation Controversy

Observation Benefits

allows researchers to study effects of environmental factors on the way an individual's personality is expressed

· thought forms and images that show up in dreams and are manifested in a culture's art, literature, symbols and religion and show striking resemblance across cultures

archetypes

social-cognitive perspective

behavior is interaction between people's traits and their social context.

Trait Theory is where researchers look to define _____________ through stable and lasting behavior patterns and _____________motivations

behavior, conscious

genetically determined temperament, autonomic nervous system, brain activity

biological influences for personality

How was The MMPI developed

by empirically testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminated between diagnostic groups.

In the MMPI, answers are _____ to indicate a trait.

clustered

What perspective did Albert Bandura agree with?

cognitive

We each have a set of personal standards that grew out of our own life history and thus shape our behavior. In this light, behavior is seen as the interaction of cognition, learning, and the current environment.

cognitive influences for personality

the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

defense mechanisms

projective test benefits

designed to get beneath the conscious surface of a person's self-understanding and can be a good ice breaker

experimentation benefits

discerns cause and effect

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. it operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

ego

A personality trait is considered to be

enduring

What a person expects from a situation or from their own behavior formed from personal preferences/past experiences

expectanies

personality inventories weaknesses

explore limited number of traits

common expectancy by which people believe that cannot control their own fate.

external locus of control

in psychoanalysis ,a method of exploring the unconscious in which person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

free association

personality inventories benefits

generally reliable and empirically validated

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. it operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

id

Freud Three parts of personality

id, superego, ego

A star athlete who thinks he isn't talented is experiencing

incongruence

Starting in infancy, the belief that we are not as good as others is

inferiority complex

common expectancy by which people believe that can control their own fate.

internal locus of control

Jenny is generally pretty laid back, but one day, she's upset and stressed out. It's most likely that Jenny has the personality trait of being laid back because

it is a stable part of her personality

Case Study Benefits

less expensive than other methods

Adrian is the oldest child in a family of two boys. From the time he was born, Adrian was pampered. During the first couple years of his life, it was determined that Adrian was extremely bright, and his parents worked to give him every opportunity to encourage his creativity and learning. When his brother, Gary, was born, he was neglected by his parents. According to Alfred Adler, how might this neglected child feel?

mistrustful and fearful

Sources of the castration complex:

o Punishment for affectionate feelings for Mother o Punishment for masturbation o Punishment for bed-wetting

OCEAN/CANOE

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

· Psychosexual stages of development

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

what archetype: Our public self

persona

Lynette feels socially inept and has a constant fear of being shamed or rejected by others. As a result, she avoids interacting in social situations and is reserved in her close relationships. This is an example of a

personality disorder

attributing own feelings on others

projection

what perspective(s) is case study

psychoanalystic, humanistic

what perspective(s) are projective tests

psychodynamic

What can help to determine various personality traits and disorders?

psychological assessment

learned responses, unconscious thought processes, expectations and interpretations

psychological influences for personality

Observation weaknesses

results may not apply to larger population

survey benefits

results tend to reliable and can be generalized to larger population

personal control is

self control

Kenzie is doing a research project about people who are depressed. She gives them a questionnaire about themselves and asks them to fill it out. Kenzie is using a _____.

self-report assessment

The actual feedback will in turn ______ future expectancies

shape

Phrenology associates personality and character traits with parts of the

skull

what perspective(s) is experimentation

social-cognitive

what perspective(s) is observation

social-cognitive

childhood experiences, social support, cultural expectations, influences of situation

social-cultural influences for personality

experimentation weaknesses

some variables can not feasibly or ethically be manipulated

what perspective(s) are personal inventories?

trait

what perspective(s) is survey

trait, social-cognitive, positive psychology

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. according to contemporary psychologists it is information process we are unaware of.

unconscious

case study weaknesses

unrepresentative of general population

projective test weaknesses

weak validity and reliability

(Life Instinct)

· Eros

A therapist who shows unconditional positive regard will

Accept and respect the client regardless of the client's mistakes.

The psychologist who introduced the idea of the inferiority complex was named

Alfred Adler