Personality Psychology chapter 17

1. ___ is the term for the perception that one is able to influence receiving reinforcement. A. Locus of control B. Locus of causality C. Reinforcement contingency D. Partial reinforcement

A. Locus of control

47. A person who believes that intellectual ability is fixed and won't change with effort, would be labeled a ___ by Dweck and her colleagues. A. entity theorists B. incremental theorists C. covert psychologists D. naïve psychologists

A. entity theorists

39. The number of patents A. follows power imagery in newspapers. B. follows achievement imagery in children's literature with a 20-year delay. C. predicts the affiliative imagery in magazines with a 5-year lead. D. varies with the number of children's books published.

A. follows power imagery in newspapers.

3. Mel tends to believe that her grades are mostly a matter of luck. We would say that Mel A. has an external locus of control. B. has an internal locus of control. C. believes in partial reinforcement. D. does not believe in free will.

A. has an external locus of control.

45. When people believe that negative outcomes are due to unstable causes, such as lack of effort or changing grading scales, they are likely to A. increase their motivation for the task. B. decrease their motivation for the task. C. stop behaving entirely. D. portion out their behavior to optimize time investment.

A. increase their motivation for the task.

16. Using the language of attributions, the optimistic explanatory style is associated with attributing success to ___ factors, and attributing failure to ___ factors. A. internal; external B. unstable; stable C. specific; global D. internal; global

A. internal; external

10. Jaycee feels like nothing she tries to do has any effect. It is likely that Jaycee will feel A. learned helplessness and depression. B. motivated to change her life. C. an internal locus of control. D. non-contingent responding.

A. learned helplessness and depression.

24. When Romeo and Juliet's families forbid them from seeing each other ___ is elicited, making them want each other more. A. reactance B. free will C. determinism D. locus of control

A. reactance

38. Achievement motivation has been found to be A. slightly stable over time. B. not at all stable over time. C. stable over time. D. highly stable over time.

A. slightly stable over time.

51. A coach who hold an entity theorist mindset would focus most of her effort on A. the best players B. the moderate players, as they can still contribute. C. the worst players, since they have time to develop. D. all of the above

A. the best players

14. The attributional style questionnaire measures A. the way a person tends to attribute cause across a variety of situations. B. the way a person makes attributions in a specific situation. C. the different ways that a single person makes attributions of the same situation. D. locus of control in a more modern way.

A. the way a person tends to attribute cause across a variety of situations.

22. Some children were led to believe they would be able to choose which candy bar they would receive, while other children did not have that same expectation. Regardless of experimental condition, the children were shown A. their third and fourth ranked candy bar, and then received their third ranked candy bar. When children expected to choose B. they liked the third ranked option less, and the fourth ranked option more. their preferences didn't change. C. they like the third option even more, and the fourth option less. D. they now preferred the third and fourth option more than their second preference.

A. they liked the third ranked option less, and the fourth ranked option more.

18. Kassie tends to predict that she is going to fail her exam, and then works extra hard to prevent that from happening. It would appear that Kassie A. uses defensive pessimism. B. has the depressive attributional style. C. uses the optimistic explanatory style. D. has an other focused bias.

A. uses defensive pessimism.

36. ___ is a need to do something difficult and outstanding. A. Need for competence B. Need for achievement C. Need for affiliation D. Need for power

B. Need for achievement

27. Which is an example of intrinsic motivation? Studying course material to get a good grade. A. Working a job to get paid. B. Practicing hard because the practice is fun. C. all of the above D. none of the above

B. Practicing hard because the practice is fun.

12. Maria tends to blame negative outcomes on herself. She believes the characteristic won't change, and affects everything. This set of attributions is associated with A. cheerfulness. B. depression. C. problem focused coping. D. an external locus of control.

B. depression.

13. A person who tends to attribute negative events to internal, stable, and global causes is likely to experience A. cheerfulness. B. depression. C. problem focused coping. D. an external locus of control.

B. depression.

43. Believing an outcome is due to luck, places the locus of causality A. within the person B. external to the person. C. as stable. D. as controllable.

B. external to the person.

2. Taylor tends to believe that she has a great deal of influence over the grades that she gets. We would say that Taylor A. has an external locus of control. B. has an internal locus of control. C. believes in partial reinforcement. D. does not believe in free will.

B. has an internal locus of control.

30. A reward for performing well seems to ___ motivation. A reward just for doing a task seems to ___ motivation. A. increase; increase B. increase; decrease C. decrease; increase D. decrease; decrease

B. increase; decrease

46. A person who holds the implicit theory that ability can change with effort, are labeled ___ by Dweck and her colleagues. A. entity theorists B. incremental theorists C. covert psychologists D. naïve psychologists

B. incremental theorists

6. When a dog has been exposed to inescapable shock, and then put in a situation where it can escape the shock, the dog usually does nothing to escape the shock. This is known as A. conditioned hopelessness. B. learned helplessness. C. punishment helplessness. D. punishment training.

B. learned helplessness.

50. Someone who holds an incremental mindset would interpret failure as A. meaning they lack ability. B. meaning they need more practice. C. meaning they should probably switch to something else. D. all of the above

B. meaning they need more practice.

4. The I_E (locus of control) scale was designed to A. measure locus of control in specific situations. B. measure locus of control in general.

B. measure locus of control in general.

15. An optimistic explanatory style is associated with attributing success to ___, and failure to ___ factors. A. others; internal B. oneself; external C. others; unstable D. oneself; stable

B. oneself; external

44. If a person believes a negative outcome is caused by something stable and internal, the person is likely to A. increase effort. B. reduce effort.

B. reduce effort.

37. Need for achievement is measured with A. a clinical interview. B. the Thematic Apperception Test C. the Rorschach test. D. the Alpha Press Test.

B. the Thematic Apperception Test

41. Where will people with high achievement motivation will stand in relation to peg in a ring toss game? A. Nearly on top of the peg to guaranty success. B. At a small distance where there is a great chance of success, but still a tiny chance of failure. C. At a distance such that success is about 50%. D. At a distance such that success is unlikely, but really impressive if it happens.

C. At a distance such that success is about 50%.

19. ___ is a technique used by individuals who predict catastrophe for themselves but then use that prediction to mobilize themselves for action. A. Locus of control B. Optimistic explanatory style C. Defensive pessimism D. Reactance

C. Defensive pessimism

20. What is the term used for people to predict bad outcomes then use that fear to motivate themselves to prevent that outcome? A. Locus of control B. Reactance behavioral style C. Defensive pessimism D. Factious disorder

C. Defensive pessimism

5. ___ is the acquired expectation that one's actions will exert little control over outcomes. A. Locus of control B. Locus of causality C. Behavioral contingency D. Learned helplessness

D. Learned helplessness

21. What is the term for the aversive state experienced when freedom is perceived to have been taken away. A. Defensive pessimism B. Free will C. Determinism D. Reactance

D. Reactance

25. Which is an example of extrinsic motivation? A. Studying course material to get a good grade. B. Working a job to get paid. C. Raking the leaves in order to use the car. D. all of the above E. none of the above

D. all of the above

26. Which is an example of intrinsic motivation? A. Studying the course materials because it is interesting. B. Painting a landscape for the enjoyment of painting. C. Taking a hike to experience the great out of door D. all of the above E. none of the above

D. all of the above

33. Multiplayer video games that give feedback about performance, freedom of choice, and the ability to communicate with other players, will meet which needs from self-determination theory? A. competence B. relatedness C. autonomy D. all of the above

D. all of the above

40. Most outstanding achievement happens when a person is A. in their twenties. B. about forty. C. in their fifties. D. all of the above are possible, depending on the field in question.

D. all of the above are possible, depending on the field in question.

31. Which is not one of the three needs in self-determination theory? A. competence B. relatedness C. autonomy D. control

D. control

8. Based on learned helplessness, if Sam has tried several different study techniques, and he continues to get the same low grade, we would expect Sam to A. continue to try new study techniques until he finds one that works. B. ask his roommate how he studies. C. ask the instructor how to study. D. give up.

D. give up.

49. Someone who believes ability is relatively fixed A. will teach a struggling teammate how to do a skill, improving teamwork. B. will encourage classmates to keep at it, even after doing poorly on a few assignments. C. will choose especially difficult tasks, as those may be diagnostic of lack of ability. D. will avoid working hard at a sport, as it would imply a lack of ability

D. will avoid working hard at a sport, as it would imply a lack of ability

52. People are most likely to approach challenges in a proactive and master-oriented manner when A. they believe they have control over the outcome. B. they attribute success to themselves, and failure outside of themselves. C. they feel optimistic and not helpless. D. they believe ability is changeable E. all of the above

E. all of the above

29. Some children were told they would receive a reward if they did one of their favorite tasks. Other children received the same reward but didn't expect to receive the reward. A third group of children received no reward (they didn't know about the other children). Which group later chose that task the least? A. The group that did not receive the reward. B. The group that received the reward, but didn't expect it. C. The group that expected to receive the reward. D. The two reward groups were equivalent.

C. The group that expected to receive the reward.

32. Which aspect of self-determination theory is results in reactance when freedom is removed? A. competence B. relatedness C. autonomy D. control

C. autonomy

23. Because of reactance, if a child is told they can choose which movie to see, and then the one they choose is not available, the child is likely to A. passively accept the outcome. B. decide the new option is the best anyway. C. be upset because they now really want the one they can't have. D. be happy with the one they are seeing, because at least they get to see a movie.

C. be upset because they now really want the one they can't have.

35. Sara is working as many hours as she can so she can earn enough money to afford to quit and find a job she actually likes. Working so hard appears to be due to A. achievement motivation B. reactance motivation C. controlled motivation D. success motivationterm-12

C. controlled motivation

9. Seligman and his colleagues have suggested that learned helplessness is a model for A. attributional style. B. low self-esteem. C. depression. D. ruminative coping

C. depression.

11. The attributional analysis has identified ___ attributions as a response to negative events as associated with learned helplessness and depression. A. external, stable, specific B. external, unstable, global. C. internal, stable, global D. internal, unstable, global

C. internal, stable, global

7. When humans are exposed to an inescapable aversive tone, and then given a different task where behavior stops the aversive tone, it is found that A. they learn better in the second task. B. they learn more quickly in the second task. C. they perform very poorly at stopping the tone in the second task. D. there is not impact from the first task.

C. they perform very poorly at stopping the tone in the second task.

48. Someone who believes ability is relatively fixed A. will work hard following failure as to improve. B. will encourage classmates to keep at it, even after doing poorly on a few assignments. C. will avoid difficult tasks, as those may be diagnostic of lack of ability. D. will work hard at a sport to get better.

C. will avoid difficult tasks, as those may be diagnostic of lack of ability.