PH 135 Final
It was not until the 1970s that women accounted for at least ________ of all first-year medical students.
10%
Woman's reproductive role accounts for less than _________ of all doctor visits.
20%
Approximately _________ of Americans have private health insurance.
67%
What is a gatekeeper?
A primary care physician who screens patients prior to referring them to a specialist.
The ____________ was founded in Philadelphia in 1847
AMA
The "inner core" of physicians is divided into two major groups. Which of the following is one of these groups?
Administrative elite
Which group has a higher rate of those covered by private insurance than the national average?
Asians
Who was one of the leading proponents of labeling theory?
Becker
is where the deviants are temporarily exempted from normal obligations and gain some extra privileges, provided that they seek help in order to rid themselves of their deviance.
Conditional legitimacy
are schedules of fees placing a ceiling on how much the government will pay for specific services rendered to Medicare patients by hospitals and doctors.
DRGs
considerations have become a primary motivation among physicians, hospitals, and private health insurance companies.
Economic
The role of nursing in Western society was changed in the middle of the 19th century, through the insight and effort of:
Florence Nightingale
Who defined the guidelines for analyzing the development of the medical profession in American society?
Goode
Support through planning grants and loan guarantees was provided to encourage the development of _______________; a form of prepaid group practice emphasizing preventive care.
HMOs
What is a class-based set of durable dispositions to act in particular ways that shape particular facets of health lifestyles
Habitus
The relevance of the ______________ model for understanding doctor-patient relations is the view of the interaction as a process of negotiation, rather than the physician simply giving orders and the patient following them in an automatic, unquestioning manner.
Hayes-Bautista
The symbolic interactionalist perspective on deviance:
Is based on the concept that what is regarded as deviant behavior by one person or social group may not be so regarded by other persons or social groups.
Which group exercises influence over medical work through its research productivity rather than focusing on individual diagnosis and treatment?
Knowledge elite
In 2007, what percentage of all eligible physicians were members of the AMA?
Less than 30%
Who suggested that a person's social class position is determined exclusively by his or her degree of access to a society's means of production
Marx
is the notion that since the work of the physician is for the good of the patient, physicians tend to impute illness to their patients rather than to deny it and risk overlooking or missing it.
Medical decision rule
The ___________________ model applies to the management of hypochondriacs who falsely develop symptoms.
N/A
All life events, including illness, are viewed in relation to the total environment as natural or unnatural, good or evil... Thus, life is generally good or bad, and the cure for one problem might cure all problems." These healers typically charge for their services. This view is of __________ folk healers.
Non-hispanic black
were established in 1970 in conjunction with Medicaid and Medicare, to review and evaluate the medical care given to patients eligible to use these services.
PSROs
are forced to spend time as "patient advocates," convincing various bureaucrats that more specialized and expensive care is warranted.
Primary care physicians
Which is a sociologically relevant characteristic noted by Goode in explaining professionalism?
Prolonged training in a body of specialized knowledge.
take(s) the position that the seriousness of the patient's symptoms is the determining factor in doctor-patient interaction.
Szasz and Hollender
The traditional identifying criteria for disease do NOT include:
The patient's significant other's identification of a "sick pattern."
Who unveiled a general concept of disease based on cellular pathology?
Virchow
Whose views on religious values are utilized by Parsons in describing the role of the physician?
Weber
Mistakes and errors in medical practice, through neglect or ignorance, can sometimes be defended as:
a difference of opinion
The ___________________ model applies when the patient is seriously ill or being treated on an emergency basis in a state of relative helplessness, due to a severe injury or lack of consciousness.
activity-passivity
Studies of the utilization of medical services by the aged indicate that such use is determined more by ___________ need than any other single factor.
actual
Which is NOT a criticism of Parsons's sick-role theory?
behavioral modification
Parsons's concept of the sick role is based on the assumption that:
being sick is not a deliberate and knowing choice of the sick person
The Flexner Report was sponsored by the:
carnegie foundation
Like osteopathy, the ______________ approach to healing also involves manipulation of bones in the spinal column
chiropractic
______ today are restricted solely to nonmedical techniques.
chiropractors
Other than a few consulting professions such as ________________, the occupations performing tasks of patient care are organized around the work of the physician, and are usually under the physician's direct control.
clinical psychology
Medicalization is a form of ______________ action.
collective
A major defect in the professional autonomy argument arises from the fact that the autonomy granted to the medical profession is granted _____________, on the assumption that it will resolve significant issues in favor of the public interest.
conditionally
The interaction between life choices and life chances produces ___________ toward particular forms of action. These constitute a "habitus," according to Bourdieu
dispositions
Public dissatisfaction with the medical profession in the United States is generally viewed as having ______________ and ________________ origins.
economic; social
According to the World Health Organization, significant improvements in health in the 19th century were brought about by what might be called
engineering methods
Which group has the highest percentage of persons without health insurance?
hispanic
Medical students shift from __________ to _____________ as part of a functional learning process fitted to the physician's role of maintaining an objective perspective of health and disease.
idealism; cynism
Lebenschancen means
life chances
Etiquette was a more important _______________ than accountability in undermining attempts at critical evaluation of physicians by physicians.
norm
Distress may not be only physical; purely ____________ needs can trigger a visit to a doctor as well.
psychological
Renée Fox found that medical students at Cornell Medical School acquired two basic traits as a result of their medical training: the ability to be emotionally detached from the patient and to
tolerate uncertainty
Health lifestyles emphasizing exercise, sports, a healthy diet, avoidance of unhealthy practices such as smoking, and so on originated in the
upper-middle class
As Goffman points out, stigma represents a rupture between an individual's __________ and ___________ social identity that is regarded in some way as failing.
virtual; actual
A state or condition of suffering as the result of a disease or sickness" defines:
illness
The data in the Dutton (1978) study on health care utilization among the poor favored the _______________ hypothesis
systems barrier
Millman contended that ________________ errors could be forgiven and often had the result of motivating the offending physician to work harder, spend more time with patients, double-check procedures, and learn from the mistake.
technical
Millman contended that _______ errors, if they were made in "good faith," were less serious than _______ errors.
technical; moral
_______________ does not promote equality among laypersons when direct physician-patient interaction is required, nor does it provide a context within which such an orientation can grow within the medical environment.
the culture of medicine
is where deviants are exempted permanently from normal obligations and are granted additional privileges in view of the hopeless nature of their deviance
unconditional legitimacy
Persons with a strong internal locus-of-control tend to have
more self-initiated preventive care
Which model of interaction is the norm in most doctor-patient interactions?
mutual participation
The functionalist perspective on deviance
Stresses societal-level processes, systems, equilibrium, and interrelationships, representing a homeostatic approach to deviance.
What attracted corporations to health care delivery is the potential for:
financial profit
Practicing _____________ are most likely to be found among African Americans, Hispanics, and American Indians.
folk healers
Freidson argues that it can be ___________ that physicians are dedicated to their patients.
assumed
According to the sociologist Max Weber, lifestyles are based upon a person's relationship to the means of
consumption
At the beginning of the 21st century we are witnessing that the dominance of medical profession is:
declining
What situation has reduced public confidence in medicine more than any other single issue?
resistance to cost controls
The most common response to symptoms of illness by people throughout the world is
self care
Recognition on the part of clients, outside agencies, and the wider society of the profession's claim to _____________________ is necessary if professional decisions are not to be reviewed by outside authorities.
competence
Once a professional group becomes established, Goode indicates that it begins to further consolidate its power by:
formalizing social relationships
The ___________________ model arises most often when the patient has an acute, often infectious illness, like the flu or measles.
guidance-cooperation
Medical sociologists divide health oriented behavior into two general categories
health and illness behavior
What is defined as activity undertaken by individuals for the purpose of maintaining or enhancing their health, preventing health problems, or achieving a positive body image?
health behavior
What are collective patterns of health-related behavior based on choices from options available to people according to their life chances?
health lifestyles
"The most dreaded form of disorder, either physical or mental, is that caused by witchcraft. Witches are evil persons who supposedly have made pacts with the devil and use supernatural powers in the form of curses, magic, herbs, or ghosts to harm other people." This view is of __________ folk healers.
hispanic
The _________________ healer views helping the patient accept suffering as a major task. In this context, suffering is explained as being part of the patient's burden for the world's sin and ignorance and a necessary role in God's plan for the universe.
hispanic
is where the deviants are exempted from some normal obligations by virtue of their deviance, for which they are technically not responsible, but gain few if any privileges.
illegitimacy
One of the most significant guiding principles of the AMA has been its view of the physician as a(an)
independent practitioner
Which ethnic group was more susceptible to pain in the Zborowski study?
italians
Lebensführung means
life conduct
By the mid-20th century, osteopaths were receiving scientific medical training in such areas as _______________ and ___________________.
surgery; pharmacology
The higher an individual's socioeconomic position, the __________ ethnic the person often becomes.
less
Dutton tested different explanations concerning why the poor would show lower use rates in relation to actual need than the non-poor. Which was NOT a tested explanation?
level of education
refers to the choices that people have in the lifestyles they wish to adopt
life conduct
Many people in the ______________ may tend to deny the sick role.
lower class
Consumerism is more likely a feature characteristic of the:
middle and upper class
The French norm of "duty to be healthy" was strongest in the
middle class
The sick role is oriented towards which group
middle class
It appears that many persons who use some form of alternative or "new age" medicine have ____________________ social background(s).
middle or working class
Millman contended that _______________ errors resulted in unfavorable letters of recommendation for those seeking jobs and social isolation from other physicians in the hospital.
moral
The physician exercises leverage over the patient through three basic techniques. Which is NOT one?
objective authority
Millman contended that a "gentlemen's agreement" existed among the hospital physicians. What did this agreement allow for?
overlooking each other's mistakes
In Rosenstock's model, what would NOT be an example of an external trigger?
perception of bodily states
A person may desire to retain the sick role more or less permanently because of what Parsons calls a _______________, which is the exemption from normal obligations and the gaining of other privileges commonly accorded to the sick.
secondary gain
Dissatisfaction with the doctor-patient relationship is heavily dependent on one's:
social class
Parsons was the first to demonstrate the function of medicine as a form of:
social control
Mary Boulton and her colleagues explain that the influence of social class on the doctor-patient relationship is best understood in terms of:
social distance
A pronouncement of deviant behavior involves making a _____________ about what is right and proper behavior according to a social norm.
social judgment
Which refers to the social relationships a person has during day-to-day interaction, which serves as the normal avenue for the exchange of opinion, information, and affection?
social network
Physicians from a lower-class social origin were more likely than upper-class doctors to emphasize success values as reasons for going into medicine. Those physicians who were initially success-oriented became less so after commencing their practices, while the reverse occurred with those who were less success-oriented. This change occurs through:
socialization