Phases of Mitosis
Telophase
-Chromosomes become indistinct -Daughter cells are forming -Once the chromatids have reached the opposite sides the spindle fibers disappear -The chromosomes unravel -nuclear envelope reappears on the two new nuclei
Anaphase
-The kinetochores "reel in" or "gobble up" the spindle fibers -This pulls the sister chromatids apart by splitting their centromere. The split chromatids are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell
Prophase
-the chromosomes coil up and become visible while the nuclear envelope disappears. -Sister chromatids are present. A centriole forms at each pole and spindle fibers made of microtubules grow out of it. -Short microtubules stick out from the centriole in a star shape known as an aster.
Mitosis
1 diploid parent cell splits into 2 identical diploid daughter cells.
Cancer
A malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal, uncontrolled cell division.
Telophase
A nuclear membrane forms around chromatin
Chromatids
Bodies of tightly coiled chromatin; visible during cell division. Two chromatids bound at a centromere make a CHROMOSOME.
Interphase
Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases. (Period of normal growth and maintenance. (3 stages)
Metaphase
Centromeres of duplicated chromosomes are aligned at plate. Fully formed spindle attach to the sister chromatids from opposite poles
Telophase
Chromosomes begin to unwind
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up single file at the middle of the cell
Prophase
Copied DNA condenses into chromosomes
Part of cell cycle that is the shortest, after mitosis is complete.
Cytokinesis
Chromosomes
DNA that is coiled together and condensed into small packages (like DNA suitcases) (each has 23 from mom, 23 from dad). Consists of 2 "sister" chromatids bound at a centromere.
Chromosome
DNA-containing structure that carries genetic material from one generation to another
G2
Final preparation phase. Cell checks for DNA errors and begins to form centrosomes. (Prepares for Mitosis)
G1
In interphase - cell grows rapidly, builds new organelles; also performs regular cell functions
Cell cycle consists of these three phases
Interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis.
Phase of cell cycle that is much longer than the other three.
Interphase--cell growth and development, duplicating DNA and organelles to get ready for division.
In order to grow, why do cells divide to make more cells instead of just getting bigger? Reason # 1
Large cells would have to wait too long to diffuse nutrients in and waste out.
Prophase
Nucleolus has disappeared, and duplicated chromosomes are visible. Centrosomes begin moving apart, and spindle is in process of forming.
In order to grow, why do cells divide to make more cells instead of just getting bigger? Reason # 2
One set of DNA can't make enough proteins and enzymes fast enough for a large cell.
Metaphase
Second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate
Spindle fibers
Special strands of microtubules which grow out of the centrioles, connect to chromosomes at the centromeres, and pull them apart during (anaphase) of mitosis.
Telophase
Spindle fibers begin to break down
Prophase
Spindle fibers begin to form
Anaphase
Spindle fibers begin to shorten, pulling chromatids towards opposite ends of the cell
S phase
The "synthesis" phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. (doubles each chromosomes)
Anaphase
The cell begins to lengthen
Telophase
The fourth and final stage of mitosis, in which nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun.
Prophase
The nucleolus disappears, and the nuclear membrane breaks down
Cell cycle
The stages that take place between the time a eukaryotic cell divides and the time the daughter cells divide. (stages of growth, preparation, and division (Interphase and Mitosis)
In order to grow, why do cells divide to make more cells instead of just getting bigger? Reason # 3
The volume of a cell increases a lot faster than the membrane. Too much volume for the surface area and the cell membrane will burst.
Anaphase
Third phase of mitosis in which sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell
Telophase
Two identical nuclei form
Carcinogen
cancer-causing substance
Centromere
cell structure that joins two sister chromatids
Occurs after telophase (after mitosis is complete) to complete the cell cycle.
cytokinesis.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase
enzyme to which cyclin binds during interphase and mitosis, triggering and controlling activities during the cell cycle
Prophase
first stage of mitosis, during which the cell's chromatin condenses into chromosomes
Interphase
first stage of the cell cycle, during which a cell grows, matures, and replicates its DNA
Centromere
holds sister chromatids together.
Telophase
last stage of mitosis in which nucleoli reappear. Two new nuclear membranes begin to form, but the cell has not yet completely divided.
Cyclin
one of the specific proteins that regulate the cell cycle
Cell Cycle
process of cellular reproduction, occurring in three main stages - interphase (growth), mitosis (nuclear division), and cytokinesis (cytoplasm division)
Apoptosis
programmed cell death
Chromatin
relaxed form of DNA in the nucleus of a cell
Mitosis
second main stage of the cell cycle during which the cell's replicated DNA divides and two genetically identical diploid daughter cells are produced
Metaphase
second stage of mitosis in which motor protons pull sister chromatids to the cell's equator
Spindle Apparatus
structure made of spindle fibers, centrioles, and aster fibers that is involved in moving and organizing chromosomes before the cell divides
Sister Chromatid
structure that contains identical DNA copies and is formed during DNA replication
Cytokinesis
the cytoplasm forms a cleavage furrow at the equator to split the cytoplasm. (in plants a cell plate forms at the equator.)
Cytokinesis
third main stage of the cell cycle, during which the cell's cytoplasm divides, creating a new cell
Anaphase
third stage of mitosis in which sister chromatids are pulled apart and microtubules, along with motor proteins, move the chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell
Cancer
uncontrolled growth and division of cells that can be caused by changes in control of the cell cycle and may be caused by environmental factors
Chromatin
unpackaged unwound DNA in the nucleus of a cell
Stem Cell
unspecialized cell that can develop into a specialized cell under the right conditions