PHG Final

True of False: DNA can catalyze chemical reactions and take on a wide variety of shapes and resulting functions.

False

True or False: After WWII, eugenics movements were rejected and abandoned in the US.

False

True or False: CRISPR gene editing can only be done with expertise and expensive equiptment.

False

True or False: Identical twins have identical epigenetics and gene expressions

False

True or False: PGD tests for genetic diseases before fertilization

False

True or False: Positive eugenics is defined as the good kind of eugenics that has scientific validation.

False

True or False: Somatic gene editing is more controversial than germline editing.

False

True or False: The process of differentiation (cells taking different functions) involves changes to the genome in each cell type, making it difficult to decide what tissue to test.

False

True or False: infertility treatments using ART are effective in solving all kinds of infertility while preserving a genetic connection to both parents.

False

True or False: Pregnancy begins at fertilization (conception)

False (pregnancy starts at implantation)

True of False: Someone came up with a fairly correct, mathematically rigorous model of genetic inheritance before Gregor Mendel.

True

True of False: sperm can be obtained from bodies after death

True

True or False: A mutation that changes a single basepair in a genome could lead to a big difference to traits (like disease risk or drug metabolism changes) or could make no difference to traits at all.

True

True or False: Mosaicism is expected in somatic cell editing but not a desired consequence in germline editing.

True

True or False: Over the course of five years, research about human embryo editing went from being rejected by journals on principle even if nonviable embryos were used, to being published even when viable embryos were used.

True

True or False: The historical eugenics movement started locally, in the United States and Washington.

True

True or False: The idea criminal behavior can be influenced by genetic variants rendering someone more vulnerable to traumatic childhoods has been used to mitigate sentencing in some cases, but testing has not been widely adopted for violent crimes.

True

True or False: There are new technologies which enable removing embryos from the human body without IVF having been used.

True

Which of the following is true about CRISPR/cas9? a. It causes a targeted double-stranded break in the DNA which can be used to introduce a totally new sequence inexpensively and easily b. It could only be used to introduction of genetic variation that is already existing in the human population c. It allows the couple to choose and discard among embryos conceived naturally with their gametes d. Home genetic testing available in a direct-to-consumer setting with results available online e. It has never been used on human embryos that were intended for pregnancy f. It is well regulated with clear guidelines as to who may use it and for what purposes, with thorough international penalties for violation g. All of the above

a. It causes a targeted double-stranded break in the DNA which can be used to introduce a totally new sequence inexpensively and easily

What makes an allele dominant? a. That it overrides the presence of a recessive allele in determining the final trait of a heterozygous organism b. That it increases the evolutionary fitness of an organism c. That it is better for health d. That it is more common in the population e. That it can hide behind another allele without showing up at the phenotype (trait) level. f. All of the above

a. That it overrides the presence of a recessive allele in determining the final trait of a heterozygous organism

How is public health different from medicine? a. public health focuses on communities/groups rather than individuals b. public health focuses on individuals rather than communities c. public health only looks at the health implications of public areas d. public health only studies the health of famous public figures e. medicine deals with infectious disease, public health with hereditary ones f. public health applications from the human genome are much more advanced than medical ones

a. public health focuses on communities/groups rather than individuals

Which of the following statements about third party reproduction is true? a. Couples without a working uterus can use an artificial uterus to grow their embryos b. A woman's reproductive window can be extended beyond menopause if she uses eggs from a donor. c. Third party reproductive technologies are equally accessible to all (legally and financially) d. Ethical concerns about gamete donation have largely been resolved e. gamete donation is only possible with living donors f. all of the above

b. A woman's reproductive window can be extended beyond menopause if she uses eggs from a donor.

Which of the following is true about mosaicism and chimerism and genetic testing? a. For most people in a population, every cell in their body contains EXACTLY the same genome without any variation at all, making genetic testing possible b. For most people in a population, cells in the body contain only minor variation in the same base genome (mosaicism), which does not interfere with genetic testing c. For most people in a population, the cells in the body contain completely different genomes, which interferes with genetic testing d. Policymakers and legal systems do not need to worry about exceptions to the above because they're rare

b. For most people in a population, cells in the body contain only minor variation in the same base genome (mosaicism), which does not interfere with genetic testing

Which of the following is the better way to phrase the question of genes vs environment? a. Is a person more nurture or nature? b. Is the difference between the traits of individual people due to differences in genetics or differences in environment? c. When identical twins are identical for a trait, it's a reflection of environmental contribution to the trait d. When fraternal twins are more similar to each other than identical twins, that means that genes are involved

b. Is the difference between the traits of individual people due to differences in genetics or differences in environment?

How can behavior be influenced by genetics? a. A single gene controls a particular behavior b. The brain is a biochemical system resulting from the products of gene expression c. It can only do so in animal systems e. Epigenetics cause full determination of all behaviors f. It cannot; genetics does not regulate behavior because it is a response to environment only

b. The brain is a biochemical system resulting from the products of gene expression

Toxoplasmosis infection is a. a genetic factor in risk-taking behavior b. an environmental factor in risk-taking behavior c. not a factor in risk-taking behavior d. not relevant to public health

b. an environmental factor in risk-taking behavior

The popular eugenics movement overlooked... a. genes b. environment c. appearances d. public health

b. environment

Laws which would prevent cousin marriage to improve the health of offspring are an example of what kind of eugenics? a. positive eugenics b. negative eugenics c. not eugenical d. laws preventing cousins-and-closer relatives from marrying do not exist in the real world

b. negative eugenics

Tywin Lannister says of his son, Tyrion, who has achondroplasia dwarfism, "The day that you were born. I wanted to carry you into the sea and let the waves wash you away." Infanticide of disabled infants would be an example of... a. positive eugenics b. negative eugenics c. disability rights d. preimplantation genetic diagnosis

b. negative eugenics

Which of the following is true about laws governing third party reproduction: a. legal access to third party reproductive assistance is guaranteed to all who need it b. parenting in terms of being the legal guardian responsible for raising a child, genetic contribution, and gestation can all be performed by separate people c. registers track how much gamete donation takes place nationally d. donor conceived status is indicated on a birth certificate e. financially the act of third party reproduction is equally affordable for everyone in a population f. commercial gamete donors can be guaranteed not to be carriers of genetic disease

b. parenting in terms of being the legal guardian responsible for raising a child, genetic contribution, and gestation can all be performed by separate people

The main difference between the historical eugenics movement and the current use of PGD in how they are preventing genetic disability in the next generation is... (select all that apply) a. types of traits considered (only the historical movement looked at mental health conditions and behavioral genetics) b. who is deciding (governments vs individuals) c. for whose benefit the decisions are being made (public health versus reduced suffering of individuals) d. the focus on cognitive enhancement (that's not a thing people are interested in anymore)

b. who is deciding (governments vs individuals) c. for whose benefit the decisions are being made (public health versus reduced suffering of individuals)

What is a genome? a. It is the same thing as a gene (they are synonymous) b. Only the transcribed and translated regions of all the genes (the exome) c. All the DNA contained in an individual, including all the genes but also all the other DNA d. The category to which a species belongs e. The protein component of chromosomes f. The study of humans g. The study of heredity

c. All the DNA contained in an individual, including all the genes but also all the other DNA

Which of the following is/are example(s) of positive eugenics? a. Laws preventing marriage between cousins b. Forcible sterilization of individuals c. Better babies/fitter families contests d. Immigration laws e. Preimplantation genetic diagnostic (PGD) testing of embryos to eliminate those that carry undesirable traits f. None of the above

c. Better babies/fitter families contests

Which of the following statements about sex and gender is true? a. An individual has either a sex or a gender, but not both b. Gender is synonymous with sex (they mean the same thing) c. Both sex and gender can be relevant to public health d. Only biological sex is relevant for public health e. Intersex refers to a society's division of labor and appropriate cultural roles for different genders f. All of the above

c. Both sex and gender can be relevant to public health

Two people who want to have a child together discover they are both carriers for a recessive disease caused by variants in a gene on chromosome 15, which leads to affected individuals dying in early childhood - there are no treatments. Which of the following would be an option to help them ensure they do not have a child affected by this disease? a. Exome sequencing of an infant b. Microsort sperm sorting c. Either an egg or sperm donor who is not a carrier (just one, not both) who is not a carrier for this disease d. Gestational carrier surrogacy (using their own gametes to create embryos without any additional testing) e. Cytoplasm/mitochondria donation f. All of the above would work g. None of the above would work

c. Either an egg or sperm donor who is not a carrier (just one, not both) who is not a carrier for this disease

Is genetically editing the human germline (reproductive lineage) legal/illegal? a. Unanimously legal b. Unanimously illegal, punished by law c. Laws and enforcement varies greatly by location d. No laws exist

c. Laws and enforcement varies greatly by location

Which of the following is NOT accurately describing the differences between male and female gamete donation? a. Sperm donation has been used for much longer so laws may be written in a male-specific way b. The donation process is more involved for female donors, so financial compensation is much higher c. Male gamete donation must be done in conjunction with IVF d. Donating an egg involves donating additional genetic material beyond the nuclear genome e. A woman's ability to donate eggs declines with age f. all of the above are false g. all of the above are true

c. Male gamete donation must be done in conjunction with IVF

Catelyn Tully was told that Jon Snow was her husband's son with another woman, the product of an illicit affair. What technology could Catelyn have used to in order to most easily discover that Jon was not actually her children's half-brother, as she'd been told? (Assume for the purposes of this question that they are in the legal landscape of the US.) a. Pregnancy tests b. Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection c. Stealth direct-to-consumer genetic testing for siblingship or paternity d. In-vitro fertilization e. Gestational carrier surrogacy f. Newborn disease screening g. Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis

c. Stealth direct-to-consumer genetic testing for siblingship or paternity

Apart from sex chromosomes), the two different, redundant sets of chromosomes in a body cell, inherited maternally and paternally... a. contain the same genes b. CAN contain different alleles c. both of the above (a and b) d. none of the above (neither a nor b) e. body cells do not contain two redundant sets of chromosomes

c. both of the above (a and b)

Genes are ___________________ chromosomes. a. the same thing as b. encoded in specific regions on the protein part of c. encoded in specific locations on the DNA parts of d. a compilation of all the e. stored in different parts of the cell as

c. encoded in specific locations on the DNA parts of

Different body cells can have different ____________ giving different cell types and different functions. a. genomes b. genes c. gene expressions d. all of the above

c. gene expressions

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the disability rights community? a. within-community views of what constitutes a disability might be very different from the unaffected population b. there is concern about eugenics and medical model return c. past genetics progress has not involved participation by the disabled d. there is interest in using the output of genomics to improve quality of life and bring interventions e. PGD is divisive with some using it to pass on their disability and some using it to avoid passing it on

c. past genetics progress has not involved participation by the disabled

Which of the following to we expect about the genetic basis of behavior? a. It is easy to measure/define a behavior b. we expect single genes to govern behavior c. we expect genes, environments, and interactions between to affect behavior d. the idea that behavior could be influenced by genetics is a new idea (post-human genome project)

c. we expect genes, environments, and interactions between to affect behavior

Which of the following represents how courts are dealing with the question of genetics influences behavior? a. consistent policies allowing admission of evidence about neurobiology (genes or biochemical assays or imaging) b. consistently disallowing admission of genetic test evidence c. wide variation due to reliance on judges as gatekeepers d. each specific scientific finding (gene, neurotransmitter, imaging) is admitted after a survey of scientists to measure the degree it is accepted - and findings that meet community acceptance are then equally applied in cases

c. wide variation due to reliance on judges as gatekeepers

How many total chromosomes are there in the nucleus of a BODY CELL for the typical person? a. 1 b. 2 c. 23 unpaired d. 46 (23 pairs) e. it depends on whether the person is male or female f. it depends on the type of body cell, as the genome changes as cells differentiate into different cell types g. around 20,000 h. around 3 billion (3.2*10^9)

d. 46 (23 pairs)

Which of the following statements about sex-selection technologies is true? a. PGD stands for prenatal gender determination, such as the use of ultrasound b. Unfertilized eggs can be sorted by biological sex c. Sperm can be sorted by GENDER d. IVF or uterine lavage can be used to test embryos before pregnancy e. Sex-selection technologies are all equally legal in all parts of the world f. All of the above

d. IVF or uterine lavage can be used to test embryos before pregnancy

What defines a trait as multifactorial? a. It comes from the mother, father, and grandparents b. There is more than one gene that impacts the trait c. It is visible to other people d. It is impacted by both the environment and a gene e. It is passed down to offspring of both genders f. It is passed down by both parents

d. It is impacted by both the environment and a gene

Which of the following does NOT leads to a situation where some cells in a body do not have exactly the same genome (mosaicism or chimerism)? a. When fraternal twin embryos smoosh together early in pregnancy b. When someone receives a bone marrow transplant c. When a somatic mutation happens d. When a mutation happens in making sperm or egg e. Having been pregnant

d. When a mutation happens in making sperm or egg

Which of the following statements about the human genome project is true? a. the human genome was the first to be sequenced b. the human genome took much longer to sequence than anticipated c. the cost of sequencing a human genome has increased recently d. a portion of the human genome sequencing budget was dedicated to understanding ethical, legal, social issues e. one human genome project was enough to answer all questions about the biology that underlies diseases

d. a portion of the human genome sequencing budget was dedicated to understanding ethical, legal, social issues

Which of the following represents a human pheromone? a. turn-off signals in tears b. MHC signals in sweaty t-shirts c. newborns scooting towards breast odorants d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which reflects the order of the processes by which sex gets determined during development, in the order of earliest (at conception) to latest? a. external genital sex --> gonadal sex --> chromosomal sex b. external genital sex --> chromosomal sex --> gonadal sex c. chromosomal sex --> external genital sex-->gonadal sex d. chromosomal sex--> gonadal sex-->external genital sex e. gonadal sex-->chromosomal sex-->external genital sex f. gonadal sex-->external genital sex -->chromosomal sex

d. chromosomal sex--> gonadal sex-->external genital sex

Which of the following is NOT a type of third- party reproduction? a. sperm donation b. egg donation c. surrogacy d. in vitro fertilization with PGD e. mitochondria (cytoplasm) donation f. all of the above are third party reproduction g. none of the above are third party reproduction

d. in vitro fertilization

Which is the following is NOT true of the relationship between genetics of mate choice and public health? a. hormonal contraception can have side effects which can impact mate choice and relationship satisfaction b. there are implications for creating safe environments and structures to support neurodiversity in mating behavior c. individuals with maximally diverse MHC alleles may have better health outcomes d. sexuality is unrelated to public health e. relationship stability has implications for parenting and providing a nurturing environment for children f. all of the above

d. sexuality is unrelated to public health

Which of the following is true about PGD? a. PGD edits genomes in new ways b. PGD usually involves government making decisions about reproduction, rather than the prospective parents c. PGD can be done in a direct-to-consumer, at-home setting d. the application of PGD is restricted in some countries to only being used for avoiding serious genetic disease e. PGD is usually done for the benefit of society

d. the application of PGD is restricted in some countries to only being used for avoiding serious genetic disease

Which of the following statements reflects American public agreement about acceptable uses of PGD? a. Favoring uses which are medically important for the survival of a child b. A sizable minority dissent in even the most agreed-upon cases c. Unanimous condemnation of the most frivolous uses d. Unanimous approval of uses governing diseases lethal in childhood e. A and B f. C and D

e. A and B

Females... a. Are born with all the eggs they will make, restricting fertility throughout lifespan b. Need a surgical procedure and hormone treatments to donate eggs c. Have all 23 pairs of chromosomes in their body cells (where the two chromosomes in each pair have the same size and genes) d. Do not determine the chromosomal sex of their child e. All of the above f. None of the above

e. All of the above

Forced sterilization has been conducted on the basis of: a. criminal status b. mental health or ability c. immigration status d. reports from private citizens e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following are kinds of research that can help determine the degree to which a behavior might have a basis in genetics (overall or specific genes)? a. families with extreme traits b. animal studies with CRISPR d. animal studies with selective breeding d. twin and adoption studies e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following are ways which humans can differ in their genomes? a. single nucleotide variants or polymorphisms ("SNiPs") b. indels c. copy number variation like microsatellite repeats or larger duplications d. chromosome rearrangements like inversions or translocations e. all of the above are ways in which human genomes can differ

e. all of the above are ways in which human genomes can differ

Which of the following share most of their genome by descent? a. parents with offspring b. half-siblings c. full siblings d. fraternal twins e. identical twins f. adoptees

e. identical twins

Which of the following series of terms represents categories of biological sex? a. man genderfluid woman b. masculine androgynous feminine c. homosexual bisexual heterosexual d. straight pansexual gay e. male intersex female f. male bisexual female g. virgin monogamous promiscuous h. all of the above

e. male intersex female

Sperm and eggs are equivalent in a. ages they are produced b. size of cell c. mobility of cell d. numbers produced over lifetime e. number of genomes each gamete contains f. ease of collection g. ease of preserving in freezing

e. number of genomes each gamete contains

Which of the following is a way in which genetics can be more complex that what Mendel modeled? a. More than two alleles can exist b. No clear dominant/recessive relationship may exist between alleles c. One gene can controls more than one trait d. More than one gene can control a trait e. Environmental conditions can also influence an organism's traits f. All of the above g. None of the above

f. All of the above

Who can be identified by genetic testing? a. Infants who need a lifelong specialized diet from birth to develop symptoms of their genetic disease b. People who will go on to develop a disease later in life with great likelihood c. People who who are at greater risk of disease than the rest of the population d. People who are especially susceptible to particular environmental exposures e. "Carriers" who may have an affected child if they reproduce together f. All of the above

f. All of the above

Intersex is... a. When chromosomes, gonadal sex and external genitalia don't all agree b. When there are ambiguous chromosomes/anatomy existing on a spectrum between the male and female states c. The cause of transgender d. Synonymous with bisexual e. When an individual can make both eggs and sperm f. Both a and b g. Both c and d

f. Both a and b

Males... a. Are born with all the sperm they will make, restricting fertility throughout lifespan b. Usually need surgery and hormone treatments to donate sperm c. Have all 23 pairs of chromosomes in their body cells (where the two chromosomes in each pair have the same size and genes) d. Do not determine the chromosomal sex of their child e. All of the above f. None of the above

f. None of the above

How are the MHC genes in the HLA region related to pheromones? a. it is expressed in rodent vomeronasal organs b. it is a very diverse region of the genome so it can be used as a marker of close relatives (who share alleles rare in the population) c. difference or similarity from self appears to be detected by smelling t-shirts d. population distributions of genes suggest that mating (especially in times/societies that do not widely use hormonal contraception) has involved maximum dissimilar MHC from both parents e. preference changes with pregnancy or mimicked states of pregnancy f. all of the above

f. all of the above

True or False: there have been no changes in how people have access to their own genomic and medical data in recent decades. True

false

Bran Stark is paralyzed and uses accommodations like a special saddle to ride horseback. Another protagonist on Game of Thrones has achondroplasia dwarfism. These, along with many other depictions of disability, earned a Media Access award in recognition of the show's efforts in "promoting awareness of the disability experience, accessibility for people with disabilities, and the accurate depiction of characters with disabilities." What would you consider the most modern definition of a disability? a. A condition that reflects moral failings. b. A condition that inherently disadvantages someone. c. A reason to discriminate against a person. d. Any part of a person that makes them "less than ideal" e. A difference of biology that renders someone abnormal. f. Any condition that always creates lifelong challenges and obstacles for the person who has it g. A condition that a person has that is different from most others in the population, that might require the use of accommodations to have the highest quality of life habits h. Any trait that people would want to eliminate with the use of PGD. i. a body part that is impaired from functioning

g. A condition that a person has that is different from most others in the population, that might require the use of accommodations to have the highest quality of life habits

Which of the following is true about genetic testing and dating? a. The majority of heterosexual and homosexual couples are now meeting in areas which do not enable their nose to assess partners b. Online matchmaking companies have been doing DNA testing since before grindr originated c. Tests are being marketed to established couples who can already smell each other d. Meeting mates has been happening through computer matching for 60 years e. there are genes being used in relationship-matching whose role in relationship outcomes is not well established f.. there are stealth tests marketed towards assessing a partner's infidelity or wanderlust novelty-seeking behavior g. all of the above

g. all of the above

When can genetic tests be conducted? a. On embryos before pregnancy is initiated b. Fetuses via invasive procedures like amniocentesis or via chorionic vilus sampling c. Fetuses via maternal blood draw d. From a cheek swab e. Blood draws f. Stealthily collected discarded cell samples g. Without meeting with a genetic counselor h. Without consent i. all of the above

i. all of the above

True or False: in the US, patients have rights to access to their full lab results and not just the physician's interpretation.

true