PHIL 102 CH 2

"1) She was out late last night which led to 2) her being overly tired this morning. 3) So, she won't show up for class." How would you map this?

1 - 2 - 3

"The financial cost of the death penalty is less than that of life in prison. Also, it does not deter crime. "What is needed to make this into an argument?

A conclusion

Premise indicator

A word or phrase (e.g., "in light of the fact") that ordinarily indicates the presence of the premise of an argument

Some of these passages are best viewed as attempted deductive demonstrations, and others are best viewed as offering inductive support. Which are which? Drag only the items that are deductive demonstrations into the column.

All mammals are warm-blooded creatures, and all whales are mammals. Therefore, all whales are warm-blooded creatures. Jones won't plead guilty to a misdemeanor, and if he won't plead guilty, then he will be tried on a felony charge. Therefore, he will be tried on a felony charge.

"Harold is a twin. Therefore, Harold has a sibling." What is the unstated premise?

All twins have siblings.

Which of the following is true of an argument?

An argument may have either an unstated premise or an unstated conclusion.

An attempt to support or prove a contention by providing a reason for accepting it

Argument

Which of the following is true about arguments in the context of critical thinking?

Arguments do not always need two people.

Who devised the theory of persuasion and the three modes of rhetoric?

Aristotle

Who is considered the father of logic?

Aristotle

What type of reasoning involves weighing considerations for or against making a certain decision?

Balance of Considerations

In an argument, the claim for which a premise is supposed to give a reason

Conclusion

A word or phrase (e.g., "therefore") that ordinarily indicates the presence of the conclusion of an argument

Conclusion indicator

Which of the following is an argument in which one inductively concludes that particular members of a population have an attribute because some high proportions of all the population's members have that attribute?

De-generalizing

An argument intended to prove or demonstrate, rather than merely support, a conclusion

Deductive argument

"John could not have stolen the car because he wasn't in town when it was stolen." Is "because" used in this case an explanation or evidence in a conclusion?

Evidence

"I was late to class because my car broke down." In this case, is "because" used to indicate an explanation or a premise?

Explanation

"I've never met a golden retriever with a nasty disposition. I bet there aren't any." This is an example of deductive reasoning.

False

2. All valid arguments are sound arguments.

False

6. "Strong" and "weak" are absolute terms.

False

True or false: All "if ... then ..." sentences are considered an argument.

False

When evaluating an argument, what is generally the first step?

Find the conclusion

Which of the following is an argument in which one inductively concludes that all or most or some percentage of all the members of a population have an attribute because all or most or some percentage of the members of a sample of the population have that attribute?

Generalizing from a sample

IBE

He said he as for the bill when it was proposed, and now he vetoes it? The only thing I can see is, he must be trying to get the teachers' vote. "A gentleman goes forth on a showery and miry day. He returns immaculate in the evening with the gloss still on his hat and his boots. He has been a fixture, therefore all day. He is not a man with intimate friends. Where, then could he have been? Is not obvious?" -- Arthur Conan Doyle, The Hound of the Baskervilles, Chapter 3 The question is, are you running a temperature? Because if you are, it can't be a cold. The runny nose and the sore throat could be a cold, but not the temperature. Only the flu would give you a temperature. He made threats, plus he had the motive. Not only that, but who else had access to a gun? If Mitchell didn't do it, I don't know who did.

"I have an allergic reaction to nuts so I couldn't eat the cake. Further, I don't like chocolate. Hence, I skipped dessert." What word indicated the conclusion?

Hence

Three of these items are intended to be deductive demonstrations, and two are intended to provide inductive support. Which are which? Drag only the items that offer inductive support into the column.

I've never met a golden retriever with a nasty disposition. I bet there aren't any. Why is Shrilla so mean to Timeeda? The only thing I can think of is that she's jealous. Jealousy is what's making her mean.

In which type of argument do the premises support the conclusion?

Inductive

An argument intended to support a conclusion, rather than to prove or demonstrate it

Inductive argument

"If you study for the final, you will get an A. Sue will get an A." Identify a true statement about this argument.

It contains an unstated premise

Neither

Jackson will get an A in the course because he aced the final. Yes, a card laid is a card played, but I kept my hand on it, so I didn't actually lay it.

Some of these passages are best viewed as attempted deductive demonstrations, and others are best viewed as offering inductive support. Which are which? Drag only the items that are deductive demonstrations into the column.

Jose is taller than Bill, and Bill is taller than Margaret. Therefore, Jose is taller than Margaret.

Balance of considerations argument

Let's go now. I know you wanted to work in the yard, but if we wait longer, we won't make the movie. Plus, it's gonna get cold if we don't make tricks. All things considered, we'd be better of taking the Suburban. Plus, let's get AAA to help us make reservations. It's longer taking the 405, but you can drive faster-- through who knows what the traffic's like at this hour. I would say if you want to play it safe, stay on San Pablo Sherry seems right for the job to me. She speaks French., knows biology, has people skills, and makes a great impression. The only down side is, she can't start until October. That pretty much eliminates her, unfortunately.

Two of these items are intended to be deductive demonstrations, and three are intended to provide inductive support. Which are which? Drag only the items that offer inductive support into the column.

Mike must belong to the Bartenders and Beverage Union Local 165 because almost every Las Vegas bartender does. Palin will make a fine president. After all, she made a fine governor It was the pizza that made my stomach churn. What else could it be? I was fine until I ate it.

"If you study hard, then you will get good grades." Is this an argument?

No

"Marijuana can have health effects such as loss of short term memory. However, some experts state that the effects of marijuana are less severe than that of alcohol." Is this an argument?

No

The claim or claims in an argument that provide the reasons for believing the conclusion

Premise

1. Because all Communists are Marxists, all Marxists are Communists.

Premise: All Communists are Marxists Conclusion: All Marxists are Communists

5. Hey, he can't be older than his mother's daughter's brother. His mother's daughter has only one brother.

Premise: His mother's daughter has only one brother Conclusion: He isn't older than his mother's daughter's brother

3. If the butler had done it, he could not have locked the screen door. Therefore, because the door was locked, we know the butler is in the clear.

Premise: If the butler had done it, he could not have locked the screen door Premise: The screen door was locked Conclusion: The butler is in the clear

2. Presbyterians are not fundamentalists, but all born-again Christians are. So, no born-again Christians are Presbyterians.

Premise: Presbyterians are not fundamentalists Premise: All born-again Christians are fundamentalists Conclusion: No born-again Christians are Presbyterians

4. That cat is used to dogs. Probably she won't be upset if you bring home a new dog for a pet.

Premise: That cat is used to dogs Conclusion: Probably she won't be upset if you bring home a new dog for a pet

2. The Lakers almost didn't beat the Kings. They'll never get past Dallas.

Premise: The Lakers almost didn't beat the Kings Conclusion: They'll never get past Dallas

5. Let's see . . . because the clunk comes only when I pedal, the problem must be in the chain, the crank, or the pedals.

Premise: The clunk comes only when I pedal Conclusion: The problem must be in the chain, the crank, or the pedals

1. Mr. Stooler will never make it into the state police. They have a weight limit, and he's over it.

Premise: The state police have a weight limit, and Mr. Stooler is over it Conclusion: Mr. Stooler will never make it into the state police

4. "There are more injuries in professional football today than there were twenty years ago," he reasoned. "And if there are more injuries, then today's players suffer higher risks. And if they suffer higher risks, then they should be paid more. Consequently, I think today's players should be paid more," he concluded.

Premise: There are more injuries in professional football today than there were twenty years ago Premise: If there are more injuries, then today's prlayes suffer higher risks Premise: If today's players suffer higher risks, they should be paid more Conclusion: They should be paid more

3. I guess Thork doesn't have a thing to do. Why else would he waste his time watching daytime TV?

Premise: Thork wastes his time watching daytime TV Conclusion: Thork doesn't have a thing to do

A deductive argument

Proves or demonstrates the conclusion

What is the first step in evaluating an argument?

Test if the premises support the conclusion.

Why are movies, photos, or songs not considered arguments?

They cannot be considered true or false.

"Since some grapes are purple, and all grapes are fruits, some fruits are purple." This is an example of deductive reasoning.

True

3. All sound arguments are valid arguments.

True

4. If a valid argument has a false conclusion, then not all its premises can be true.

True

5. A sound argument cannot have a false conclusion.

True

True or false: A statement can serve as both the conclusion in one argument and a premise in another argument.

True

True or false: Common sense and background knowledge are important components of critical thinking.

True

True or false: Proof beyond a reasonable doubt actually is a lower standard than deductive demonstration.

True

Identify a Balance of Considerations Argument.

Whether carbon emissions should be regulated

Identify a Balance of Considerations Argument.

Whether stricter gun control would be good for the country

Identify a Balance of Considerations Argument.

Whether swimming is better for you than jogging

Identify a Balance of Considerations Argument.

Whether to go to Florida over spring break

Identify a Balance of Considerations Argument.

Whether to go with AT&T or Verizon

Identify a Balance of Considerations Argument.

Whether to major in business

Identify a Balance of Considerations Argument.

Whether to study or go to a movie

Can balance of considerations arguments involve both deductive and inductive reasoning?

Yes

"Usually, when a tire slowly leaks air, there is a small hole in the tire. You drove through a construction site with many small nails scattered around." What is the likely conclusion?

You have a nail in your tire.

A statement can be both

a premise and a conclusion.

The truth part of evaluating an argument involves _____.

analyzing whether the premises are true

A(n) _____ is an inductive argument that something has an attribute because a similar thing has that attribute.

argument from analogy

Sometimes you must infer the components of an argument using _____.

background knowledge

A kind of deductive argument that relates categories is referred to as

categorical logic

Every argument must have at least one premise and a _______

conclusion

In a deductive argument, the premises ____ the conclusion.

demonstrate

1. Arguments that are relatively strong or weak are called _______ arguments.

inductive

An argument "beyond a reasonable doubt" in the law is a type of ____ argument.

inductive

We call an argument ____________ if it supports the conclusion.

inductive

What are the two parts of an argument?

inductive

Inference to the Best Explanation (IBE): A form of _______ in which one attempts to discover the best causal explanation of an event or phenomenon

inductive reasoning

A movie can be considered as a/an:

none of the options

An argument is made up of at least

one premise and one conclusion.

An argument is ___________ if it is valid and all its premises are true.

sound

The first and essential step in understanding an argument is to _____.

spot the conclusion

The more support the premise of an inductive argument provides for the conclusion, the _________ the argument.

stronger

The premises of an inductive argument are intended to _____ the conclusion.

support

A statement can be

the conclusion of one argument and a premise in another.

The conclusion of an argument is also called the _____.

thesis

The kind of deductive argument that relates propositions, which can be or have been compounded from simpler propositions by means of logical "operators" such as "not," "and," "or," and "if...then...," is known as _____.

truth-functional logic

The difference between "deductive reasoning" and "inductive reasoning" is that

with deductive reasoning, we try to demonstrate a conclusion; with inductive reasoning, we try to support a conclusion.