PHIL CHAPTER 4 STUDY GUIDE
This is intended to make a vague word more precise so that the word's meaning is not left to the interpretation of the reader or listener is called _____?
Precising definition
Johnny, what is seven plus two? More than two This is an example of ____?
Overgeneral
What is the difference between vagueness and overgenerality?
Words that are vague or inexact or or have fuzzy meaning in contrast overgenerality is too broad or unspecfic
When an arguer defines a term in an effort to persuade a reader or listener to agree with the arguer's point of view regarding the thing being defined is called _____?
Persuasive definition
Capitol punishment means the state-sanctioned, vengeful murder of helpless prisoners Capitol punishment means the infliction of appropriate punishment on vicious cowards who have no regard for life. This is an example of what definition
Persuasive definition- why? because they want to persuade people the audience to adopt the speakers particular attitude toward the death penalty.
The word star can mean either twinkling star or a Hollywood celebrity_____ this is an example of______?
Ambiguity
This refers to a doubtful sense of a word or phrase or if the word has two or more meanings and the context does not make it clear which meaning is intended
Ambiguity
Images and words that are associated with that word is called___?
Connotation
Buck means male deer Calf means young cow This is an example of____?
Definition by Genus and Difference
This definition assigns a meaning to a word by identifying a general class (genus) to which things named by the word belong and then specifying a differentiating quality (difference) that distinguishes those things from all other things in the class.
Definition by Genus and Difference
Assigns a meaning to a word by listing subclasses of the general class to which the word refers to is called?
Definition by Subclass
Mammal means gorilla, lion, horse, whale, and so forth This is an example of what definition
Definition by Subclass
What are rules for constructing good Lexical defintions?
Do not make definition too broad or narrow Convey the essential meaning of the word being defined Provide a context for ambiguous words Avoid slanted definitions Avoid figurative definitions Avoid needlessly obscure definitions Avoid circular definitions
the appeal they make to reader's feelings, desires, and needs is called what?
Emotive force
To help someone understand the meaning of baseball player, you list some famous baseball players This is an example of_____?
Enumerative definition
This is when you provide specific examples of what the word refers to
Enumerative definitions
What is the difference between enumerative and subclass?
Enumerative lists individual things whereas subclass lists entire classes or categories
How the word is pronounced or the ancestry of that word is?
Etymological defintion
Mild, comforting , or evasive words that take the place of the harsh, blunt, or taboo words, what we think is "polite society" is referred to as ____?
Euphemisms
retarded=mentally challenged This is referred to as___?
Euphemisms
Pastel means a color having a soft, subdued shade Rug means a heavy fabric used to cover a floor This is an example of what definition
Example of lexical definition
Person A might say "That man did not commit the crime, he has an alibi Person B might respond, "He did commit the crime, I saw him do it." This an example of______?
Factual dispute
This occurs when opponents disagree not over the meanings of words but over the relevant facts.
Factual dispute
The phrase minimal pay is vague because____?
It does not indicate precisely how much money is paid to laborers
A word is defined in the way it is standardly used in the language is called ______? (dictionary meaning to it)
Lexical definition
Door means this (pointing at door) This is an example of___?
Ostensive definition
This definition consists of simply pointing to, or demonstrating, the thing being defined.
Ostensive definition
If the information is too broad and unspecific in a given context this is an example of_____?
Overgeneral
From a class syllabus: "Class participation" means attending class, listening attentively, answering and asking questions, and participation in class discussions This is an example of what definition
Precision definition
Autogoogler means someone who constantly looks himself or herself up on Google is an example of what type of definition?
Stipulative definition
If you've ever created a new word or used an old word in an entirely new way, you have provided a ______?
Stipulative definition
Loquacious means talkative This is an example of what definition
Synonymous definition
This definition assigns a meaning to a word by offering a synoynm
Synonymous definition
When a word's meaning is inexact or fuzzy it is _____?
Vague
This happens when people appear to disagree on an issue but in actuality have simply not resolved the ambiguity of a key term
Verbal dispute
John called is an example of _____?
ambiguity because your not sure which John exactly called was it John Smith or John Brown?
The word waterfall denotes (literally means) water from a high point Connotes( suggests) power, strength, and beauty of the waterfall This is an example of___?
connotation
Automobile comes from the Greek word autos, meaning self This is an example of what definition?
etymological definition
What is syntactical ambiguities?
results from faulty grammar or word order
What is the difference between ambiguity and vaguness?
vague word has blurry boundaries whereas ambiguity is imprecise because its unclear which of the two or more distinct meanings is the one intended by the author.