Phil Final ch 5, 6, 10 and 14

Determine the mood and figure of the following categorical syllogism: All M are P. No S are M. No S are P.

AEE-1

Determine the mood and figure of the following syllogism. All M are P. Some S are M. Some S are P.

AII-1

The obverse is given for the following proposition. Determine whether the subsequent immediate inference is valid or invalid under the modern interpretation. No greedy politicians are happy people. Obverse: All greedy politicians are non-happy people.

Valid

The proposition "All public holidays are days when schools close," has as its corresponding particular the proposition "Some public holidays are days when schools close." Determine whether the subsequent immediate inference from that corresponding particular proposition is valid under the traditional interpretation. Converse: Some days when schools close are public holidays.

valid by limitation

The proposition "No cheesecakes are diet-busters," has as its corresponding particular the proposition "Some cheesecakes are not diet-busters." Determine whether the subsequent immediate inference from that corresponding particular proposition is valid under the traditional interpretation. Contrapositive: Some non-diet-busters are not non-cheesecakes.

valid by limitation

The proposition "No greedy politicians are happy people," has as its corresponding particular the proposition "Some greedy politicians are not happy people." Determine whether the subsequent immediate inference from that corresponding particular proposition is valid under the traditional interpretation. Contrapositive: Some non-happy people are not non-greedy politicians.

valid by limitation

Identify the figure of the following categorical syllogism: Some dogs are not independent animals. Some dogs are not ferocious pets. Some ferocious pets are not independent animals.

3

The following categorical proposition is to be analyzed in the following three ways: (1) the correct quantity (universal or particular); (2) the correct quality (affirmative or negative); (3) the correct distribution (subject term distributed; predicate term distributed; both terms distributed; or neither term distributed). Some birds are cardinals.

Particular affirmative; Subject term undistributed; Predicate term undistributed.

The following categorical proposition is to be analyzed in the following three ways: (1) the correct quantity (universal or particular); (2) the correct quality (affirmative or negative); (3) the correct distribution (subject term distributed; predicate term distributed; both terms distributed; or neither term distributed). Some cats are Persian felines.

Particular affirmative; Subject term undistributed; Predicate term undistributed.

The following categorical proposition is to be analyzed in the following three ways: (1) the correct quantity (universal or particular); (2) the correct quality (affirmative or negative); (3) the correct distribution (subject term distributed; predicate term distributed; both terms distributed; or neither term distributed). Some athletes are not baseball players.

Particular negative; Subject term undistributed; Predicate term distributed.

The following categorical proposition is to be analyzed in the following three ways: (1) the correct quantity (universal or particular); (2) the correct quality (affirmative or negative); (3) the correct distribution (subject term distributed; predicate term distributed; both terms distributed; or neither term distributed). Some humans are not male beings.

Particular negative; Subject term undistributed; Predicate term distributed.

The following categorical proposition is to be analyzed in the following three ways: (1) the correct quantity (universal or particular); (2) the correct quality (affirmative or negative); (3) the correct distribution (subject term distributed; predicate term distributed; both terms distributed; or neither term distributed). Some trees are not evergreens.

Particular negative; Subject term undistributed; Predicate term distributed.

The categorical proposition that follows is to be analyzed in the following three ways: (1) the correct quantity (universal or particular); (2) the correct quality (affirmative or negative); (3) the correct distribution (subject term distributed; predicate term distributed; both terms distributed; or neither term distributed). No televised sporting events are scripted programs.

Universal negative; Subject term distributed; Predicate term distributed.

The following categorical proposition is to be analyzed in the following three ways: (1) the correct quantity (universal or particular); (2) the correct quality (affirmative or negative); (3) the correct distribution (subject term distributed; predicate term distributed; both terms distributed; or neither term distributed). No apples are vegetables.

Universal negative; Subject term distributed; Predicate term distributed.

The following categorical proposition is to be analyzed in the following three ways: (1) the correct quantity (universal or particular); (2) the correct quality (affirmative or negative); (3) the correct distribution (subject term distributed; predicate term distributed; both terms distributed; or neither term distributed). No ice creams are tuna-flavored foods.

Universal negative; Subject term distributed; Predicate term distributed.

The contrapositive is given for the following proposition. Determine whether the subsequent immediate inference is valid or invalid under the modern interpretation. All French fries are vegetables. Contrapositive: All non-vegetables are non-French fries.

Valid

The contrapositive is given for the following proposition. Determine whether the subsequent immediate inference is valid or invalid under the modern interpretation. All public holidays are days when schools close. Contrapositive: All non-days when schools close are non-public holidays.

Valid

The converse is given for the following proposition. Determine whether the subsequent immediate inference is valid or invalid under the modern interpretation. No cheesecakes are diet-busters. Converse: No diet-busters are cheesecakes.

Valid

The converse is given for the following proposition. Determine whether the subsequent immediate inference is valid or invalid under the modern interpretation. No greedy politicians are happy people. Converse: No happy people are greedy politicians.

Valid

The converse is given for the following proposition. Determine whether the subsequent immediate inference is valid or invalid under the modern interpretation. Some tattoos are colorful designs. Converse: Some colorful designs are tattoos.

Valid

The obverse is given for the following proposition. Determine whether the subsequent immediate inference is valid or invalid under the modern interpretation. All French fries are vegetables. Obverse: No French fries are non-vegetables.

Valid

The obverse is given for the following proposition. Determine whether the subsequent immediate inference is valid or invalid under the modern interpretation. All public holidays are days when schools close. Obverse: No public holidays are non-days when schools close.

Valid

The obverse is given for the following proposition. Determine whether the subsequent immediate inference is valid or invalid under the modern interpretation. No cheesecakes are diet-busters. Obverse: All cheesecakes are non-diet-busters.

Valid

The doctor said that I have a fever of 101 degrees, my tonsils are inflamed, I have lung congestion, and sore muscles. She also said that she saw seven other people today who had the same symptoms. She diagnosed the other seven patients as having the new H7N4 virus. So, I probably have the H7N4 virus. Refer to the analogical argument above. What characteristics are claimed to be similar between the things being compared in the first premise?

A fever of 101 degrees; inflamed tonsils; lung congestion; and sore muscles

Choose the correct hypothesis for the following fictional case study: In 2011 a self-proclaimed psychic claimed that he could accurately predict the future. While he was being interviewed on a national television talk show, he predicted that Barack Obama would not be re-elected as President for a second term. The election results proved otherwise.

A self-proclaimed psychic claims that he can accurately predict the future.

Choose the correct standard-form categorical syllogism translation of the following argument. Some superheroes are members of the elite team known as the Avengers. All members of the elite team known as the Avengers are people generally considered to be morally good by popular opinion. So, some superheroes are people generally considered to be morally good by popular opinion. Let S = superheroes, A = members of the elite team known as the Avengers, and G = people generally considered to be morally good by popular opinion.

All A are G. Some S are A. Some S are G.

The following argument needs to be translated and rewritten into standard form. Use the tools discussed in this section to reduce the number of terms. Some movie previews are awful exhibitions. Some atrocious exhibitions are scary. Therefore, some movie previews are not scary. Let P = movie previews, S = awful exhibitions, O = atrocious exhibitions, and D = scary things

Answer A (rewritten as:) Some P are S Some S are D. ------------------ Some P are not D.

The doctor said that I have a fever of 101 degrees, my tonsils are inflamed, I have lung congestion, and sore muscles. She also said that she saw seven other people today who had the same symptoms. She diagnosed the other seven patients as having the new H7N4 virus. So, I probably have the H7N4 virus. Refer to the analogical argument above. Suppose someone said the following: "Renee and you both have the same symptoms, plus you both have diarrhea. Renee was diagnosed by her doctor as having food poisoning. So, you probably have food poisoning." Which strategy of evaluation does this represent?

Constructing a counteranalogy

I just got a new car. It is like my friend Sally's car. They are the same year, same make, same model, and same color. Since Sally likes her car, I probably will like mine, too. Refer to the analogical argument above. Suppose someone said the following: "Sally has to pay $3000 dollars a year for car insurance because she is 18 years old, the same age as you. So you will have to get a full-time job to pay the insurance, even though you will be enrolled in college full-time next year." Which strategy of evaluation does this represent?

Determining an unintended consequence of the analogy

Determine the mood and figure of the following syllogism. No M are P. Some S are not M. Some S are not P.

EOO-1

The method of agreement looks at four or more instances of an event to see what they have in common.

False

You are taking the second level Chinese language course this semester. You took the first level Chinese language course last semester, in which you had four exams, three quizzes, homework every week, and an oral presentation. This semester, you will again will have four exams, three quizzes, homework every week, and an oral presentation. You got an A last semester, so you probably will get an A this semester. Refer to the analogical argument above. What characteristics are claimed to be similar between the things being compared in the first premise?

Four exams, three quizzes, homework every week, and an oral presentation`

`The doctor said that I have a fever of 101 degrees, my tonsils are inflamed, I have lung congestion, and sore muscles. She also said that she saw seven other people today who had the same symptoms. She diagnosed the other seven patients as having the new H7N4 virus. So, I probably have the H7N4 virus. Refer to the analogical argument above. Determine what would go in the conclusion of the argument:

I probably have the H7N4 virus.

I just got a new car. It is like my friend Sally's car. They are the same year, same make, same model, and same color. Since Sally likes her car, I probably will like mine, too. Refer to the analogical argument above. Determine what would go in the conclusion of the argument:

I probably will like my car.

Choose the correct experiment for the following fictional case study. I developed frequent heart palpitations after running three miles per day for one week. I wondered whether increasing my water intake before, during and after running would lessen the episodes of those palpitations. After another week of running three miles a day and increasing my water intake before, during and after running, the episodes dramatically reduced.

I ran three miles per day for a week without increasing my water intake and then ran three miles per day for a week and increased my water intake.

Choose the correct hypothesis for the following fictional case study. I developed frequent heart palpitations after running three miles per day for one week. I wondered whether increasing my water intake before, during and after running would lessen the episodes of those palpitations. After another week of running three miles a day and increasing my water intake before, during and after running, the episodes dramatically reduced.

Increasing my water intake before, during and after running would reduce my episodes of heart palpitations.

Choose the correct prediction for the following fictional case study. I developed frequent heart palpitations after running three miles per day for one week. I wondered whether increasing my water intake before, during and after running would lessen the episodes of those palpitations. After another week of running three miles a day and increasing my water intake before, during and after running, the episodes dramatically reduced.

Increasing my water intake should result in fewer episodes of heart palpitations while running three miles a day.

The contrapositive is given for the following proposition. Determine whether the subsequent immediate inference is valid or invalid under the modern interpretation. No cheesecakes are diet-busters. Contrapositive: No non-diet-busters are non-cheesecakes.

Invalid

Determine which of Mill's methods matches the description that follows. When instances of an event already have known cause and effect relationships, which are subtracted from the reasoning about the event under investigation, whatever remains is likely the cause of the remaining effect.

Method of residues

Determine which one of the following missing statements makes this incomplete argument valid. Each apple is a fruit. So, all apples are nutritional foods.

Missing premise: All fruits are nutritional foods.

I just got a new car. It is like my friend Sally's car. They are the same year, same make, same model, and same color. Since Sally likes her car, I probably will like mine, too. Refer to the analogical argument above. Determine what would go in the first premise of the argument:

My friend Sally's car and my car are alike in the following respects: same year, same make, same model, and same color.

Determine whether a necessary condition exists in the following statement. If I do not have at least the equivalent of $1, then I do not have exactly 100 pennies.

Necessary condition

Determine whether a necessary condition exists in the following statement. If this month does not have exactly 30 days, then this is not the month of June.

Necessary condition

The following passage has been analyzed according to the four criteria in Section 10.B. All are correct except for one. Identify the incorrect analysis. I just adore these earrings. They're a lot like a pair I already have. They're for pierced ears, white gold, drop, and have tiny clusters of sapphires at the end. The pair I have go great with my blue dress, so these earrings will look great with my blue dress, too.

Number of entities: Four earrings

The following passage has been analyzed according to the four criteria in Section 10.B. All are correct except for one. Identify the incorrect analysis. Angus wants to buy a new Titan pickup truck. He knows four other people who own the same truck, and they all say that it's reliable, it's durable, and it gets good gas mileage. Two of the people live in the city and two live in the country. One of them uses it to drive cross country on a regular basis, while the others stay close to home.

Number of entities: The Titan pickup truck Angus intends to buy.

The following passage has been analyzed according to the four criteria in Section 10.B. All are correct except for one. Identify the incorrect analysis. The wars in the Middle East are just like Vietnam. Once again it's a superpower fighting a small but determined opposition and getting bogged down in endless guerilla warfare. Vietnam ended with the US withdrawing without a victory, and so will these wars.

Number of entities: The wars in the Middle East and all previous wars.

I just got a new car. It is like my friend Sally's car. They are the same year, same make, same model, and same color. Since Sally likes her car, I probably will like mine, too. Refer to the analogical argument above. Suppose someone said the following: "You never drove a manual shift before, but Sally is an expert at driving a car with a manual shift." Which strategy of evaluation does this represent?

Pointing out disanalogies between the things being compared

The doctor said that I have a fever of 101 degrees, my tonsils are inflamed, I have lung congestion, and sore muscles. She also said that she saw seven other people today who had the same symptoms. She diagnosed the other seven patients as having the new H7N4 virus. So, I probably have the H7N4 virus. Refer to the analogical argument above. Suppose someone said the following: "You have asthma, but none of the other seven patients have asthma." Which strategy of evaluation does this represent?

Pointing out disanalogies between the things being compared

You are taking the second level Chinese language course this semester. You took the first level Chinese language course last semester, in which you had four exams, three quizzes, homework every week, and an oral presentation. This semester, you will again will have four exams, three quizzes, homework every week, and an oral presentation. You got an A last semester, so you probably will get an A this semester. Refer to the analogical argument above. Suppose someone said the following: "Your teacher this semester is different from the one you had last semester." Which strategy of evaluation does this represent?

Pointing out disanalogies between the things being compared

The following passage has been analyzed according to the four criteria in Section 10.B. All are correct except for one. Identify the incorrect analysis. I intend to go to State University's law school in the fall, and I expect to get good grades and to enjoy the program. My best friend enrolled in the State University music conservatory last year, and she loves it there. She also said that it's fairly easy to get good grades. Since we got similar grades in high school, I should be able to get good grades at State University too.

Relevancy: The characteristics are relevant to the choice of law school.

The following passage has been analyzed according to the four criteria in Section 10.B. All are correct except for one. Identify the incorrect analysis. I don't understand why the military can't get along without more money. We're all tightening our belts, and the military is no different from any other organization on a budget. The military has to purchase and maintain equipment, just like my manufacturing plant has to do. The military has to make payroll, just like my manufacturing plant has to do. Since my manufacturing plant just had to reduce its budget by 20%, the military should reduce its budget by 20%, too.

Relevancy: The characteristics are relevant to the question at issue.

The following passage has been analyzed according to the four criteria in Section 10.B. All are correct except for one. Identify the incorrect analysis. Danny is planning to buy a new lawnmower. He decides to buy a red-colored mower, since his neighbor has a red one and it works great. Also, just like his neighbor's mower, he wants to get one that has a white bag that can be attached to it to catch the grass. Danny predicts that if he gets a red-colored mower with a white bag, like his neighbor, it will work great.

Relevancy: The characteristics are relevant.

The following passage has been analyzed according to the four criteria in Section 10.B. All are correct except for one. Identify the incorrect analysis. Sydney bought a new steam curling iron from Cheveux and expects it to last a long time, to work well, and to be water resistant. This is because she bought an electric hair dryer from Cheveux five years ago, and it still works well after all those years, and it is water resistant. Since both products were made by the same company and manufactured in the same factory, they should perform equally well.

Relevancy: The characteristics listed are not relevant to Sydney's choice.

I just got a new car. It is like my friend Sally's car. They are the same year, same make, same model, and same color. Since Sally likes her car, I probably will like mine, too. Refer to the analogical argument above. Determine what would go in the second premise of the argument:

Sally likes her car.

I just got a new car. It is like my friend Sally's car. They are the same year, same make, same model, and same color. Since Sally likes her car, I probably will like mine, too. Refer to the analogical argument above. What things are being compared in the first premise?

Sally's car and your car.

I just got a new car. It is like my friend Sally's car. They are the same year, same make, same model, and same color. Since Sally likes her car, I probably will like mine, too. Refer to the analogical argument above. What characteristics are claimed to be similar between the things being compared in the first premise?

Same year, same make, same model, and same color of car

The doctor said that I have a fever of 101 degrees, my tonsils are inflamed, I have lung congestion, and sore muscles. She also said that she saw seven other people today who had the same symptoms. She diagnosed the other seven patients as having the new H7N4 virus. So, I probably have the H7N4 virus. Refer to the analogical argument above. Determine what would go in the first premise of the argument:

Seven people today who visited the doctor have the same symptoms as I do: a fever of 101 degrees, inflamed tonsils; lung congestion, and sore muscles.

Determine the correct standard-form categorical syllogism translation. All painters are artists. Some artists are geniuses. Therefore, some painters are geniuses. Let P = painters, G = geniuses, and A = artists

Some A are G. All P are A. Some P are G.

The following analogical argument has been evaluated using the three strategies discussed in Section 10C. Determine whether the additional information strengthens or weakens the argument, or is not relevant to it. Despite their protestations to the contrary, faculty are not superior to students. They don't pay attention during meetings, just as students do not pay attention in class. They don't complete administrative paperwork, such as grades, on time, just as students don't turn in assignments on time. Finally, students always ask for extensions after they miss deadlines, and faculty do, too. Additional information: Faculty do not follow directions for completing paperwork, just as students do not follow directions for completing assignments.

Strengthens

The following analogical argument has been evaluated using the three strategies discussed in Section 10C. Determine whether the additional information strengthens or weakens the argument, or is not relevant to it. The new Batman movie is exceeding all expectations of box office earnings. The last box office smash won the Oscar for best picture. So, the new Batman movie is going to win the Oscar for Best Picture. Additional information: The last box office smash was based on a comic book hero.

Strengthens

Determine whether a sufficient condition exists in the following statement. If I have exactly 100 pennies, then I have at least the equivalent of $1.

Sufficient condition

Determine whether a sufficient condition exists in the following statement. If this is the month of June, then this month has exactly 30 days.

Sufficient condition

Choose the correct prediction for the following fictional case study: In 2011 a self-proclaimed psychic claimed that he could accurately predict the future. While he was being interviewed on a national television talk show, he predicted that Barack Obama would not be re-elected as President for a second term. The election results proved otherwise.

That Barack Obama would not be re-elected as President for a second term.

You are taking the second level Chinese language course this semester. You took the first level Chinese language course last semester, in which you had four exams, three quizzes, homework every week, and an oral presentation. This semester, you will again will have four exams, three quizzes, homework every week, and an oral presentation. You got an A last semester, so you probably will get an A this semester. Refer to the analogical argument above. Determine what would go in the first premise of the argument:

The Chinese language course last semester and the Chinese language course this semester are alike in the following respects: four exams, three quizzes, homework every week, and an oral presentation.

You are taking the second level Chinese language course this semester. You took the first level Chinese language course last semester, in which you had four exams, three quizzes, homework every week, and an oral presentation. This semester, you will again will have four exams, three quizzes, homework every week, and an oral presentation. You got an A last semester, so you probably will get an A this semester. Refer to the analogical argument above. What things are being compared in the first premise?

The Chinese language course last semester and the Chinese language course this semester.

The doctor said that I have a fever of 101 degrees, my tonsils are inflamed, I have lung congestion, and sore muscles. She also said that she saw seven other people today who had the same symptoms. She diagnosed the other seven patients as having the new H7N4 virus. So, I probably have the H7N4 virus. Refer to the analogical argument above. Determine what would go in the second premise of the argument:

The doctor diagnosed the other seven patients as having the new H7N4 virus.

Determine which of Mill's methods matches the description that follows: The method that looks at two or more instances of an event to see what they have in common

The method of agreement

If the first premise of an analogy shows some variety among the things being compared, this usually makes the conclusion more likely.

True

The following passage has been analyzed according to the four criteria in Section 10.B. All are correct except for one. Identify the incorrect analysis. If you like Russ's Steakhouse, then you'll like Mutt's Burgers! Mutt gets his burger meat from the same supplier from which Russ gets his steaks. Russ gets his meat fresh daily. So does Mutt. Russ grills his steaks. Mutt grills his burgers. Come to Mutt's today!

Variety of instances: Steaks

The following passage has been analyzed according to the four criteria in Section 10.B. All are correct except for one. Identify the incorrect analysis. Todd has decided to try the new Cohen diet. He knows three people who have used it to lose weight. His cousin Neil, who is 24, used it for a year and lost almost 100 pounds. He went from 320 to 230. His godmother, Sally, who is 61, used it for two months and lost about 15 pounds. She's now a healthy 120 pounds. Sally's friend Kevin, who is 40 years old, lost 22 pounds in 6 months, and he's now at a healthy weight too. Todd, who is 33, and is about 15 pounds overweight, predicts that he'll be able to lose that weight on the Cohen diet in the next six months.

Variety of instances: There is no variety since Todd is a different age from the others.

The following passage has been analyzed according to the four criteria in Section 10.B. All are correct except for one. Identify the incorrect analysis. Mirabelle is making reservations for the new French restaurant Chez Grenouille. She has three friends who have eaten there, and all of them have raved about it. One of the friends is from France, and said that it was just as good as her favorite place in Paris. The other two friends had never tried French food before, but they loved it just as much. They all said that the cassoulet was amazing. Mirabelle plans to order the cassoulet and expects it to be amazing.

Variety of instances: There is no variety since there is only one person in the first premise that is being compared.

Choose the correct experiment for the following fictional case study: In 2011 a self-proclaimed psychic claimed that he could accurately predict the future. While he was being interviewed on a national television talk show, he predicted that Barack Obama would not be re-elected as President for a second term. The election results proved otherwise.

Wait to see the results of the 2012 Presidential election.

The doctor said that I have a fever of 101 degrees, my tonsils are inflamed, I have lung congestion, and sore muscles. She also said that she saw seven other people today who had the same symptoms. She diagnosed the other seven patients as having the new H7N4 virus. So, I probably have the H7N4 virus. Refer to the analogical argument above. What things are being compared in the first premise?

You and seven other patients

You are taking the second level Chinese language course this semester. You took the first level Chinese language course last semester, in which you had four exams, three quizzes, homework every week, and an oral presentation. This semester, you will again will have four exams, three quizzes, homework every week, and an oral presentation. You got an A last semester, so you probably will get an A this semester. Read the analogical argument above. Determine what would go in the second premise of the argument:

You got an A last semester.

You are taking the second level Chinese language course this semester. You took the first level Chinese language course last semester, in which you had four exams, three quizzes, homework every week, and an oral presentation. This semester, you will again will have four exams, three quizzes, homework every week, and an oral presentation. You got an A last semester, so you probably will get an A this semester. Refer to the analogical argument above. Determine what would go in the conclusion of the argument:

You probably will get an A this semester.

Determine which of Mill's methods applies to the following case, and the appropriate conclusion to draw from that application. The chart shows the effect and possible causes. Mary, Frank, and Kelly each lost ten pounds in one month. They compared what they did that month. Mary started a vegan diet; she got at least eight hours a sleep a night; and she joined Smith's gym where she worked out three times a week. Frank continued to eat meat; he did not have regular sleep habits; and he joined Smith's gym where he worked out three times a week. Kelly started a vegan diet; she slept exactly six hours a night; and she joined Smith's gym where she worked out three times a week.

a) The method of agreement; Conclusion: Working out three times a week was probably the cause of the weight loss.

Determine which of Mill's methods matches the description that follows: The method that looks for what all the instances of an event do not have in common.

a) The method of difference

Determine the correct framework for the following analogical argument. The new Batman movie is exceeding all expectations of box office earnings. The last box office smash won the Oscar for best picture. So, the new Batman movie is going to win the Oscar for Best Picture.

a) The new Batman movie (Y) has made a lot of money, as did the last box office smash (X). X won the Oscar for Best Picture, so Y will also win the Oscar for Best Picture.

Determine the correct framework for the following analogical argument. Despite their protestations to the contrary, faculty are not superior to their students. They do not pay attention during meetings, just as students do not pay attention in class. They do not complete their administrative paperwork, such as grades, on time, just as students do not turn in assignments on time. Finally, students always ask for extensions after they miss their deadlines, and faculty do, too.

b) Faculty (X) and students (Y) do not pay attention in, respectively, meetings and class; both X and Y do not complete, respectively, administrative paperwork and assignments on time; both X and Y ask for extensions after they miss their deadlines. So, X are no better than Y.

Determine which of Mill's methods applies to the following case, and the appropriate conclusion to draw from that application. The chart shows the effect and possible causes. After taking brand W multivitamins for a week, Clara started to feel lethargic in the evenings. Clara then switched to brand X, but the lethargy persisted. She switched to brand Y, but with the same results. However, when she switched to brand Z, the lethargy ceased. Upon examining the ingredients of all four brands, Clara noticed that all contained identical ingredients, with one exception: brand Z contained zinc; the three others did not contain zinc.

b) The method of difference: Conclusion: The lack of zinc probably caused the lethargy.

Determine which of Mill's methods applies to the following case, and the appropriate conclusion to draw from that application. The chart shows the effect and possible causes. Three friends, Jake, Jenny, and Jess, went out for dinner, but only Jake got diarrhea that night. All three had the fried calamari appetizer; they all shared the same four-meat pizza with extra cheese; they all had a salad; however, only Jake drank the water that was served.

b) The method of difference; Conclusion: The water is the probable cause of the diarrhea.

Determine which of Mill's methods applies to the following case, and the appropriate conclusion to draw from that application. The chart shows the effect and possible causes. Peter, Jane and Jean became highly skilled pianists, but Thomas did not. All four used the John Thompson Modern Course for the Piano series. All four studied under the same teacher, Ms. Kittredge. Peter, Jane and Jean all practiced at least 4 hours per day. However, unlike the other three, Thomas practiced at most for an hour a day. We can conclude that practicing at least 4 hours per day is causally connected to becoming a skilled pianist.

b) The method of difference; Conclusion: practicing at most an hour a day probably caused Thomas not to become a highly skilled pianist.

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical syllogism. No Europeans are Canadians. If you're Portuguese, then you're a European. So, not all Portuguese are Canadians. Let E = Europeans, C = Canadians, and P = Portuguese.

c) No E are C. All P are E. Some P are not C.

The following analogical argument has been evaluated using the three strategies discussed in Section 10C. Determine whether the additional information strengthens or weakens the argument, or is not relevant to it. I am sure I will like this piece of fish. After all, I love sea bass, which has no bones. This piece of fish has no bones, either. In addition, both this piece of fish and sea bass have delicate white flesh. This piece of fish and sea bass also taste a lot like lobster. Additional information: Sea bass is more expensive than this piece of fish.

c) Not relevant

Determine which of Mill's methods matches the description that follows. If two or more instances in which an event occurs have only one thing in common, while the two or more instances in which it does not occur all have the absence of that thing, then the item in which the two sets of instances differ is causally connected to the event.

c) The joint method of agreement and difference

Determine whether the results confirm or disconfirm the hypothesis in the following fictional case study. I developed frequent heart palpitations after running three miles per day for one week. I wondered whether increasing my water intake before, during and after running would lessen the episodes of those palpitations. After another week of running three miles a day and increasing my water intake before, during and after running, the episodes dramatically reduced.

confirm

What follows is a sorites and a rewritten version that reduces the number of terms. Is the rewritten version correct? Sorites: Rewritten as: All B are D.-------------------All B are D. No E are C.----------------- No E are C. No A are non-C------------ All A are C. All non-A are non-B.--------All B are A. All D are non-E ------------ No D are E.

correct

Determine which of Mill's methods matches the description that follows. When each instance of an event has two factors that vary together, such that a variation in one factor accompanies variation in another factor, then the two parts are probably causally related.

d) Method of concomitant variations

Determine which of Mill's methods applies to the following case, and the appropriate conclusion to draw from that application. The chart shows the effect and possible causes. Frank came home after a high school reunion party with a mild rash on his skin, an upset stomach and intermittent sneezing. When asked what he had at the party that might have triggered these events, he gave a list of the foods he ate: soda, peanut butter sandwich, hot-peppered beef stew, salad with blue cheese, and pound cake for dessert. Frank knew he was allergic to peanuts, and that explained his mild rash. He also knew that hot-pepper triggered his intermittent sneezing. What he could not explain was the cause of his upset stomach. When asked whether he had eaten any of the meals for the first time, he reported that the only food he had never eaten before was the blue cheese in the salad.

d) The method of residues; Conclusion: the blue cheese in the salad probably caused Frank's upset stomach.

Determine the correct framework for the following analogical argument. I don't understand why the military can't get along without more money. We're all tightening our belts, and the military is no different from any other organization on a budget. The military has to purchase and maintain equipment, just like my manufacturing plant has to do. The military has to make payroll, just like my manufacturing plant has to do. Since my manufacturing plant just had to reduce its budget by 20%, the military should reduce its budget by 20%, too.

d) The military (Y) has to purchase and maintain equipment, just like my manufacturing plant has to do (X); both X and Y have to make payroll; X just had to reduce its budget by 20%, so (Y) should reduce its budget by 20%, too.

Determine whether the results confirm or disconfirm the hypothesis in the following fictional case study: In 2011 a self-proclaimed psychic claimed that he could accurately predict the future. While he was being interviewed on a national television talk show, he predicted that Barack Obama would not be re-elected as President for a second term. The election results proved otherwise.

disconfirm

A correlation is a method that does not look for a correspondence between two sets of objects, events, or sets of data.

false

A correlation is sufficient for making a causal claim.

false

A counteranalogy points out differences between two or more things.

false

A non-trivial prediction does not require reference to background knowledge, which is everything we know to be true.

false

A nontrivial prediction cannot be used to either support or refute a hypothesis.

false

A precipitating cause is the object or event that is remotely involved in bringing about an effect.

false

A verifiable prediction is one in which the prediction must ultimately be proven to be true.

false

A verifiable prediction means that the prediction turned out to be false.

false

An unintended consequence of an analogy is something that unintentionally strengthens the argument.

false

Pointing out relevant disanalogies strengthens an analogical argument.

false

Predictions are neither true nor false, because they are the result of an already verified hypothesis.

false

Since the word "cause" has more than one meanings, there is no agreement on its definition.

false

The method of difference looks for what all the instances of an event have in common.

false

The method of residues subtracts from a complex set of events those parts that do not have known causes.

false

The number of characteristics that are claimed to be similar between things being compared in the first premise has no bearing on the probability of the conclusion.

false

The results of experiments can be used only to confirm (support) a hypothesis.

false

The smaller the number of things referred to in the first premise, the more probable the truth of the conclusion.

false

Identify the major term of the following categorical syllogism: Some dogs are not independent animals. Some dogs are not ferocious pets. Some ferocious pets are not independent animals.

independent animals

Does a sufficient condition exist in the following statement? If I am eating a fruit, then I am eating a banana.

no

A causal network is a set of conditions that bring about an effect.

true

Analogical arguments are inductive; they establish their conclusion with degrees of probability, never with absolute necessity.

true

Each of the five criteria for establishing causality is a necessary condition for supporting a causal claim.

true

In conducting a fair test of a causal hypothesis, the prediction should be verifiable.

true

In hypotheses testing, a controlled experiment is one in which multiple experimental setups differ by only one variable.

true

The method of concomitant variations is the method that looks for two factors that vary together.

true

The weight we give to a confirmation or refutation of a hypothesis is tentative.

true

Use your understanding of the traditional square of opposition to determine the correct answer (True, False, or Undetermined). If it is true that "No computer games are intelligent inventions," then the proposition "Some computer games are not intelligent inventions" must be:

true

The converse is given for the following proposition. Determine whether the subsequent immediate inference is valid under the traditional interpretation. Some tattoos are colorful designs. Converse: Some colorful designs are tattoos.

valid

The following syllogism is in standard form. Use the six rules to determine whether the syllogism is valid or invalid under the modern interpretation. You may pick only one answer choice. Some D are not A. All D are M. Some M are not A.

valid

Does a necessary condition exist for the following statement? If I am not able to run one mile, then I am not able to run ten miles.

yes

Does a necessary condition exist for the following statement? If I am not eating a fruit, then I am not eating a strawberry.

yes

Does a necessary condition exist for the following statement? If I do not own an automobile, then I do not own a 2004 Buick.

yes

Does a sufficient condition exist in the following statement? If I am walking vigorously, then I am exercising vigorously.

yes

Does a sufficient condition exist in the following statement? If a cat knocked the glass off the counter as it made its escape, then an animal knocked the glass off the counter as it made its escape.

yes

Does a sufficient condition exist in the following statement? If my car's engine, which is powered by gasoline, is running right now, the gas tank is not empty.

yes

I just got a new car. It is like my friend Sally's car. They are the same year, same make, same model, and same color. Since Sally likes her car, I probably will like mine, too. Refer to the analogical argument above. Are the characteristics that are claimed to be similar between the things being compared relevant?

yes

If I cannot save even one dollar, then I cannot save one thousand dollars.

yes

The doctor said that I have a fever of 101 degrees, my tonsils are inflamed, I have lung congestion, and sore muscles. She also said that she saw seven other people today who had the same symptoms. She diagnosed the other seven patients as having the new H7N4 virus. So, I probably have the H7N4 virus. Refer to the analogical argument above. Are the characteristics that are claimed to be similar between the things being compared relevant?

yes

You are taking the second level Chinese language course this semester. You took the first level Chinese language course last semester, in which you had four exams, three quizzes, homework every week, and an oral presentation. This semester, you will again will have four exams, three quizzes, homework every week, and an oral presentation. You got an A last semester, so you probably will get an A this semester. Refer to the analogical argument above. Are the characteristics that are claimed to be similar between the things being compared relevant?

yes

Choose the correct standard-form categorical syllogism translation of the following argument. All blue jays are passerine North American birds. All blue jays are birds that rely upon their strong black bills to crack nuts for sustenance. So, all passerine North American birds are birds that rely upon their strong black bills to crack nuts for sustenance. Let B = blue jays, P = passerine North American birds, and S = birds that rely upon their strong black bills to crack nuts for sustenance.

A) All B are S. All B are P. All P are S.

Change the quantity but not the quality of the following categorical proposition. Some artists are not designers.

No artists are designers

Choose the correct standard-form categorical proposition translation of the following ordinary language statement. Young children are not people eligible to vote.

No young children are people eligible to vote.

Change the quantity but not the quality of the following categorical proposition. Some artists are designers.

All artists are designers.

Choose the correct standard-form categorical proposition translation of the following ordinary language statement. Those who can't do, fail.

All people who can't do are people who fail.

Use your understanding of the traditional square of opposition to determine the correct answer: a. True, b. False, or c. Undetermined. If it is true that "All drummers are musicians," then the proposition "Some drummers are not musicians" must be:

False

The contrapositive is given for the following proposition. Determine whether the subsequent immediate inference is valid or invalid under the modern interpretation. No greedy politicians are happy people. Contrapositive: No non-happy people are non-greedy politicians.

Invalid

The converse is given for the following proposition. Determine whether the subsequent immediate inference is valid or invalid under the modern interpretation. All French fries are vegetables. Converse: All vegetables are French fries.

Invalid

The converse is given for the following proposition. Determine whether the subsequent immediate inference is valid or invalid under the modern interpretation. All public holidays are days when schools close. Converse: All days when schools close are public holidays.

Invalid

The following syllogism is in standard form. Use the six rules to determine whether the syllogism is valid or invalid under the modern interpretation. You may pick only one answer choice. No E are C. All P are E. Some P are not C.

Invalid: Rule 6 is broken

The following syllogism is in standard form. Use the six rules to determine whether the syllogism is valid or invalid under the modern interpretation. You may pick only one answer choice. Some D are T. All H are D. Some H are T.

Invalid: rule 1 is broken

Determine which one of the following missing statements makes this incomplete argument valid. Every game is a rule-oriented activity. Some athletic events are games.

Missing conclusion: Some athletic events are rule-oriented activities.

Determine which one of the following missing statements makes this incomplete argument valid. Several Rocky films are good films. All Rocky films are films that star Sylvester Stallone.

Missing conclusion: Some films that star Sylvester Stallone are good films .

The following argument needs to be translated anf rewritten into standard form. Use the tools discussed in this section to reduce the number of terms. All sophomores are students with at least 24 credits. But no disengaged students are students with at least 24 credits. Therefore, all sophomores are engaged students. Let S = sophomores, I = students with at least 24 credits, D = disengaged students, non-D = engaged students.

Rewritten as: All S are I. All S are I. No D are I. No D are I. All S are non-D. No S are D.

Determine the correct standard form translation of the following categorical syllogism. Some buildings are concrete jungles. Some buildings are architectural nightmares. So some architectural nightmares are concrete jungles. Let B = buildings, P = concrete jungles, and A= architectural nightmares

Some B are P. Some B are A. Some A are P.

Choose the correct standard-form categorical syllogism translation of the following argument. Some stones are objects we often leave unturned. Some sedimentary rocks are objects we often leave unturned. Thus, some stones are sedimentary rocks. Let S = stones, O = objects we often leave unturned, and R = sedimentary rocks.

Some R are O. Some S are O. Some S are R.

Choose the correct standard-form categorical syllogism translation of the following argument. Some sea urchins are beautiful organisms in nature. No algae are beautiful organisms in nature. So, some algae are not sea urchins. Let S = sea urchins, O =beautiful organisms in nature, and A =algae.

Some S are O. No A are O. Some A are not S.

Analyze the following categorical proposition by doing the following: (1) Identify the subject and predicate of each proposition; (2) identify the categorical proposition as either A (All S are P), E (No S are P), I (Some S are P), or O (Some S are not P). All dictators are evil people.

Subject term: dictators; Predicate term: evil people. This is an example of an A-proposition.

Analyze the following categorical proposition by doing the following: (1) Identify the subject and predicate of each proposition; (2) identify the categorical proposition as either A (All S are P), E (No S are P), I (Some S are P), or O (Some S are not P). Some professors are philosophers.

Subject term: professors; Predicate term: philosophers. This is an example of an I-proposition.

Analyze the following categorical proposition by doing the following: (1) Identify the subject and predicate of each proposition; (2) identify the categorical proposition as either A (All S are P), E (No S are P), I (Some S are P), or O (Some S are not P). No superstitious people are lucky people.

Subject term: superstitious people; Predicate term: lucky people. This is an example of an E-proposition.

Use your understanding of the traditional square of opposition to determine the correct answer (True, False, or Undetermined). If it is false that "All philosophers are humanists," then what can be said about the proposition "Some philosophers are humanists"?

Undetermined

Use your understanding of the traditional square of opposition to determine the correct answer: a. True, b. False, or c. Undetermined. If it is false that "No rifles are revolvers," then the proposition "Some rifles are not revolvers" must be:

Undetermined

You will be told the truth value of one of the four types of categorical propositions that follow. From this information you are to determine the truth values of one of the other three types of categorical propositions as you go around the traditional square of opposition. If an A-proposition is false, then you can conclude that the E-proposition is:

Undetermined

The categorical proposition that follows is to be analyzed in the following three ways: (1) the correct quantity (universal or particular); (2) the correct quality (affirmative or negative); (3) the correct distribution (subject term distributed; predicate term distributed; both terms distributed; or neither term distributed). All superstitions are beliefs based on ancient religions.

Universal affirmative; Subject term distributed; Predicate term undistributed.

Choose the correct standard-form categorical syllogism translation of the following argument. You may pick only one answer choice. Some dogs are terriers. All huskies are dogs. Therefore, some huskies are terriers. Let D = dogs, T = terriers, and H = huskies

a) Some D are T. All H are D. Some H are T.

Determine which one of the following missing conclusions makes this incomplete argument valid. Anyone who can swim can learn to be a lifeguard. All the students in this class can swim.

b) All the students in this class can learn to be a lifeguard.

Determine the correct categorical syllogism, standard form translation of the following argument. Some buildings are concrete jungles. No buildings are architectural nightmares. So, some architectural nightmares are concrete jungles. Let B = buildings, P = concrete jungles, and A = architectural nightmares

b) Some B are P. No B are A. Some A are P.

Use the six rules to determine why the following standard-form categorical syllogism is valid under the modern interpretation.

c) Because all three propositions are universal, the modern interpretation's assumption of existential import does not bear on the evaluation of the argument. The conclusion is satisfied because both universal premises eliminate the possibility of anything existing in the area of overlap between S and P.

Determine the correct categorical syllogism standard form translation of the following argument. No aquariums are swimming pools. No sewers are swimming pools. Therefore, some aquariums are not sewers. Let S = aquariums, P = swimming pools, and W = sewers

d) No W are P. No S are P. Some S are not W.

Identify the middle term of the following categorical syllogism: Some dogs are not independent animals. Some dogs are not ferocious pets. Some ferocious pets are not independent animals.

dogs

In the traditional square of opposition, two contradictory categorical propositions can both be false at the same time.

false

In the traditional square of opposition, two contradictory categorical propositions can both be true at the same time.

false

In the traditional square of opposition, two contrary categorical propositions can both be true at the same time.

false

In the traditional square of opposition, two contrary categorical propositions cannot both be false at the same time.

false

Use your understanding of the traditional square of opposition to determine the correct answer: a. True, b. False, or c. Undetermined. If it is true that "All drummers are musicians," then the proposition "Some drummers are musicians" must be:

true

You will be told the truth value of one of the four types of categorical propositions that follow. From this information you are to determine the truth values of one of the other three types of categorical propositions as you go around the traditional square of opposition. If an I-proposition is false, then you can conclude that the E-proposition is:

true

Determine the correct standard-form categorical syllogism translation. No actors are Republicans. Some stock brokers are Republicans. Therefore, some stock brokers are not actors. Let A = actors, R = Republicans, and S = stock brokers

No A are R. Some S are R. Some S are not A.

Choose the correct standard-form categorical syllogism translation of the following argument. All blueprints created in the 19th century are manual reproductions of an architectural or engineering design. No maps are blueprints created in the 19th century. Therefore, no maps are manual reproductions of an architectural or engineering design. Let B = blueprints created in the 19th century, R = manual reproductions of an architectural or engineering design, and M = maps

All B are R. No M are B. No M are R.

Choose the correct standard-form categorical proposition translation of the following ordinary language statement. Marie Curie is the only person to win Nobel Prizes in two different sciences.

All persons identical to Marie Curie are persons identical to the winner of Nobel Prizes in two different sciences, and all persons identical to the winner of Nobel Prizes in two different sciences are persons identical to Marie Curie.

Choose the correct standard-form categorical proposition translation of the following ordinary language statement. Every video game is challenging.

All video games are challenging games.

Determine the mood and figure of the following categorical syllogism: Some M are P. Some M are not S. Some S are not P.

IOO-3

Determine which one of the following missing statements makes this incomplete argument valid. All topologists are mathematicians. Not all topologists are statisticians.

Missing conclusion: Some mathematicians are not statisticians.

Determine which one of the following missing statements makes this incomplete argument valid. There are no butterflies that are insects with forceps pincers. Therefore, no earwigs are butterflies.

Missing premise: All earwigs are insects with forceps pincers.

Determine which one of the following conclusions makes this incomplete argument valid. A defective battery will be replaced only if it is accompanied by a receipt. I do not have the receipt for my defective battery.

My defective battery will not be replaced.

Determine the correct standard-form translation of the following categorical syllogism. No aquariums are swimming pools. No sewers are swimming pools. Therefore, no aquariums are sewers. Let S = aquariums, P = swimming pools, and W = sewers

No W are P. No S are P. No S are W.

Identify the mood of the following categorical syllogism: Some dogs are not independent animals. Some dogs are not ferocious pets. Some ferocious pets are not independent animals.

OOO

Change the quantity but not the quality of the following categorical propositions. No computers are conscious beings.

Some computers are not conscious beings.

Change the quantity but not the quality of the following categorical proposition. All gliders are airplanes.

Some gliders are airplanes.

Choose the correct standard-form categorical proposition translation of the following ordinary language statement. Not every philosophy exam is a challenging exam.

Some philosophy exams are not challenging exams.

Analyze the following categorical proposition by doing the following: (1) Identify the subject and predicate of each proposition; (2) identify the categorical proposition as either A (All S are P), E (No S are P), I (Some S are P), or O (Some S are not P). No Supreme Court decisions are unconstitutional acts.

Subject term: Supreme Court decisions; Predicate term: unconstitutional acts. This is an example of an E-proposition.

The categorical proposition that follows is to be analyzed in the following three ways: (1) the correct quantity (universal or particular); (2) the correct quality (affirmative or negative); (3) the correct distribution (subject term distributed; predicate term distributed; both terms distributed; or neither term distributed). No polar bears are vegetarians.

Universal negative; Subject term distributed; Predicate term distributed.

The following categorical proposition is to be analyzed in the following three ways: (1) the correct quantity (universal or particular); (2) the correct quality (affirmative or negative); (3) the correct distribution (subject term distributed; predicate term distributed; both terms distributed; or neither term distributed). All laptops are computers.

Universal affirmative; Subject term distributed; Predicate term undistributed.

The following categorical proposition is to be analyzed in the following three ways: (1) the correct quantity (universal or particular); (2) the correct quality (affirmative or negative); (3) the correct distribution (subject term distributed; predicate term distributed; both terms distributed; or neither term distributed). All tobacco cigarettes are carcinogenic products.

Universal affirmative; Subject term distributed; Predicate term undistributed.

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical syllogism. Some deer are not albinos. All deer are mammals. Therefore, some mammals are not albinos. Let D = deer, A = albinos, and M = mammals.

a) Some D are not A. All D are M. Some M are not A.

The proposition "All French fries are vegetables," has as its corresponding particular the proposition "Some French fries are vegetables." Determine whether the subsequent immediate inference is valid under the traditional interpretation. Converse: Some vegetables are French fries.

valid by limitation

Choose the correct standard-form categorical syllogism translation of the following argument. All green berets in the U.S. Armed Forces are soldiers awarded the Special Forces Tab. Some U.S. military personnel are not green berets in the U.S. Armed Forces. Therefore, some U. S. military personnel are not soldiers awarded the Special Forces Tab. Let G = green berets in the U.S. Armed Forces, S = soldiers awarded the Special Forces Tab, and M = U. S. military personnel.

d) All G are S. Some M are not G. Some M are not S.

You will be told the truth value of one of the four types of categorical propositions that follow. From this information you are to determine the truth values of one of the other three types of categorical propositions as you go around the traditional square of opposition. If an A-proposition is true, then you can conclude that the E-proposition is:

false

Identify the minor term of the following categorical syllogism: Some dogs are not independent animals. Some dogs are not ferocious pets. Some ferocious pets are not independent animals.

ferocious pets

The contrapositive is given for the following proposition. Determine whether the subsequent immediate inference is valid under the traditional interpretation. All French fries are vegetables. Contrapositive: All non-vegetables are non-French fries.

valid

The contrapositive is given for the following proposition. Determine whether the subsequent immediate inference is valid under the traditional interpretation. All public holidays are days when schools close. Contrapositive: All non-days when schools close are non-public holidays.

valid

The converse is given for the following proposition. Determine whether the subsequent immediate inference is valid under the traditional interpretation. No cheesecakes are diet-busters. Converse: No diet-busters are cheesecakes.

valid

The converse is given for the following proposition. Determine whether the subsequent immediate inference is valid under the traditional interpretation. No greedy politicians are happy people. Converse: No happy people are greedy politicians.

valid

The obverse is given for the following proposition. Determine whether the subsequent immediate inference is valid under the traditional interpretation. All French fries are vegetables. Obverse: No French fries are non-vegetables.

valid

The obverse is given for the following proposition. Determine whether the subsequent immediate inference is valid under the traditional interpretation. All public holidays are days when schools close. Obverse: No public holidays are non-days when schools close.

valid

The obverse is given for the following proposition. Determine whether the subsequent immediate inference is valid under the traditional interpretation. No cheesecakes are diet-busters. Obverse: All cheesecakes are non-diet-busters.

valid

The obverse is given for the following proposition. Determine whether the subsequent immediate inference is valid under the traditional interpretation. No greedy politicians are happy people. Obverse: All greedy politicians are non-happy people.

valid