Philosophy 025 Final exam
The way I see it, either the senator resigns, or he sends a message that no one should admit to his misdeeds.
False Dilemma
Lauren did a better job than anyone else at the audition, so even though she has no experience, we've decided to give her the part in the play.
None
Frankly, I think the Salvation Army, the Red Cross, and the Wildlife Fund will put my money to better use than my niece Alison and her husband would. They've wasted most of the money I've given them. So I think I'm going to leave a substantial portion of my estate to those organizations instead of leaving it all to my spendthrift relatives.
NO FALLACY
Even though Sidney was old enough to buy a drink at the bar, he had no identification with him and the bartender would not serve him.
No Fallacy
I don't care if Nike has signed up Michael Jordan, Tiger Woods, and even Santa Claus to endorse their shoes. They're a crummy company, and I wouldn't buy their shoes no matter what the circumstance. You don't need any reason beyond the fact that they pay poor women a dollar sixty for a long day's work in their Vietnamese shoe factories. That not even enough to buy a day's worth of decent mails.
No Fallacy. Notice that the passage is designed to attack the company, not the company's product. The wages it pays are relevant to the point at issue
Mathematics is more difficult than sociology, and I really need an easier term this fall. So I'm going to take a sociology class instead of a math class.
No fallacy
Grocers are concerned about sanitation problems from beverage residue that Proposition 11 could create. Filthy returned cans and bottles—over 11 billion a year—don't belong in grocery stores, where our food is stored and sold...Sanitation problems in other states with similar laws have caused increased use of chemical sprays in grocery stores to combat rodents and insects. Vote no on 11.
None
I know the repair guy in the service center screwed up my computer; he's the only one who's touched it since it was working fine last Monday.
None
One roommate to another: "I'm telling you, Ahmed, you shouldn't take Highway 50 this weekend. In this weather, it's going to be icy and dangerous. Somebody slides off that road and gets killed nearly every winter. And you don't even have any chains for your car!
None
You have three Fs and a D on your exams, and your quizzes are on the borderline between passing and failing. I'm afraid you don't deserve to pass the course.
None
Kibitzer, discussing the job Lamar Alexander did as secretary of education: "It was absolutely clear to me that Alexander was not going to do any good for American education. He was way too involved in money-making schemes to give any attention to the job we were paying him for. Do you know that back before he was appointed, he and his wife invested five thousand dollars in some stock deal, and four years later that stock was worth over eight hundred thousand dollars? Tell me there's nothing fishy about a deal like that!"
RED HERRING
NELLIE: I really don't see anything special about Sunquist grapefruit. They taste the same as any other grapefruit to me. NELLIE'S MOM: Hardly! Don't forget that your Uncle Henry owns Sunquist. If everyone buys his fruit, you may inherit a lot of money some day!
RED HERRING
BUD: So, here's the deal. I'll arrange to have your car "stolen", and we'll split the proceeds from selling it to a disposer. Then you file a claim with your insurance company and collect from it. LOU: Gee, this sounds seriously illegal and dangerous. BUD: Illegal, yeah, but do you think this is the first time an insurance company ever had this happen? Why, they actually expect it—they even budget money for exactly this sort of thing.
RED HERRING; BIT OF APPEAL TO COMMON PRACTICE
Kris: I think I'll vote for Hillary Clinton. She's the best candidate. Robert: Why do you say she's the best? Kris: Because she's my sister-in-law. Didn't you know that?
Red Herring
My opponent, Mr. London, has charged me with having cheated on my income tax. My response is, When are we going to get this campaign out of the gutter? Isn't it time we stood up and made it clear that vilification has no place in politics?
Red Herring
Let gays join the military? Give me a break. God created Adam and Eve, not Adam and Steve.
Red Herring - the distraction is the question of what's 'natural'.
I don't care if Nike has signed up Michael Jordan, Tiger Woods, and even Santa Claus to endorse their shoes. They're a crummy company that makes a crummy product. The proof is the fact that they pay poor women a dollar sixty for a long day's work in their Vietnamese shoe factories. That's not even enough to buy a day's worth of decent meals!
Red herring or Argument from Pity (with regard to company's product).
Nike is a crummy company that makes crummy shoes. Look: they still sponsor Tiger Woods even after all the bad stuff that came to light about him.
Red herring, at least with respect to shoes.
Chair, Department of Rhetoric (to department faculty): "If you think about it, I'm certain you'll agree with me that Mary Smith is the best candidate for department secretary. I urge you to join with me in recommending her to the administration. Concerning another matter, I'm now setting up next semester's schedule, and I hope that I'll be able to give you all the classes you have requested."
SCARE TACTICS
"Don't risk letting a fatal accident rob your family of the home they love—on the average more than 250 Americans die each day because of accidents. What would happen to your family's home if you were one of them? Your home is so much more than just a place to live. It's a community you've chosen carefully...a neighborhood...a school district...the way of life you and your family have come to know. And you'd want your family to continue sharing its familiar comforts, even if suddenly you were no longer there...Now, as a Great Western mortgage customer, you can protect the home you love.... Just complete the Enrollment Form enclosed for you."
SCARE TACTICS; RED HERRING
"People in Hegins, PA, hold an annual pigeon shoot in order to control the pigeon population and to raise money for the town. This year, the pigeon shoot was disrupted by animal rights activists who tried to release the pigeons from their cages. I can't help but think these animal rights activists are the same people who believe in controlling the human population through the use of abortion. Yet, they recoil at a similar means of controlling pigeons. What rank hypocrisy." - Rush Limbaugh
Straw Man, Red Herring
How do I know God exists? Well, how do you know he doesn't?
Misplacing Burden of Proof
Of course you should buy a life insurance policy! Why shouldn't you?
Misplacing Burden of Proof
The trouble with impeaching the president is this. If we start going after him, next he'll be going after senators, representatives, governors. Pretty soon, no elected official will be safe from partisan attack.
Slippery Slope
Look, maybe you think it's okay to legalize tribal casinos, but I don't. Letting every last group of people in the country open a casino is ridiculous idea, bound to cause trouble.
Straw Man
Parker says Macs are better than PCs, but what would you expect him to say? He's owned Macs for years.
Circumstantial AH
The president is right. People who are against fighting in Afghanistan are unwilling to face up to the threat of terrorism.
Straw Man
Outlaw gambling? Seriously? You? That's really strange to hear that coming from you. Aren't you the one who plays the lottery all the time?
Inconsistency AH
Your professor wants you to read Chomsky's Manufacturing Consent? That guy is a left-wing nut. Good luck with that crap
Poisoning the Well
The trouble with impeaching the president is this: Going after every person who occupies the presidency will take up everyone's time, and the government will never get anything else done.
Straw Man
Student to teacher: "I've had to miss several classes and some quizzes because of some personal matters back home. I know you have a no-make-up policy, but there was really no way I could avoid having to be out of town; it really was not my fault."
APPEAL TO PITY
"You've made your mark and your scotch says it all" - Glen Haven Reserve
APPLE POLISHING
That, in sum, is my proposal, ladies and gentlemen. You know that I trust and value your judgment, and I am aware I could not find a more astute panel of experts to evaluate my suggestion. Thank you.
APPLE POLISHING
One local to another: "I tell you, it's disgusting. These idiot college students come up here and live for four years— and ruin the town—and then vote on issues that affect us long after they've gone. This has got to stop! I say, let only those who have a real stake in the future of this town vote here! Transient kids shouldn't determine what's going to happen to local residents. Most of these kids come from Philadelphia...let them vote there."
ARGUMENT FROM OUTRAGE
ATTENDANT: I'm sorry, sir, but we don't allow people to top off their gas tanks here in Kansas. There's a state law against it, you know. RICHARD: What? You've got to be kidding! I've never heard of a place that stopped people from doing that!
ARGUMENT FROM OUTRAGE; SOME APPEAL TO POPULARITY
Letter to the editor: "I would like to express my feelings on the recent conflict between country supervisor Blanche Wilder and Murdock County Sheriff Al Peters over the county budget. "I have listened to sheriffs' radio broadcasts. Many times there have been dangerous and life-threatening situations when the sheriff's deputies' quickest possible arrival time is 20 to 30 minutes. This is to me very frightening. Now supervisor Wilder wants to cut two officers from the Sheriff's Department. This proposal I find ridiculous. Does she really think that Sheriff Peters can run his department with no officers? How anyone can think that a county as large as Murdock can get by with no police is beyond me. I feel this proposal would be very detrimental to the safety and protection of this county's residents."
ASSUMING THE SHERIFF'S DEPT. HAS ORE THAN TWO OFFICERS: STRAW MAN
I know for a fact that I'm the best, because Mom and Dad said that I'm the best in the world!
Appeal to Authority
There is no God. People in the past have claimed the existence of God and justified wars and atrocities in the name of God.
Appeal to Consequence.
Universal laws of morality? That's false - there aren't such things. If there were, then we would probably have to judge some cultures as worse and some cultures as better, and that's not a really nice thing to do.
Appeal to Consequence.
Everyone says that smaller classes make students better learners. So, there has to be some truth it.
Appeal to Popularity
On the whole, I think global warming is a farce. After all, most people think winters are getting colder, if anything. How could that many people be wrong?
Appeal to Popularity
Public opinion polls? They're rigged. Just ask anyone - everyone believes it.
Appeal to Popularity
Megan, you're down-to-earth and I trust your judgment. That's why I know I can count on you to back me up at the meeting this afternoon.
Apple Polishing
A mural for the municipal building? Excuse me, but why should public money, our tax dollars, be used for a totally unnecessary thing like art? There are potholes that need fixing. Traffic signals that need to be put up. There are a million things that are more important. It is an outrage, spending taxpayers' money on unnecessary frills like art. They're using our tax money for all that useless stuff when it could be put to better use! Give me a break!
Argument from Outrage
A: Colin Powell says that diplomatic efforts to avoid war with Iraq were serious and genuine, and his word is good enough for me. B: And what makes you so sure he's telling the truth? A: Because he's the one guy in the administration that you can trust.
Begging the Question
If cigarettes aren't bad for you, then how come it's so hard on your health to smoke?
Begging the Question
Marco: I think global warming is a farce. Claudia: Oh man. How can you say such a thing, when there is so much evidence behind the theory? Marco: Because if it isn't a farce, then how come the world is colder now than it used to be?
Begging the Question
From a letter to the editor: "The counties of Michigan clearly need the ability to raise additional sources of revenue, not only to meet the demands of growth but also to maintain existing levels of service. For without these sources those demands will not be met, and it will be impossible to maintain services even at present levels."
BEGGING THE QUESTION
It doesn't make any sense to speak of tracing an individual human life back past the moment of conception. After all, that's the beginning, and you can't go back past the beginning.
BEGGING THE QUESTION
The mayor's argument is that, because the developers' fee would reduce the number of building starts, ultimately the city would lose more money than it would gain through the fee. But I can't go along with that. Mayor Tower is a member of the Board of Realtors, and you know what they think of the fee.
CIRCUMSTANTIAL AH
The health editor for USA Today certainly seems to know what she is talking about when she recommends we take vitamins, but I happen to know she works for Tishcon, Inc., a large manufacturer of vitamin supplements
Circumstantial AH
Look, even if Bush did lie about the WMD threat, what's the surprise? Clinton lied about having sex with that intern, and Bush's own father lied about raising taxes.
Common Practice
So what if the senator accepted a little kickback money—most politicians are corrupt, after all.
Common Practice
Those blasted Democrats! They want to increase government spending on education again. This is the same outfit that gave us $10,000 toilets and government regulations up the wazoo.
Genetic Fallacy; or Red Herring
Me? I'm going to vote with the company on this one. After all, I've been with them for 15 years.
Groupthink Fallacy
I know you don't believe what Sam is telling you, but come on, you broke his heart last summer and he's never gotten over it.
Guilt Trip
So my professor told me if he gave me an A for getting an 89.9% on the test, next he'd have to give people an A for getting an 89.8% on the test, and pretty soon he'd have to give everyone in the class an A. How could I argue with that?
Line-Drawing Fallacy
Terry: I failed my test, but I gave my prof this nifty argument. I said "Look, suppose Adam did .0001% better than I, would that be a big enough difference to give him a higher grade?" And he had to say "no", so then I said, "And if Betty did .0001% better than Adam, would that be a big enough difference?" And he had to say "no" to that, too, so I just kept it up, and he never could point to the place where the difference was big enough to give the other person a higher grade. He finally saw he couldn't justify giving anyone a better grade. Harry: Well? What happened? Terry: He had to fail the whole class.
Line-Drawing Fallacy
"Should school kids say the Pledge of Allegiance before class? Certainly. Why shouldn't they?"
MISPLACED BURDEN OF PROOF
MOE: The death penalty is an excellent deterrent for murder. JOE: What makes you think so? MOE: Well, for one thing, there's no evidence that it's NOT a deterrent. JOE: Well, states with capital punishment have murder rates just as high as states that don't have it. MOE: Yes, but that's only because there are so many legal technicalities standing in the way of executions that convicted people hardly ever get executed. Remove those technicalities, and the rate would be lower in those states.
MISPLACED BURDEN OF PROOF
Letter to the editor: "Next week the philosopher Tom Regan will be in town again, peddling his animal rights theory. In case you've forgotten, Regan was here about three years ago arguing against using animals in scientific experimentation. As far as I could see then and can see now, neither Regan nor anyone else has managed to come up with a good reason why animals should not be experimented on. Emotional appeals and horror stories no doubt influence many, but they shouldn't. I've always wondered what Regan would say if his children needed medical treatment that was based on animal experiments."
MISPLACED BURDEN OF PROOF (THIRD SENTENCE)
It seems the biggest problem the nuclear industry has to deal with is not a poor safety record but a lack of education of the public on nuclear power. Thousands of people die each year from pollution generated by coal-fired plants. Yet, to date there has been no death directly caused by radiation at a commercial nuclear power plant in the United States. We have a clear choice: an old, death-dealing source of energy or a safe, clean one. Proven through the test of time, nuclear power is clearly the safest form of energy and the least detrimental to the environment. Yet it is perceived as unsafe and an environmental hazard.
FALSE DILEMMA
A high school teacher once told my class that, if a police state ever arose in America, it would happen because we freely handed away our civil rights in exchange for what we perceived would be security from the government. We are looking at just that in connection with the current drug crisis. For almost thirty years, we've seen increasing tolerance, legally and socially, of drug use. Now we are faced with the very end of America as we know it, if not from the drug problem, then from the proposed solutions to it. First, it was urine tests. Officials said that the innocent have nothing to fear. Using that logic, why not allow unannounced police searches of our homes for stolen goods After all, the innocent would have nothing to fear. Now we're looking at the seizure of boats and other property when even traces of drugs are found. You'd better hope some drug-using guest doesn't drop the wrong thing in your home, car, or boat. The only alternative to declaring real war on the real enemies—the Asian and South American drug families—is to wait for the knock on the door in the middle of the night.
FALSE DILEMMA (LAST SENTENCE) SUPPORTED BY A SLIPPERY SLOPE EARLIER
"Many, but not all, on the other side of the aisle lack the will to win," said Representative Charlie Norwood of Georgia. "The American people need to know precisely who they are." He said, "It is time to stand up and vote. Is it Al Qaeda, or is it America?" - New York Times, 6/15/2006
False Dilemma
We have a simple choice. Saving Social Security is sure as hell a lot more important than giving people a tax cut. So write your representative now, and let him or her know how you feel.
False Dilemma
Will: Do you want to sign this petition to the governor? Jessie: What's it about? Will: We want him to veto that handgun registration bill that's come out of the legislature. Jessie: No, I don't think I want to sign that. Will: You don't. If you don't want him to veto that handgun registration bill, then that must mean that you want to get rid of the Second Amendment.
False Dilemma
Look, either we refrain from feeding the cat table scraps, or he'll be up here on the table with us. So don't go giving him your asparagus.
False Dilemma; Also can be understood as Slippery Slope
JARED: In Sweden, atheists and agnostics outnumber believers 2 to 1, and in Germany, less than half the population believes in God. I wonder what makes the United States so different. ALICE: You've answered your own question. If I didn't believe in God, I'd feel like I stuck out like a sore thum
GROUPTHINK; APPEAL TO POPULARITY
Letter to the editor: "Andrea Keene's selective morality is once again showing through in her July 15 letter. This time she expresses her abhorrence of abortion. But how we see only what we choose to see! I wonder if any of the anti-abortionists have considered the widespread use of fertility drugs as the moral equivalent of abortion, and, if they have, why they haven't come out against them, too. The use of these drugs frequently results in multiple births, which leads to the death of one of the infants, often after an agonizing struggle for survival. According to the rules of the pro-lifers, isn't this murder?"
INCONSISTENCY AH
Some Christian—and other—groups are protesting against the placing, on federal property near the White House, of a set of plastic figurines representing a devout Jewish family in ancient Judaea. The protestors would, of course, deny that they are driven by any anti-Semitic motivation. Still, we wonder: Would they raise the same objections (of unconstitutionality, etc.) if the scene depicted a modern, secularized Gentile family?"
INCONSISTENCY AH
The U.S. Congress considered a resolution criticizing the treatment of ethnic minorities in a Near Eastern country. When the minister of the interior was asked for his opinion of the resolution, he replied, "This is purely an internal affair in my country, and politicians in the U.S. should stay out of such affairs. If the truth be known, they should be more concerned with the plight of minority peoples in their own country. Thousands of black and Latino youngsters suffer from malnutrition in the United States. They can criticize us after they've got their own house in order."
INCONSISTENCY AH
The congressman thought the president's behavior was an impeachable offense. But that's nonsense, coming from the congressman. He had an adulterous affair himself, after all.
Inconsistency AH
Tom: That does it - I'm cutting down on your peanut butter cookies. Those things make me gain too much weight. Sally: Oh, Tom, get real. What about all the ice cream you eat?
Inconsistency AH
What, you of all people complaining about violence on TV? You, with all the pro football you watch?
Inconsistency AH
Just how much sex has to be in a movie before you call it pornographic? Just try and you'll see you can't determine exactly. Seems to me the whole concept of pornography doesn't even make sense.
Line-Drawing Fallacy
C'mon, George, the river's waiting and everyone's going to be there. You want me to tell 'em you're gonna worry on Saturday about a test you don't take 'til Tuesday? What're people going to think?
PEER PRESSURE
In February 1992, a representative of the Catholic Church in Puerto Rico gave a radio interview (broadcast on National Public Radio) in which he said that the Church was against the use of condoms. Even though the rate of AIDS infection in Puerto Rico is much higher than on the US mainland, the spokesman said that the Church could not support the use of condoms because they are not absolutely reliable in preventing the spread of the disease. "If you could prove that condoms were absolutely dependable in preventing a person from contracting AIDS, then the Church could support their use."
PERFECTIONIST FALLACY
It's stupid to keep on talking about rich people not paying their fair share of taxes while the budget is so far out of balance. Why, if we raised the tax rates on the wealthy all the way back to where they were in 1980, it would not balance the federal budget.
PERFECTIONIST FALLACY
"The new sculpture in front of the municipal building by John Murrah is atrocious and unseemly, which is clear to anyone who hasn't forgotten Murrah's mouth in Vietnam right there along with Hayden and Fonda calling for the defeat of America. I say: Drill holes in it so it'll sink and throw it in Walnut Pond."
PERSONAL ATTACK AH
Not long before Ronald and Nancy Reagan moved out of the White House, former chief of staff Don Regan wrote a book in which he depicted a number of revealing inside stories about First Family goings-on. Among them was the disclosure that Nancy Reagan regularly sought the advice of a San Francisco astrologer. In response to the story, the White House spokesman at the time, Marlin Fitzwater, said, "Vindictiveness and revenge are not admirable qualities and are not worthy of comment.
PERSONAL ATTACK AH
Danielle: You going to class tomorrow? Rasputin: I guess, why? Danielle: Don't you get tired of being a goody-two-shoes? You must have the most perfect attendance record of anyone who ever went to this school—certainly better than the rest of us; right, guys? You'd rather be going to school than hanging with us. That's what it seems, right guys?
Peer Pressure
Garry: I think the people who lost their livelihood because of the Gulf oil spill ought to be paid their losses in full. Harry: But there are disasters all over the place. You can't compensate everybody.
Perfectionist Fallacy
Laws against teens drinking? They are a total waste of time, frankly. No matter how many laws we pass, there are always going to be some teens who drink.
Perfectionist Fallacy
"The president's prosecution of the War on Terror is being handled exactly right. He wasn't elected to do nothing!"
RED HERRING
FIRST IDAHOAN: I'll tell you, I think Senator Creighton has done a fine job of representing our state. He's brought a lot of federal money here, and he's on the right side of most of the social issues we care about here. SECOND IDAHOAN: Aw, come on, man. They caught the guy trying to pick up another man in an airport restroom. Throw him out on the street where he belongs!
RED HERRING
HER: Listen, honey, we've been dating for how long now? Year! I think it's time we thought seriously about getting married. HIM: Right, ummm, you know what? I think it's time we went shopping for a new car! What do you say to that?
RED HERRING
Recently, two Colorado lawmakers got into a shouting match when one of them marched into a news conference the other was holding in opposition to same-sex marriage. Rep. Jim Welker had called the news conference to solicit support for a constitutional amendment to bar gays and lesbians from marrying. Rep. Angie Paccione objected, saying, "We have over 700,000 Coloradans without health care; how could we possibly say gay marriage is more important than health care?" Welker then responded, "Gay marriage will open Pandora's box. Where do you draw the line? A year and a half ago a lady in India married her dog!" Welker was referring to the marriage of a 9-year-old girl to a stray dog as part of a ritual to ward off an evil spell. "Oh, for heaven's sake," Paccione said, "come on, Jim." "That is true. That's a fact," Welker said. Paccione replied, "It's not the same to have somebody marry a dog as it is to have two loving people get married. Come on."
SCARE TACTICS; SLIPPERY SLOPE; RED HERRING (SINCE THE ORIGNIAL POINT OF THE NEWS CONFERENCE WAS WHETHER THERE SHOULD BE A CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT BARRING GAYS AND LESBIANS FROM MARRYING, AND REP. PACCIONE INTRODUCES A SEPARATE ISSUE HAVING TO DO WITH HEALTHCARE).
Dear Senator Jenkins, I am writing to urge your support for higher salaries for state correctional facility guards. I am a clerical worker at Kingsford Prison, and I know whereof I speak. Guards work long hours, often giving up weekends, at a dangerous job. They cannot afford expensive houses or even nice clothes. Things that other state employees take for granted, like orthodontia for their children and a second car, are not possibilities on their salaries, which, incidentally, have not been raised in five years. Their dedication deserves better. Very truly yours....
SLIGHT APPEAL TO PITY, THOUGH THIS PROVIDES MOSTLY LEGITIMATE REASONING
California Assemblyman Doug La Malfa said AB 45, which bands handheld cell phone use while driving, is one more example of a "nanny government". He said "I'm sick and tired of being told what to do on these trivial things," he said. "Helmet laws, seat-belt laws—what's next?
SLIPPERY SLOPE
Once we let these uptight guardians of morality have their way and start censoring Playboy and Penthouse, the next thing you know they'll be dictating everything we can read. We'll be in fine shape when they decide that Webster's Dictionary should be pulled from the shelves."
SLIPPERY SLOPE; A LITTLE STRAW MAN
DIDDY: What's with all you crazy Angelenos shooting at each other while driving on the highway and getting involved in high-speed police chases? DRE: What are you talking about? That's not true. DIDDY: Yeah? Have you seen the news lately? Every story about highway shootings and high-speed chases with the police always involve Angelenos! Clearly, all of you out there in Los Angeles are crazy!
SPOTLIGHT FALLACY
MULLEN: We need to something about these skaters in our town. They're destroying everything. They're all just a bunch of destructive hoodlums that value nothing. MIYAGI: Not all skaters are like that. You have the wrong idea. MULLEN: Are you kidding me? Read any of the local newspaper articles about vandalism in this county, and you'll see that it's more likely than not committed by a group of skaters!
SPOTLIGHT FALLACY
In one of her columns, Abigail Van Buren printed the letter of one of her readers calling herself "I'd rather be a widow." The letter writer, a divorcée, complained about widows who said they had a hard time coping. Far better, she wrote, to be widow than to be a divorcée, who are all "rejects" who have been "publicly dumped" and are avoided "like they have leprosy." Abby recognized the fallacy for what it was, though she did not call it by our name. What is our name for it?
STRAW MAN
Letter to the editor: "Once again the Park Commission is considering closing North Park Drive for the sake of a few joggers and bicyclists. These so-called fitness enthusiasts would evidently have us give up to them for their own private use every last square inch of Walnut Grove. Then anytime anyone wanted a picnic, he would have to part at the edge of the park and carry everything in—ice chests, chairs, maybe even grandma. I certainly hope the Commission keeps the entire park open for everyone to use."
STRAW MAN
My opponent, the evolutionist, offers you a different history and a different self-image from the one I suggest. While I believe that you and I are made in the image of God and are only one step out of the Garden of Eden, he believes that you are made in the image of a monkey and are only one step out of the zoo.
STRAW MAN
Dear Mr. Swanson: I realize I'm not up for a salary increase yet, but I thought it might make my review a bit more timely if I pointed out to you that I have a copy of all the recent email messages between you and Ms. Flood in the purchasing department.
Scare Tactics
Well, I, for one, think the position taken by our union is correct, and I'd like to rremind you before you make up your mind on the matter that around here we employees have a big say in who gets rehired.
Scare Tactics
If you give the cat your leftover asparagus, next thing you know you'll be feeding him your potatoes, maybe even your roast beef. Where will it all end? Pretty soon that wretched animal will be sitting up here on the table for dinner. He'll be eating us out of the house and home.
Slippery Slope
There are very good reasons for the death penalty. First, it serves as a deterrent to those who would commit capital offenses. Second, it is just and fair punishment for the crime committed. Third, reliable opinion polls show that over 70 percent of all Americans favor it. If so many people favor it, it has to be right.
THIRD ITEM: APPEAL TO POPULARITY.
What makes you think I should put a note on this guy's car? Do you think for a minute that he'd have left a note on mine if he'd put a dent in it? I think not.
TWO WRONGS MAKE A RIGHT
Look, they killed more than 3000 innocent people at the World Trade Center on 9/11. So, don't tell me that the deaths from all those drone strikes isn't right.
Two Wrongs Make A Right
Hey! It can't be time for the bars to close. I'm having too much fun.
Wishful Thinking
