Philosophy
Which of the following works were written by Jean Paul Sartre?
'Existentialism and Humanism' and 'Being and Nothingness'
Which of the following was stated by Rene Descartes?
'I think, therefore I am'
How many deities are worshipped in a monotheistic religion?
1
When did the Renaissance take place?
14th-17th century
When was A Vindication of the Rights of Women published?
1792
Immanuel Kant was a/an
18th century philosopher
Which example best represents the idea of Pantheism?
A ballerina performing a dance
According to Locke, the mind of a human baby is specifically like which of the following?
A blank tablet
A Vindication of the Rights of Women is:
A book-length essay calling for female equality
How does Hobbes describe his hypothetical State of Nature?
A brutal existence, to be avoided at all costs
Which type of religious organization is the most integrated into the larger society?
A church
A typical if-then statement can BEST be described as:
A conditional statement
Which of the following is a helpful statement to keep in mind when trying to make a logical argument?
A correlation between two events does not prove that there is causation.
How does Rachels describe ethical egoism?
A disturbing doctrine
In the most basic terms, a society that practices theism has some belief in:
A divine or sacred figure
What does a False Dilemma Fallacy present?
A few options as though one of them must be true if the others are wrong.
Why is this error in logic referred to as the slippery slope fallacy?
A first stage is seen as causing a slide down through many other stages to a final stage, but the sequence of events is assumed, rather than proven.
Which of the following is a way to describe empiricism?
A focus on sensory experience as the basis for knowledge
How did Al-Farabi explain the concept of the active intellect?
A force outside of humans and God allows humans access to abstract, divine ideas.
What is a gender role, in the context of Okin's argument?
A gender role is the way we are expected to behave in society based on whether we are male or female
All of these (2) statements are correct EXCEPT:
A hedonist is a person who focuses their life on achieving a perfect moral character.
All of these statements (3) are correct EXCEPT:
A hedonist is a person who focuses their life on achieving a perfect moral character.
All of these statements are correct EXCEPT:
A hedonist is a person who focuses their life on achieving a perfect moral character.
What was Socrates' opinion of how money fits into a just society?
A just society wouldn't use money.
What does it mean for a natural law to be descriptive?
A law of nature is what we have observed it to be in the past though it may change in the future.
What are the two components of acting voluntarily?
A person must be in control of their actions and aware of what they are doing
How does a thought experiment work?
A person uses his imagination to consider a new way of thinking.
What was the Enlightenment?
A philosophical movement that stressed individualism and reason.
What is pragmatism?
A philosophical perspective that states that the truth is what works on a practical level
What type of knowledge is acquired through experience?
A posteriori
Which term would you use to describe knowledge that is known based on experience?
A posteriori knowledge
How did the Communist Manifesto envision the future of industrialized societies?
A revolution of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie would inevitably take place.
Why might a black child come to see themselves as fundamentally different than a white child, according to King?
A segregated society teaches a child to view themselves this way.
What is another way to describe intuition?
A sense of knowing something without being sure what your logical reasons are for feeling that way
In the context of philosophy, which of the following best describes an argument?
A series of assertions meant to demonstrate that a certain claim is valid
Which of the following expresses Okin's views on gender?
A society can only be just if gender does not determine the opportunities available to us.
How did Hobbes define the state of nature?
A society without civil government
How does Locke describe his understanding of the State of Nature?
A state of ideal freedom to be able to live life as one pleases
What is an anecdote?
A story told from a persons experience
Which of the following describes Russell's thoughts about a simple table?
A table can be used as a starting point for exploring some of the major challenges facing philosophers.
Which of these is the BEST analogy to describe Aristotle's view of the purpose of politics?
A tool that sharpens a knife
In The Concept of Morals, Stace states that relativism is:
A very startling assertion
Which of the following describes the veil of ignorance, as Rawls understands it?
A way of considering justice when you do not know what position you hold within the society
Which of the following uses the post hoc fallacy?
About an hour after I drank milk, I started feeling sick to my stomach. This proves I am lactose intolerant.
Which of these terms refers to the desire to find meaning when there is no meaning to be found?
Absurdity
All of these statements about personal identity are correct EXCEPT:
According to Descartes it is not possible for the mind to exist and persist without the body.
Which of these statements (2) is also TRUE?
According to Hume's bundle theory, the only properties that we can sense are the real parts of an object.
All of these (3) statements are correct EXCEPT:
According to James Rachels, an egoist cannot behave in ways that benefit society.
Jean Piaget thought of human beings as which of the following?
Active participants in the construction of reality
'My adversary is an awful person, and his family is falling apart because of him.' This is an example of a/an _____ Fallacy.
Ad Hominem
'Ad hominem' is Latin for what?
Against the man
Edwin has no belief or disbelief when it comes to deities. He also does not attempt to claim if they exist or do not exist because it cannot be proven either way. Edwin would be considered a(n)
Agnostic
What term accurately describes Dave if he believes that the existence of any deity is unknown and cannot be known?
Agnostic
Although Miranda does not believe God exists, she thinks that it's impossible for anyone to know for sure. Miranda would be considered a(n)
Agnostic Atheist
Although Jaison believes multiple gods exist, he thinks that it's impossible for anyone to know for sure. Jaison could be described as a(n)
Agnostic Theist
Which philosopher is often described as 'the Second Teacher' following 'the First Teacher' Aristotle?
Al-Farabi
Which of these theorists wrote about how philosophers have often focused on reason and observation in their work, rather than emotion?
Alison Jaggar
Which of the following questions concerns philosophers exploring personal identity?
All answers are correct.
What did Russell assert about all beliefs?
All beliefs are subjective.
In addition to philosophy, constructivism is an approach found in which of the following disciplines?
All of the answers are correct
Why should we be suspicious of someone using ad hominem arguments to knock down someone else's argument?
All of the answers are correct
According to Jaggar, which of the following is important to building knowledge?
All of the answers are correct.
At least some philosophers believe metaphysics is:
All of the answers are correct.
Philosophy concerns which of the following areas of inquiry?
All of the answers are correct.
What is a danger involved in the appeal to popularity fallacy?
All of the answers are correct.
What is a reason a woman may understand gender differently than other feminists?
All of the answers are correct.
What is a risk in relying only on opinions and intuition?
All of the answers are correct.
What is an example of a value that could be right in one culture and wrong in another?
All of the answers are correct.
What is one reason why the family matters so much to Okin?
All of the answers are correct.
What might a theist argue is a benefit of divine command theory?
All of the answers are correct.
What role does a premise serve in your argument?
All of the answers are correct.
What would hooks say is a problem related to media images that focus on women's bodies and glamour?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following are unknown under the veil of ignorance in the original position?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following describes a priori knowledge?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following describes the type of morality Aristotle recommends?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following expresses Peirce's perspective?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following has been discussed as a possible way of accessing knowledge in Hindu philosophical traditions?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following is a key element of the ethics of care theory?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following is a question that the philosophy of science seeks to explain?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following is a reason Russell gives for why philosophy is important?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following is an example of a false dilemma fallacy?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following is an example of a hypothetical imperative?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following is an example of a question asked in the study of philosophy?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following is an example of a synthetic a posteriori statement?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following is an example of a value?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following is an example of an a posteriori proposition?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following is an example of an appeal to ignorance fallacy?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following reflect ideas from stoicism?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following statements is an argument made by Hume?
All of the answers are correct.
Why is it a problem to use fallacies in your arguments?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following statements is true?
All of the statements are true.
Which of these is TRUE about the concept of dualism?
All of these answer choices are correct.
Which of these statements is also TRUE?
All of these answer choices are correct. X) According to Hume's bundle theory, the only properties that we can sense are the real parts of an object. X) According to Augustine, the identity of a person changes constantly as they age. X) According to Plato if you strip a human of all their physical properties, the idea of the human disappears.
Hinduism lacks a unified _____.
All of these choices are correct.
Choose the answer that best represents Rand's point of view.
Altruistic ethics are responsible for many problems in the world.
The same word used in two different parts of one's argument is equivocation when the word is used in what way?
Ambiguously
Which of the following best describes the appeal to ignorance fallacy?
An argument that shifts the burden of proof away from the person making the claim
What is the definition of a fallacy?
An argument that uses bad logic or reasoning
What is the difference between an agnostic and an atheist?
An atheist may deny the existence of God, but an agnostic won't.
What is the BEST way to describe what 'apology' means in this context of the text The Apology by Plato?
An explanation and defense
According to Sartre, what is caused by the reality that we are free to choose?
Anguish
The ontological argument is rooted in the works of
Anselm
In philosophy, which of these terms is used to mean an explanation or defense?
Apology
Which of the following views is most accurate, according to Russell?
Appearance is based on our perception. Reality exists separately from our perception.
The moral argument for God has its roots in the works of
Aquinas
Which of the following best describes a black and white type of false dilemma?
Arguing that one of two statements must be true, even when it's possible that neither are true.
Identify a main feature of the fallacy known as appeal to popularity.
Arguing that the majority opinion determines what is true.
Which classical philosopher's political views centered on the importance of the city?
Aristotle
Which of these men is credited with the third man argument?
Aristotle
Who is credited with the theory of four causes?
Aristotle
Who of these were not a Presocratic?
Aristotle
Who was a major influence on Al-Farabi?
Aristotle
Who was an ancient Greek philosopher who developed formal ways to inquire about the universe?
Aristotle
Which of the below statements is true?
Aristotle was Plato's student.
Why did Bertrand Russell call for philosophy to be taught in the schools?
As part of an effort to produce a more organized and intelligent society that would work together to improve their community.
How does Marcus Aurelius believe we should view other human beings?
As siblings
Which of the following best describes the post hoc fallacy?
Assuming a cause and effect relationship when this has not been proven
Another way to say someone is begging the question in a philosophical context is to say they are:
Assuming the conclusion
Which of the following is an example of a fallacy?
At a car dealership they make a photocopy of the customer's driver's license before heading out to the lot because they have always done it that way.
Dustin firmly believes that science proves that God does not exist. Dustin could be described as a(n)
Atheist
Where was Aristotle educated, and where did he do most of his research, writing and lecturing?
Athens
Which of these believed evil was a product of man's free will?
Augustine
Which philosopher most notably viewed that God created perfection but that man's free will created evil?
Augustine
Which of these philosophers promoted rational egoism?
Ayn Rand
Which of these philosophers stated that a rational egoist wants to live in a stable society?
Ayn Rand
Which of these men held to determinism?
Baron d'Holbach
What philosopher is considered one of Pantheism's first and greatest advocates?
Baruch Spinoza
What is one way that a subjectivist might recommend humans decide what is encouraged or punished in society?
Based on what a government decides is acceptable in that community
Why are sects often confused with cults?
Because both sects and cults both generally withdraw from society.
Which of these were written by Sartre?
Being and Nothingness
Which of these would Paul Churchland agree with?
Belief in the mind is unnecessary
According to Sartre, bad faith is:
Believing things have to be a certain way
Which of these philosophers argued that God either exists or does not exist and that it is reasonable and prudent to believe in God?
Blaise Pascal
Which of the following would Plato consider a Form?
Blueness
What was W.T. Stace's position on the absolutism and relativism of his time?
Both absolutism and relativism are unreasonable extremes.
How does Hume describe impressions and ideas?
Both are physical in nature.
Which point did Anna J. Cooper want to make clear about race and ethnicity?
Both ethnicity and gender significantly impact a person's experience.
Which of the following statements represents the Essentialism ideology?
Boys and girls are born with thoughts that make them men and women respectively.
According to many eastern meta physicists, the unseen force that controls all of the universe is known as
Brahman
In Hinduism, the _____ is the soul of god, whereas the _____ is the human soul.
Brahman; Atman
What belief system holds that striving after the things we want leads to suffering?
Buddhism
According to the Communist Manifesto, how did the bourgeoisie become wealthy?
By owning the means of production and private property.
Which of the following is an example of an analytic a priori statement?
Cats are felines.
Which of these would Hume most likely agree with?
Causation can't be proven but it does come in handy.
Why do Christians believe they are offered salvation?
Christians believe that Jesus' death offered salvation to his followers.
Which of the following groups is usually well integrated into the larger society?
Church
Which of these men is a famous materialist philosopher?
Churchland
Which was NOT a Greek philosopher, but was a supporter of Roman republicanism?
Cicero
Who believed that virtue was needed to prevent the destruction of Rome?
Cicero
Why do Jews practice circumcision?
Circumcision is a symbol of the covenant between the Jews and God.
What would have been a better approach for Karina to convince her friends that continuing to hike is safe?
Citing guidelines she had been provided by a park ranger for how to tell when it is safe to continue
Which of the following did William James consider important to pragmatism?
Clarify what terms mean.
What type of struggle is pivotal in Marxism?
Class
Who wrote the Ethics of Belief?
Clifford
What were Feyeraben's views on the scientific method?
Compared with other approaches, the scientific method is no better at getting to the heart of the truth.
Which of these were written by Ryle?
Concepts of the Mind
Which of the following was the official religion of China for about two millennia?
Confucianism
Which of the following would be most important to the work of a phenomenologist?
Conscious experiences
If inquiring into a particular topic won't lead to any useful knowledge, what might a pragmatist do?
Consider a different topic that has the potential to be productive.
Choose the best example of a situation related to aesthetics.
Considering whether there are objective standards for determining what is beautiful
What was Immanuel Kant's suggestion for achieving lasting peace?
Constitutional republics
With what phrase does Enrique Dussel refer to the chief focus of philosophies throughout the world?
Core problems
Which of the following is an important text in Marxist thought?
Das Kapital
What philosophical argument asserts that a person is only the same person if he remembers being that person?
Day Man and Night Man Theory
The Socratic method is primarily aimed at which of the following goals?
Deepening a student's understanding of a topic they may have previously taken for granted
Those who promote divine command theory typically aim to do what?
Demonstrate that it is likely that God exists based on some acceptable premises
Which of the following is accurate?
Denying the antecedent is a phrase that can be used to describe a logical fallacy.
Which of these men held to the principle of dualism?
Descartes
Which of these philosophers believed the mind is the seat of consciousness?
Descartes
Which of these philosophers is considered the 'Father of Modern Philosophy' and is firmly linked to the concept of dualism?
Descartes
Minds are not composed by materials in the same way the rest of the universe is. This description corresponds to _____ view of the mind.
Descartes'
Phenomenology primarily seeks to do which of the following?
Describe phenomena
The Teleological Argument is also called the
Design Argument
Which of the following best describes what Locke aimed to achieve in his work, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding?
Determining what can be claimed legitimately and what cannot
Which of these are believed to be the words of Buddha?
Dhammapada
Which of these is a collection of sayings attributed to Buddha?
Dhammapada
Which of the following systems of ethics and moral responsibilities do Hindus believe in?
Dharma
Which of these did Hume write?
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
Which of the following is something an ethical absolutist might say?
Different cultures have different approaches to life but this does not change what the moral standards should be for everyone.
What specific phrase did W.E.B. Du Bois use to describe the sense of viewing oneself through another's eyes?
Double consciousness
Which of these concepts explains psycho-social divisions in American society?
Double-consciousness
All of these are correct EXCEPT:
Dualism proposers assert that the mind and the body are one whole entity.
Deontology is a theoretical approach that focuses on which of the following:
Duty
What is studied as part of deontology?
Duty
Julie insists that the self is an illusion, while her friend Julian believes that people are separate from each other. Julie is most likely to relate to _____ philosophers, while Julian is most likely to relate to _____ philosophers.
Eastern; Western
Marxism emphasizes the importance of which of the following factors in explaining the international system?
Economics
What area did Adam Smith primarily contribute to during the Enlightenment?
Economics
Book Seven of The Republic is where Socrates explains the value of this in his cave analogy:
Education
Hume's belief that what we know comes from experience can be described best by which term?c
Empiricism
Which philosophical theory of Descartes's era BEST contrasts with rationalism?
Empiricism
Which of the following is NOT one of the things that Socrates attempted to do with his students and audiences?
Encourage acceptance of societal understandings through discipline
When we use the term stoic today, what meaning does this have in common with the ancient philosophy?
Enduring life without complaint
What is the term used to describe the branch of philosophy that focuses on the study of knowledge?
Epistemology
Which branch of philosophy deals primarily with the study of knowledge?
Epistemology
Which of the following is the best way to sum up the focus of Rawls' principles of justice?
Equal basic rights and fair opportunities
Which fallacy is occurring when the speaker uses different meanings for a word at different points in the argument?
Equivocation Fallacy
In philosophy, what method is typically used to reach a conclusion?
Establish premises that connect and lead to the conclusion
According to which ethical view, a normal action is one that applies to every human regardless of the situation or culture?
Ethical absolutism
According to which ethical view, a moral action is one that falls well within the limits of expected behavior for a particular culture?
Ethical relativism
Which branch of philosophy deals primarily with the rightness and wrongness of actions?
Ethics
Which of the following is the best way to describe how the term ethics is viewed in the academic world?
Ethics is a branch of philosophy dealing with morality.
What is one way to describe the relationship of ethics to philosophy?
Ethics is a branch of philosophy focusing on whether actions are praiseworthy or not
Which of these terms refers to human well-being, happiness, and flourishing?
Eudaimonia
Which of the following best summarizes Plato's belief of ethics?
Eudaimonia is our highest aim, and arete is needed to achieve this.
Which of these would Leibniz agree with?
Everything needs a reason.
What is the premise of the cosmological argument?
Everything that exists is caused by something else.
Which of the following is considered most effective by those who value critical thinking when making arguments?
Evidence
Which of the following is the best example of doing philosophy, as described in this lesson?
Examining issues and weighing different ways of approaching questions about life
What philosophical concept did Friedrich Nietzsche advocate?
Existentialism
Which of these recognizes the existence of a person as free to decide the course of his or her own life and actions?
Existentialism
Rather than attacking the speaker to shoot down an argument, we should address the speaker's position with what two things?
Facts and logical analysis
Why doesn't sociology attempt to judge or disprove religious doctrine?
Faith is based on conviction rather than scientific evidence.
Which of the following is FAKE about fallacies?
Fallacies are always used by people with good intentions.
Which of the following is accurate about fallacies?
Fallacies may be intentional or unintentional.
Which of the following is one of the Five Pillars of Islam?
Fasting during the month of Ramadan
A fallacy is a:
Faulty argument
The social movement that advocates equality for women in social, cultural, and economic spheres is referred to as what?
Feminism
The ethics of care is often described as:
Feminist ethics
Which of the following is a major faith aspect of Confucianism?
Filial Piety
Socrates proposed all of the following, except:
Finding answers is more important than asking questions
What point of view is central to the phenomenological method?
First-person point of view
What does the principle of sufficient reason, usually linked to Gottfried Leibniz, state?
For every state of affairs or true proposition, there is an explanation of why it is the way it is.
According to Plato, 2+2=4 is a
Form
Which is NOT a step of the scientific method?
Formulate the setting event
According to Helen Longino, which of the following is helpful in building scientific knowledge?
Forums for criticism
The idea that the Earth is at the center of the universe is most related to:
Geocentrism
Which of the following countries did NOT have a successful Marxist revolution?
Germany
In the 'Allegory of the Cave,' the story is represented as a dialogue between Socrates and whom of the following?
Glaucon
In what way might a believer in divine command theory argue that belief in God is different than belief in a sea monster?
God is more than just one individual object or creature. God is the nature of the universe.
What does the cosmological argument suppose?
God is the first cause of the universe.
What is the premise of the ontological argument?
God, being defined as most great or perfect of all beings, must exist, since a God who exists is greater than a God who does not.
According to Haraway, which of the following is accurate?
Greater objectivity can be gained by acknowledging one's own life perspective.
Which of the following cases is an example of the Appeal to Popularity Fallacy?
Hannah's friend is pressuring her to become a cheerleader because the rest of the school has rated this activity as the most attractive.
What is the main purpose of the active intellect, according to Al-Farabi?
Happiness
An example of a naturalistic fallacy is:
Having good health involves physical fitness. Therefore, I should get regular exercise.
In what way was Berkeley an idealist in his philosophical views?
He argued that mind-independent things do not exist.
Which of these is NOT true of James?
He believed faith without evidence is immoral.
Which of the following is the best way to describe how Hume critiqued social contract theory?
He believed that there are more often other methods by which governments rise to power, such as conquest.
In what way was Berkeley an empiricist in his philosophical views?
He believed that what we know comes from sense experience.
How could Sisyphus be happy living such a futile life?
He can experience freedom since he is able to see the absurdity of his life.
Why was Socrates sentenced to death?
He corrupted the youth of the city with his philosophical ideas.
How did Pascal prove that vacuums existed?
He demonstrated that the space at the top of a barometer is a vacuum.
How was Heraclitus different from most of the Presocratics?
He identified change as a constant in the universe.
Which of the following BEST represents Socrates' statements at the end of his trial, after being sentenced to death in The Apology?
He is glad that he himself has lived a life of justice and warns those conducting the trial that they will be viewed as unjust.
How does Socrates explain why an oracle said there was no one wiser than him in The Apology?
He is humble enough to recognize that he really knows nothing.
All of these statements are correct about Bertrand Russell's philosophical views EXCEPT:
He made observations by attending to research laboratories and university classrooms.
How does Thomas Hobbes differ from St. Aquinas and St. Augustine?
He thought that what we should do may vary depending on the situation.
Why was Socrates' quest for truth considered so dangerous by Athenian society?
He was ultimately questioning religious beliefs, which in turn threatened the very foundations of Athenian society.
Which of the following is accurate regarding Albert Camus?
He wrote the essay Myth of Sisyphus and is often associated with existentialism in society.
Which of the following would Plato argue is the least likely to help you understand reality?
Hearing second-hand information from a friend
Classical utilitarian philosophers like Bentham, and their precursor, Epicurus, are often described as:
Hedonists
Which of these philosophers argued that we should question and criticize science to promote objectivity?
Helen Longino
Your friend tells you that she was cured from a flu by drinking a tea made with rose petals. Why shouldn't you assume that rose petals will cure you if you have the flu?
Her argument lacks evidence and may be faulty.
Which of these believed man is still in the creation process?
Hick
When reading a sacred text, Louisa comes across the line, ''Thou art thou'' to describe how everyone is related to the most sacred soul of god. Louis is most likely reading a _____ text.
Hindu
What religion involves the system of ethical and moral responsibility known as Dharma?
Hinduism
Which of the following is a Pantheistic religion?
Hinduism
Which of these are polytheistic?
Hinduism
Which of these is NOT one of the monotheistic, Abrahamic religions?
Hinduism
Lindy believes that the self is part of a larger whole, but her friend Geoff believes that because everyone is part of a larger whole, there is no such thing as a self. Lindy is closer to the philosophy of _____, whereas Geoff is closer to the beliefs of _____.
Hinduism; Buddhism
Which of these would de Beauvoir most likely agree with?
History has treated woman as inferior to man.
When philosophers question persistence, what are they debating?
How we can go about proving that we are the same person across time
Which of these have the power to exist for themselves?
Humans
Which of these would Baron d'Holbach most likely agree with?
Humans are governed by physical laws.
What is the moral argument for the existence of God?
Humans are moral because we have God's perfection as a measuring stick.
Which of these men was an empiricist?
Hume
In order to properly function in our daily lives, we must rely on some of our beliefs. This description corresponds to _____.
Hume's approach to skepticism
Susan always thought that male cats should not be castrated because it was cruel. A few weeks ago her best friend's cat was diagnosed with a disease that, according to the vet, could have been prevented with early castration. Susan accepted this information, and now she advocates preventive surgery in cats. This is an example of which critical thinking skill?
Humility
Which of the following is a logical fallacy of affirming the consequent, if the following is true: If I use caffeine too often, then I feel more tired in everyday life.
I feel more tired in everyday life. Therefore, I must have used caffeine too often.
Which of the following is a logical argument if the following is true: If I have caffeine, I'll have extra energy.
I had caffeine. Therefore, I will have extra energy.
Which portion of the argument affirms the consequent, if the argument is: If I have caffeine, I'll have extra energy. I have extra energy, so I must have had caffeine.
I have extra energy, so I must have had caffeine.
Which of the following best describes circular reasoning?
I start an argument with a conclusion I assume to be true.
Which of the following quotes is Descartes most famous for writing? (As translated into English.)
I think, therefore I am.
Which of these would Locke agree with?
Identity is not made up of material substance.
Which of the following is the antecedent in this statement: If I move to the ocean-side, then I can go swimming in the summer.
If I move to the ocean-side
Which of the following involves the fallacy of denying the antecedent?
If I move to the ocean-side, I can go swimming in the summer. I am not moving to the ocean-side. Therefore, I cannot go swimming in the summer.
If written out in letter form, the slippery slope fallacy would best be written out as:
If we allow A, then B, C, D, and E will occur. So A will ultimately cause E to happen.
Which of the following fictional statements is the best example of a slippery slope fallacy?
If we allow employees to use the internet on the job, then they will use it all day, then pretty soon their work suffers, then they will completely stop working, until finally the company goes bankrupt.
What argument could a manager make that would also be a slippery slope fallacy?
If we approve of these changes, employees will give a better effort, which will improve profits, which will allow us to open another location, which will lead to a monopoly in the industry.
What is the best way to live life, according to Plato's philosophy?
In pursuit of virtue
Rand recommends that human beings act in what way?
In their own rational self-interest
Why did Marx and Engels dislike industrialized societies?
Industrialized societies turned out to be basically unequal, unjust and abusive of the poor.
In 'Beyond God the Father', Daly suggest that the god of her new religion should be treated as which of the following?
Intransitive verb
Skepticism:
Involves having a healthy questioning attitude about new information that you are exposed to and not blindly believing everything everyone tells you
Which of these philosophers saw evil as a tool of discipline?
Irenaeus
Which of the following best describes Irenaeus' beliefs?
Irenaeus believed evil exists to make us better people.
Which of these did Russell write?
Is There a God?
What words did Hume find troublesome when authors jump from one to the other?
Is and ought
Which of the following is the best example of a debate within epistemology?
Is some knowledge intuitive?
The Five Pillars are an important aspect of which religion?
Islam
Which was the fastest-growing religion of the second half of the 20th century?
Islam
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the non-contradiction principle?
It argues that what is true cannot be in conflict with what is already known.
Which of the following statements is TRUE about a Slippery Slope Fallacy?
It claims that if one specific thing happens, it will lead to other steps which assure a specific outcome.
Which of the following statements is TRUE about a Post Hoc Fallacy?
It claims that one event is directly caused by another event without supporting evidence.
What did Russell believe about the universe?
It had no purpose.
Which of the following is true of Confucianism?
It has a code of conduct that deals with attitude, motivation, and behavior.
Why is epistemology useful?
It helps us evaluate the world around us.
Which of the following expresses the views of natural law according to St. Aquinas and St. Augustine?
It is God's law made known to man through his reason.
What did Locke believe about the world outside of our ideas?
It is a real, physical world, separate from the mind.
What did Heraclitus believe concerning the universe?
It is continually changing.
Why does Rand say a rational egoist won't act in destructive ways?
It is in the interest of a rational egoist to live in a stable society.
What does it mean for ethics to be relative to a culture, in Benedict's view?
It is not possible to consider the topic of morality without looking at the cultural context.
What is an example of a religion that is BOTH monotheistic AND polytheistic by literal definition?
It is not possible, in theory to be both monotheistic and polytheistic.
According to Hobbes, why would an individual submit to living in a law-abiding society rather than in a state of complete freedom?
It is preferable to live under the law than live in a fearful and violent state.
How does the Marxist perspective view class struggle?
It is the driving force for social change.
Why is this a fallacy? A car salesman emphasizes only the top-selling car to customers at a car dealership.
It is trying to convince the customer to buy based solely on the popularity of the vehicle, whether or not it actually fits their real needs.
What does eliminative materialsim argue concerning folk psychology?
It is wrong.
According to Plato's ideas, what happens to the soul after death?
It moves to another body.
Which of the following did Husserl argue about the study of consciousness?
It must be handled differently than the way scientists study nature
How might you MOST ACCURATELY describe the origins of the Socratic method which still influences teaching today?
It originated in ancient times as part of the philosophical tradition.
Which of the following statements is TRUE about a Begging the Question Fallacy?
It starts an argument with a conclusion that appears as one of the premises.
Which of the following is TRUE about polytheism?
It was the norm for much of human history.
What did Clifford think of belief without evidence?
It's immoral.
Which answer would be the one most in line with Occam's razor if you came to work and noticed the printer has jammed?
It's just a typical malfunction of the printer's mechanical gears
What did Paley surmise about the universe?
Its creator was intelligent.
Jamison likes to use the Socratic Method approach with his students. Which of the following formats would you most expect Jamison to use?
Jamison engages students in conversation and discussion.
What Christian sect did Pascal become a fervent convert to?
Jansenism
Which of the following is an example of a Denying the Antecedent Fallacy?
Jean argues that Mary couldn't understand what it is like to live in tropical weather because she isn't from Colombia.
What term is used to describe the idea of goodness in Confucianism?
Jen
When Barbara thinks about people in other parts of the world who live in poverty, she feels great compassion and concern for them. In Confucianism, her feelings could be considered evidence of _____.
Jen, which is inward goodness and humaneness
Which of the following statements is NOT a belief about God shared by Jews, Christians, and Muslims?
Jesus is God's son.
Who believed that a person begins life as a blank slate?
John Locke
Who defined the social contract as individuals agreeing to give up some freedoms in exchange for the government's protection of other freedoms?
John Locke
In which of the following examples is there a Black or White Fallacy?
John is an employee who loves his job but is not making a lot of money. His daughter told him that he needs to either ask for a promotion or find a new job.
A very brief way to sum up Rawls' approach to justice is the phrase:
Justice as fairness
Which of the following best represents Plato's view of justice?
Justice is a virtue, a condition the soul.
Which of the following belief is common to the political philosophy of both Plato and Aristotle?
Justice is part of living the good life.
Which of the following best represents Aristotle's view of justice?
Justice is people getting what they deserve.
Which philosopher proposed an original stage of human development that focuses on seeking pleasure above all else?
Kierkegaard
In which of the following cases is there an 'appeal to nature' argument?
Kim argues that it is better to cure a flu with herbal tea than with pharmaceuticals because herbs are natural and humans are meant to use natural resources.
What is often called justified true belief?
Knowledge
Karl Popper argued for which of the following views?
Knowledge is only science if it is falsifiable.
Which of the following is the highest type of knowledge, according to Plato?
Knowledge of the Forms
What did Socrates claim he encouraged his students to do in The Apology?
Learn to think for themselves
Which of these men is linked to the cosmological argument for God?
Leibniz
What is ritual called in Confucianism?
Li
Bryce is a strong believer in actions to go along with inner thoughts. He not only thinks about caring for family members, he also drives an hour each way to visit and bring his home-bound grandparents groceries every Saturday. In addition to Jen, Bryce is also demonstrating the Confucian principle of _____.
Li, or propriety and ritual
What is the best kind of life to live, according to Aristotle?
Life as a philosopher
How can we arrive at a conclusion on a given topic?
Linking information together to form a specific claim
Marcus Aurelius described what role a person ought to play in the cosmos. How did he describe this role?
Live as a citizen of the cosmic city
In Taoism, which of the following is a way to get closer to the truth of everything?
Live simply
Which philosopher believed that men must reach an agreement on how to govern themselves and have the power to overthrow an unjust government, as well as the notion that the state of nature is preferable to living under an unjust ruler?
Locke
Which philosopher held that our identity remains the same over time?
Locke
Who held the belief that 'a person is only the same person if he remembers being that person'?
Locke
Which branch of philosophy would be your most likely pick if you were specifically interested to learn to construct better arguments?
Logic
What is critical thinking?
Making well-informed decisions based on logical, supporting evidence
Daly used 'Beyond God the Father' to argue against the construction of god using exclusively what type of terms?
Male
In Book Five of The Republic, Plato suggests that _____ and _____ should be communal, and happen only at designated times during the year.
Marriage; procreation
Which political philosophy advocated for a revolution that results in the seizure of property from the wealthy as well as the abolishment of private property rights and class distinction?
Marxism
Which author raised objections to the Bible using masculine language to describe God?
Mary Daly
How does a thought experiment work? (Person)
Mary Wollstonecraft
Which author advised women against false sensibility?
Mary Wollstonecraft
Who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women?
Mary Wollstonecraft
Which of the following was NOT one of the changes instituted after Vatican II?
Mass spoken in Latin
What would Berkeley argue cannot be said to exist?
Material qualities of an object
Which of these were written by Descartes?
Meditations on First Philosophy
Which of the following social situations BEST demonstrates patriarchy?
Men are the dominant authority in society.
Which of these is true?
Merleau-Ponty believed the mind and the body are interconnected.
Which branch of philosophy is mainly focused on answering questions related to what is real?
Metaphysics
Which field of philosophy studies reality?
Metaphysics
All of these statements are also correct EXCEPT:
Metaphysics focuses on determining which actions are praiseworthy.
In what way was Mill different in his views on pleasure when compared with Bentham?
Mill did not view every pleasure as equal to one another.
What is the best term to describe someone who doubts whether we can ever know whether God exists, but does not doubt that at least some things can be known in other areas of life?
Modified skeptic
The idea that there is no separation between the physical world and the unseen world describes which philosophy?
Monism
Which of these statements is true?
Monism is usually linked to the East.
How might a theist view morality?
Moral laws are determined by God.
What is one way to sum up the concept of ethical subjectivism?
Moral statements are only ever the opinion and experience of the person saying the statement.
Ethics is known as the philosophy of what?
Morality
What is the main focus of ethics?
Morality and questions about how people should act or how they believe they should act
Which of the following is an example of an appeal to popularity fallacy?
Most people say that the police use radar in unfair ways. Therefore, the use of radar should be banned.
Zeno's paradox of the bow tried to demonstrate Parmenides' theory with a series of paradoxes. Zeno tried to prove that:
Motion is impossible
Which of the following is the best way that Tasha could explain her rabbit's situation to the vet, to avoid using a post hoc fallacy?
My rabbit is sick. I suspect it could be related to the new food I just purchased.
The Presocratics were mostly concerned with explaining
Nature
An appeal to nature connects the following two elements in one argument:
Nature and morality
Which philosopher argued that his philosophy was the only way to become an Übermensch?
Nietzsche
Which philosopher believed that people should avoid alcohol as well as a belief in God or Christianity?
Nietzsche
Regarding Plato's Theory of Forms, can you and I ever create the Form of Square?
No
I believe that knowledge can be obtained with certainty in all areas of life. What am I?
None of the answers are correct.
Which of the following best describes Hume's beliefs about government?
None of the answers are correct.
Which of the following is a justified claim?
None of the answers are correct.
If scientists found a correlation between people who drink more coffee and those who lose their hair at a higher rate, which of the following would be an accurate claim?
None of the answers is correct.
According to Bertrand Russell, which of these is part of the reality of an object?
None of these are part of the reality of an object.
Which of the following types of religion tends to focus on ethics instead of a god?
Nontheistic
Why is it a fallacy to say that all well-dressed customers will have credit problems?
Not all customers will match this stereotype.
Which of these would James most likely agree with?
Not all events are predetermined.
Why is Locke's theory of perception described as causal?
Objects have qualities that cause us to have sensations.
'Plurality should not be posited without necessity' is the principle we know as:
Occam's razor
According to Locke, why would a society change from the State of Nature to a civil government?
Once war over property begins, a social contract is needed to end the dispute.
How does Benedict view modern civilization?
One possibility among many possibiities
What is a normal action, according to Benedict?
One which falls well within the limits of expected behavior for a particular society.
What is the impact of double-consciousness, according to Du Bois?
One's own knowledge and sense of self are negatively affected.
The ethics of care theory focuses on what aspect of our actions?
Our response to other people in specific and varied situations
What is the natural attitude, according to Husserl?
Our typical view that the world around us simply exists separately from us
According to Bentham, what are the two sovereign masters of human beings?
Pain and pleasure
Which of these philosophers is famous for his teleological arguments for God?
Paley
Who of these men strongly supported the Teleological Argument?
Paley
Which of the following is TRUE about pantheism?
Pantheism holds that God and the universe are the same.
Which of the following best describes Pantheism?
Pantheism is the religious or spiritual belief that God and creation are not separate beings but one and the same.
A social system that gives men absolute power and authority is operating which of the following?
Patriarchy
Which of these philosophers asserted that what we call self comes from the physical working of a physical brain?
Paul Churchland
Which of the following best describes the theory of constructivism?
People construct knowledge through their experiences and interactions with the world.
What is one reason Camus is skeptical of the need for a specific set of ethical rules?
People who are focused on morality still often behave poorly in the world.
What is one reason that we should avoid making ad hominem fallacies in our writing or speaking?
People will assume that we don't have enough facts or evidence to support our position
Which of the following is the best example of a subjective opinion, based on the information provided in the lesson?
People worry too much about the impact of distracted driving.
What are impressions, according to philosopher David Hume?
Perceptions of the mind based on fleeting experiences
Which of these were written by Merleau-Ponty?
Phenomenology of Perception
Which of these is true of the characters in Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion?
Philo asserted it's irrational to believe nature proves God's existence.
Which of these works were written by Kierkegaard?
Philosophical Fragments
What is the name of the study of how we understand our existence?
Philosophy
What is the best way to express Al-Farabi's belief about the relationship between religion and philosophy?
Philosophy and religion are highly related.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Plato's Forms?
Physical
To study Socrates' philosophy one must rely on the writings of _____, which makes it challenging.
Plato
Which philosopher believed that people should live under a monarchy where people should live as one family with property rights held in common by the public?
Plato
Which philosopher held that the soul exists prior to being joined to the body?
Plato
Who wrote the Republic and formulated the Theory of Forms?
Plato
Which of the following is a key difference between Plato and Aristotle's political philosophy?
Plato thought that private property and the family unit should be eliminated while Aristotle disagreed.
'The world is made up of reflections of more perfect and ideal forms.' This is a statement that describes _____.
Plato's understanding of forms
In Book Ten of The Republic, Socrates states that these people should be banned from a just city as they lead people away from the truth:
Poets
Which of the following is a reasonable argument and does not use the appeal to ignorance fallacy?
Poisonous snakes are native to this area, so we should wear protective clothing.
Of which academic discipline is Aristotle considered a founding figure?
Political science
What is one reason why politics are important to Aristotle?
Politics influence the creation of cities that help or hinder human beings in developing the good habits of a virtuous life
Which approach to religion provides the greatest amount of flexibility?
Polytheism
The ancient Greek religion recognized many deities in its pantheon. The chief of the gods who ruled over all of them and was most powerful was Zeus. This religion was _____.
Polytheistic
Which Pope called the Second Vatican Council?
Pope John XXIII
In Postmodern Blackness, what aspect of society does hooks say is of particular interest to the resistance struggle to overcome oppression?
Popular culture
Which of the following is FAKE about a decision based on popularity?
Popularity is the best strategy to choose the most appealing things or ideals.
Daly refers to the books written after 'The Church and the Second Sex' as what phase of her career?
Post-Christian
Which of the following terms best describes a movement that questions previous modes of practice and whether one set of truths exists?
Postmodernism
Which one of these were not one of Nietzsche's suggestions for life?
Pray daily
Which philosophical view focuses on telling people how they should behave?
Prescriptive morality
All of these statements (2) are correct EXCEPT:
Prescriptive morality focuses on describing how people believe they should behave.
Prescriptive morality is focused on:
Prescriptive morality is focused on prescribing how a person should behave.
A main feature of the fallacy known as false dilemma is the use of which of the following?
Presenting options as though one of them must be true if the others are false
Through examining dice and conversing with his colleague, Fermat, what mathematical field did Pascal pioneered?
Probability theory
Janet is taking part in a seminar which is run by a facilitator who uses the Socratic method. Considering what you know of this method, which of the following would you expect Janet to feel as she participates in seminar discussion in order to learn key concepts?
Productive discomfort
How would you describe the everyday routines of our daily lives, such as getting dressed and brushing our hair?
Profane
Marx termed the wage earning class, who were also property-poor, the:
Proletariat
Identify the theory that explores how a person's mind and memories tie his or her identity together as a coherent sense of self.
Psychological continuity theory
Which of the following is true of the appeal to popularity fallacy?
Public opinion plays a primary role in the argument.
What is the best term to describe a person who holds the view that we cannot say whether knowledge can be obtained or not?
Pyrrhonian skeptic
What idea says that we cannot say for sure whether we can know anything?
Pyrrhonian skepticism
Which of the following individuals believed numbers were the way to truth and reality, and for this reason, he is related to philosophy?
Pythagoras
Which of these philosophers believed numbers to be the way to truth and knowledge?
Pythagoras
If the purpose of a knife is to cut things, what is the purpose, or telos, of human beings?
Ration and logic
Where does ultimate reality reside, according to Plato?
Realm of Forms
Which of the following was argued by Kant?
Reason helps us to understand how the mind operates.
Confucianism does not believe in which concept?
Reincarnation
Confucianists believe in placing morality and tradition above one's self-interests. What do they call this concept?
Ren
Which philosopher was French, and is often called the 'Father of Modern Philosophy'?
René Descartes
The apparent backwards motion of a planet against the background of stars is known as:
Retrograde motion
Due to its many requirements, such as Filial Piety, Confucianism is often referred to as the _____.
Ritual Religion
Whose contribution to the scientific method was his emphasis on experimentation?
Roger Bacon
A Vindication of the Rights of Women was influenced by:
Romanticism and the French Revolution
Which of these men argued against the evidence for the existence of God?
Russell
Which of these men compared dualism to believing that ghosts inhabited machines?
Ryle
Who argued that believing a mystical mind controls the body is as ludicrous as believing ghosts control machines?
Ryle
In which of the following cases does a person adhere to the philosophy of Determinism?
Sara believes that man has circumstantial freedom but lacks metaphysical freedom.
Which of the following is considered to be a strong contributor to Hume's philosophy?
Science and natural laws
The Amish are an example of which type of religious organization?
Sect
Which would Hume agree with?
Self is just an idea formed by our impressions.
What did Hobbes think was a fundamental good for humankind?
Self-preservation
According to Locke, knowledge comes from experience that is either:
Sensation or reflection
How might a constructivist theorist describe knowledge overall?
Shared beliefs and ideas
Which of the following is an example of an equivocation fallacy?
Silence is golden. Gold has monetary value. Therefore, silence is worth money.
Which of these is NOT true?
Simone de Beauvoir did not blame woman for her perceived inferiority.
Which of the following words might indicate a premise:
Since
What are the three core skills involved in critical thinking?
Skepticism, curiosity, and humility
According to John Locke's conception of the social contract, why do people allow the government to exist?
So that it will protect their rights.
What term can best be used to describe work intended to research how people come to their beliefs and what impact this has on their lives?
Social epistemology
According to Aristotle, what makes a true form of government?
Societies in which the one, or the few, or the many, govern with a view to the common interest
Plato was the student of this earlier Greek philosopher, who is also a key figure in most of his books:
Socrates
Which of these philosophers noticed that most people tend to assume themselves to be wiser than they are and that his own wisdom was in knowing that he was ignorant?
Socrates
Which of these philosophers was accused of corrupting the youth, impiety, and making other people look foolish?
Socrates
Which of these philosophers was known to never write down any of his own philosophical thoughts?
Socrates
Who believed that a philosopher king is all that is needed to create a just society?
Socrates
Who did Plato attribute the original idea of defined forms as the universal, eternal ideals that make up reality?
Socrates
Who is on trial in the text The Apology?
Socrates
Who was sentenced to death for 'teaching atheism' and forced to drink poison (hemlock juice)?
Socrates
What approach does Socrates use in Plato's Euthyphro to examine the topic of ethics?
Socrates claims to want to learn from Euthyphro.
Which of the following methods can be described as an open-forum discussion?
Socratic method
How does Hume view beliefs that are formed by custom and habit?
Some of these beliefs are necessary in order to live our day-to-day lives.
How do philosophers view the naturalistic fallacy?
Some philosophers believe this form of argument is a fallacy while others do not believe it is always a fallacy to argue this way.
What does modified skepticism say about knowledge?
Some things can be known, but other things cannot be known.
Which of these philosophers defined natural law as God's law made known to man through reason?
St. Augustine
Which of the following is an accurate statement about Stace's views?
Stace believed that if you want to be happy, it's best to cultivate your morality.
Which stage of Soren Kierkegaard's theory of human existence is the ethical stage?
Stage II
Which of the following did not make a significant contribution to the development of Marxist thought?
Stalin
In the lesson, which action of the owner can be seen as relying on the slippery slope fallacy to make her case?
Stating that the posting of personal photos will lead to inappropriate images in the office that can get the company sued
Which of these statements is INCORRECT?
Stoicism states that happiness can be achieved through virtue, intelligence, beauty, and several other factors.
Which of the following people argued that a just society should be free of gender expectations?
Susan Orkin
What is a main problem Rachels sees in the view of rational egoism?
Sympathy is a fundamental part of human psychology.
10+4=14 is an example of which type of knowledge, according to Kant?
Synthetic a priori
What are ethics?
Systems of morality
What term can be used to describe the legacy of privileged groups of people dominating less privileged groups?
Systems of oppression
Which philosophy emerged from Ancient China?
Taoism
What did Aristotle call something's primary purpose or reason for existence?
Telos
What did Karl Popper mean when he argued that scientific knowledge must be falsifiable?
That science can be disproven as new evidence contradicts it.
What is the overall argument of A Vindication of the Rights of Women?
That women's proper education would make them better able to raise families and run households
The Republic by Plato contains which of the following?
The Allegory of the Cave
Which of these statements can not be proven as true?
The Broncos are the best team ever.
Which piece of writing outlines the concepts of Marxism?
The Communist Manifesto
Our main source of information on Socrates comes from _____.
The Dialogues of Plato
Which one did William James write?
The Dilemma of Determinism
Siddhartha Gautama is sometimes referred to as _____.
The Enlightened One
Which of these was written by Jean Grimshaw?
The Idea of a Female Ethic
Marxism has been used to explain what current characteristic of the international system?
The North-South Gap
Which one did Russell write?
The Problems of Philosophy
What was inspired by the culture and ideas of the Ancient Greek civilization?
The Renaissance
Which of the following books was written by the feminist author Simone de Beauvoir?
The Second Sex
Which of these was written by Simone de Beauvoir?
The Second Sex
Which of these were written by Baron d'Holbach?
The System of Nature
Which of the following religious concepts is originally found in the Torah?
The Ten Commandments
How are the Torah and the Christian Bible similar? How are they different?
The Torah is the Old Testament, while the Christian Bible contains the Old and New Testament.
Which of these were written by William James?
The Will to Believe
What does Epicurus mean when he talks about pleasure in Letter to Menoeceus?
The absence of pain in the body and of trouble in the soul
According to Al-Farabi's philosophy, what plays a key role in helping a person move from potentially knowing to actually knowing?
The active intellect
Choose the best way to explain the problem used in naturalistic fallacies?
The argument jumps from facts to value judgments.
One way to summarize the approach of the utilitarian philosophy is:
The best action is the one that increases pleasure for the greatest number of people.
Which of these would Merleau-Ponty most likely agree with?
The body is a subject.
What is aesthetics?
The branch of philosophy that studies our beliefs about art and beauty
According to Plato, what are 'innate ideas'?
The concepts that are present in our minds at birth.
Equivocation can best be described as:
The confusion of meanings
Which of the following is TRUE about Vatican II?
The council is often seen as the most important event in Catholicism of the 20th century.
What is curiosity?
The desire to learn more information and seek evidence
What did Adam Smith mean when he referred to the invisible hand?
The efforts of individuals to help themselves often end up helping society.
Which of the following can be said about religions that have originated in Asian countries?
The epistemology of religions is varied and has changed over time.
The ethics of care is often contrasted with which of the following?
The ethics of justice
According to Descartes, which of the following is NOT accurate?
The existence of a mind depends on a body for it to inhabit.
Which of the following did Locke reject?
The existence of innate ideas
Which of these would Churchland disagree with?
The existence of the mind is proved by modern medicine.
What theme is highlighted in the work of Du Bois, Cooper, and King?
The experience of being black in America affects a person's sense of self and knowledge about the world.
What is notable about the history of religion in Egypt?
The first historical reference we have for monotheism comes from Egypt.
Which of the following best describes the concept of Forms?
The images we see in the world are only vague or inaccurate representations of the 'true' images, known as Forms.
What is most central to the philosophy of existentialists?
The individual
What did René Descartes mean by I think, therefore I am?
The individual's ability to question existence proves that we do exist.
Gilligan and Noddings emphasize the importance of which of the following?
The interdependence of human beings
The name for the appeal to ignorance fallacy comes from what aspect of it?
The lack of information used to come to a conclusion
Which of the following statement BEST describes Circumstantial freedom?
The liberty to accomplish a goal or an action without the intervention of obstacles.
What prompted the ideologies of Marxism and the Communist Manifesto to form?
The lives of the impoverished brought on by the Industrial Revolution
Plato argued that a person can get closest to accessing knowledge about the Forms through which of the following?
The methods of philosophy and our reason
Kant was most interested in which of the following:
The motivations behind our actions
According to Heraclitus, what is logos?
The natural law that holds the world in one piece
Which of the following is most closely associated with the views of Thomas Kuhn?
The observation of paradigm shifts in science
The primary problem with the false dilemma fallacy is:
The options provided in the argument are too limited
Locke believed that our ideas about the world are:
The perception of a physical object in one's mind
What condition must be met for a person to be considered morally responsible for an action?
The person must have acted voluntarily.
Which of the following best summarizes Okin's point of view?
The personal is political.
In general, what does it mean for a contemporary philosopher to have a feminist perspective?
The philosopher wants to establish greater equality for all genders.
To what domain did Rawls direct his views of justice?
The political domain
Which of the following is typically important to pragmatists?
The practical application of beliefs.
What is telos?
The primary purpose, or reason for existence, that all things have
In the allegory of the cave, who will suspect that the freed prisoner, upon his return to the cave, must have had 'his eyes corrupted?'
The prisoners in the cave
What is reasoning?
The process of constructing thoughts into an argument
Which of the following is a major difference between Pantheism and monotheistic religions?
The removal of transcendence
How does Locke describe secondary qualities?
The result of action of primary qualities on the organs
Which of the following statements does Leibniz reject?
The senses are the basis for all knowledge.
Which of the following best represents the allegorical meaning of the shadowy figures the prisoners can see on the wall of the cave?
The shadowy figures on the wall represent the prisoners' imperfect understanding; because they can't turn their heads, they believe what they see must be real.
Occam's razor is best described as:
The simplest explanation of some sort of observation in nature is the one that is most likely to be correct
Which of the following is an example of a primary quality of a particular box, according to Locke?
The size of the box
Which of these would a dualist most likely agree with?
The soul exists apart from the body.
Which of these would Plato most likely agree with?
The soul exists prior to the body.
Which of these would Socrates most likely agree with?
The soul is immortal.
From Hume's point of view, what are we justified in believing?
The sun will probably rise tomorrow.
What would Hume recognize as an impression?
The taste of food
Which of the following terms was developed by Leibniz?
The term 'monads' to describe the primary elements which make up the universe.
What theory did Baron d'Holbach espouse in the 18th century?
The theory of materialism
What is sense-data, according to Russell?
The things that are immediately known in sensation, such as colors, sounds, smells, etc.
What does the Final Cause in Aristotle's metaphysics describe?
The ultimate purpose of being
Which of the following would Plato say is our most precious ability?
The use of our reason
What is normative chauvinism?
The view that one's tradition of philosophy is the best and only way to approach philosophy
What are the two main worlds Plato describes as two sections of his divided line?
The visible world and the intelligible world
Which group did Marx identify with the term 'Proletariat'?
The working class
What is the most powerful force in shaping a person's morals and norms, according to Benedict?
Their culture
Rhonda is a devout Christian who regards the Bible as absolute proof that God exists. Rhonda would be considered a(n)
Theist
From Santayana's point of view, what can be said of morality?
There are many forms of morality.
What is happening when a person attacks a speaker instead of the argument?
There is an ad hominem attack.
Which of these is true according to eastern metaphysics?
There is no distinction between the seen and the unseen.
Which of these would Grimshaw most likely agree with?
There is no inborn difference between the intellect of men and women.
What does Hume conclude about human knowledge?
There is no justification for most of our beliefs.
In general, what do existentialists say about the meaning of life?
There is no meaning in life except what meaning we give it.
Which of the following best expresses bell hooks' thoughts in her essay Postmodern Blackness?
There is no one Black experience.
Finish this sentence in order to create a false dilemma fallacy: The unexplained noises in the attic are either due to the house settling or...
There is paranormal activity occurring.
Which of the following words often indicates a conclusion:
Therefore
Finish this sentence in order to create an appeal to popularity fallacy: The public likes to learn about the lives of celebrities.
Therefore, celebrity news is the most important information to the function of the country.
Finish this sentence in order to create an equivocation fallacy: I have a right to my opinion.
Therefore, my opinion is right.
Finish the following to complete the example of what denying the antecedent fallacy looks like in letters (the antecedent is A, and the consequent is C): If A, then C. Not A.
Therefore, not C.
What did Spinoza say about the feelings and ideas that come from our sensory experience?
These only give us a partial picture of how things presently are for the person doing the observing.
What did Socrates, Plato and Augustine have in common?
They all believed in the idea of an immortal soul.
Which of these is the best summary of Nietzsche's views on Christian beliefs?
They are erroneous and only serve to chain men.
Why do females have the tendency to relate to an ethics of care approach when making ethical decisions?
They are taught the value of caring from a young age.
According to Descartes, are the senses useful? Why or why not?
They are useful, because they help us move around the world and perform everyday activities.
Which of the following is the most reasonable argument to explain why a math professor is qualified to teach math?
They have experience and education in math
Why are some nontheistic religions also called 'ethical religions'?
They revolve around morals instead of a god's commandments.
Which of these is true of the Presocratics?
They sought rational reasons for natural phenomenon.
How was the rest of the world affected by Vatican II?
They viewed the Catholic church as more open and involved in world affairs.
Which of the following is an example of begging the question?
This quiz is difficult because its level of challenge is high.
Which of these philosophers took a descriptive approach to natural law?
Thomas Hobbes
Which of the following phrase is associated with George Berkeley?
To be is to be perceived
What is the purpose of comparative philosophy?
To consider how different philosophical traditions address core problems
What is the purpose of the scientific method?
To establish scientific knowledge, or modify existing knowledge.
What did Muslim philosophers of his time, along Al-Farabi himself, believe was a key goal of their work?
To obtain greater knowledge of the intellect
Which of the following best represents the obligation of the 'enlightened philosopher?'
To return to the cave and present the prisoners with the nature of reality.
The concept of mind-body dualism has had a lasting impact on our society's way of thinking about ourselves and is an idea present in many religious traditions as well.
True
What is the meaning of the term theodicy?
Trying to rectify God and evil
According to Kant, one way to determine if an action is a categorical imperative is whether you would make it what type of law?
Universal
As demonstrated by Plato's Theory of Forms, what are humans ethically compelled to do?
Use reason to understand the Realm of Forms
A main feature of the fallacy known as equivocation is the use of which of the following?
Using a word that has two different meanings in two different parts of your argument
What is another way to describe how a person might experience a priori knowledge, according to rationalists?
Using the mind to arrive at a conclusion, using only reason and not experience
Which ethics theory states that the best actions are those that increase pleasure for the largest number of people?
Utilitarianism
What is the only thing that can contribute to our unhappiness, according to stoic philosophy?
Vice
What does Russell argue concerning reality?
We can know nothing certain about it.
Which of the following might be a statement made by a total skeptic?
We can't know anything for sure about any area of life.
What is the main premise of skepticism?
We cannot know anything about the world with certainty.
Which of the following best describes the view of academic skepticism?
We cannot know anything about the world with certainty.
Which of the following best describes how we develop knowledge, from the perspective of a constructivist?
We develop knowledge by engaging with others and continually learning as we go.
How does Russell view the scientific concept of matter?
We experience matter indirectly but matter does exist in the physical world.
Which of the following regions is typically characterized by monotheistic religions?
Western Europe
Epistemology is particularly interested in which of the following questions?
What are the limits to our knowledge?
In the text Euthyphro, what question does Socrates repeatedly ask of the other character?
What is piety?
Which of the following questions was Kant most interested in answering?
What is pure reason capable of accomplishing?
Which of the following is the best example of a debate within metaphysics?
What is the nature of being?
Which of the following would be the position of an ethical relativist, according to Stace?
What is thought to be morally right in a culture is morally right for that culture.
In Buddhist traditions, what can be said about truth and knowledge?
What most people believe about the world are actually illusions.
What did Berkeley believe about objects?
What we describe as objects are really collections of ideas.
What were Hume's views on cause and effect?
What we see as cause and effect is a perception of two events being connected.
Broadly speaking, metaphysics involves the study of which of the following?
What, if anything, can be said to be real
What is the idea behind Adam Smith's invisible hand theory?
When individuals help themselves, they often end up helping society.
Which one of these questions is often asked in the study of epistemology?
Where does knowledge come from?
Which of the following is a subjective opinion of a laptop?
Whether or not you like the case of the laptop
Which of the following is the best example of a debate that might arise about what is true from a Hindu perspective?
Whether sacred texts are accurate testimony
Which of the following would Dewey argue matters the most when considering what is true?
Whether the belief helps solve a human problem.
According to Hume, which of the following is an important question for his philosophy to address?
Why do we believe what we do?
Which of these did William James write?
Will to Believe
Who argued that belief without evidence helps us get through life?
William James
Which of these philosophers said that the simplest explanation of an observation is the one that is most likely to be correct?
William of Ockham
In The Republic, Plato details the creation of a just city that has the following virtues or qualities that are also shared by its people: moderation, courage, justice, and _____.
Wisdom
How does the text Euthyphro end?
With Euthyphro excusing himself from the conversation
Which of the following is a solution proposed by Okin for how to deal with gender?
Work to eliminate the link between a person's sex and the role they play in the family and society
What is a Socratic dialogue?
Written works of Plato that describe his conversations with Socrates
According to most divine command theorists, can a non-religious person still behave in ways that are considered moral?
Yes
What benefit might you receive from the study of philosophy?
You can develop your ability to think critically about a variety of issues and ideas.
Why is it a problem to affirm the consequent?
You can miss out on other explanations for the consequent.
The problem with naturalistic fallacies is often described in what way?
You cannot derive an Ought from an Is.
What is one purpose of looking at the philosophies of cultures not your own?
You may discover different answers to philosophical questions than your own culture has developed.
Which of the following is an example of a categorical imperative?
You should not abuse animals.
The Principle of Individuation asserts that
a person keeps the same identity over time
I have 3 apples. If Kim gives me 2 apples, then I would have 5 apples. This is an example of _____ knowledge.
a priori
As a symbol of ideals of the American people, the American flag is treated with great respect. In this sense, it could be considered a secular example of _____.
a totem
Accoding to Nietzsche, what should replace belief in the Christian God?
academics
By sentencing Socrates to death, the Athenians:
accidentally helped preserve his legacy
A person who firmly doesn't believe in God but still belongs to a religion and believes in reincarnation can be called _____.
an athiest
Your friend tells you that she was cured from a flu drinking a tea made with rose petals. You know that this is a(n) _____, and it does not imply that rose petals can cure the flu.
anecdote
Which of these is how we mentally assimilate a new idea into old ones?
apperception
What is the formal cause of a newly built home?
blueprints
According to the cosmological argument, God is the universe's
cause of all
According to Aristotle's metaphysics, there are four _____.
causes of being
Choices and decisions are only physical impulses coming from our brain. This idea describes d'Holbach's beliefs about _____.
choice and free will
Using _____ reasoning to restate an argument's claim as evidence is also known as the Begging the Question Fallacy.
circular
Which type of freedom is the liberty to accomplish an action without interference from obstacles?
circumstantial
Intuition leads us to _____.
coming to a conclusion without a rational explanation
Which of the following is an effort to address the tendency to focus on philosophers from our own region, and improve our understanding of knowledge globally?
comparative philosophy
The correspondence theory asserts that truth must
correspond with experience and fact
All dogs have long ears. A poodle is a dog; therefore, poodles have long ears. This is an example of _____ reasoning.
deductive
Filial Piety is concerned with _____.
deep respect for one's elders
An atheist...
denies the existence of God
In philosophy, morality can be used in which set of ways?
descriptive or prescriptive
Which of these asserts there is only one course of events possible in the world?
determinism
Which of these espouse that there is no choice or freedom of will?
determinism
What school of thought asserts that the mind and body are separate?
dualism
Which of these assert that reality or existence is divided into two parts?
dualism
Which of these philosophical beliefs holds that reality or existence is divided into two parts?
dualism
Which school of thought asserts that existence is divided into two parts?
dualism
What is defined as the belief that all knowledge is derived from human senses?
empiricism
Which of these asserts that our physical senses are our only source of knowledge?
empiricism
Which school of thought argues that knowledge is only attained through the senses?
empiricism
Which school of thought asserts that all knowledge is derived from the senses?
empiricism
Which school of thought holds that all knowledge is derived from human senses?
empiricism
Which school of thought espouses there is an inborn difference in the intellect of men and women?
essentialism
The view that ethical statements are just expressions of what we disapprove and that there is no actual objective standard for what is ethical was coined by Baruch Spinoza and is known as _____.
ethical subjectivism
The Principle of Sufficient Reason asserts that
everything has a reason
According to Hume, impressions are
everything that originates from our senses
The idea men are free from artificially imposed rules is known as
existentialism
According to Kierkegaard, what makes life worth living?
faith in God
In philosophy, a _____ is known as a fallacy.
faulty argument
Thales stated that everything in the universe is made up of water, and he is known as the _____.
first Greek philosopher
Phenomenology is a method that uses _____ to describe things as they appear in consciousness.
first-person information
According to Aristotle,
for something to be a perfect form of a being, it would actually have to be that being.
What is the final cause of this lesson?
for you, the listener, to understand the four causes
In Aristotle's metaphysics, the _____ cause describes the structure or design of a thing.
formal
Simone de Beauvoir perceived that man has been consistently viewed as the _____ of history, while woman has been viewed as the other.
great subject
According to Plato, everything physical
has a form behind it
Real denotes
having existence and substance
Pascal was originally discouraged from pursuing math by _____.
his father
What did Hume define as faint images of thinking, reasoning, and belief that we base on our impressions?
ideas
What main categories did Hume use to describe mental perceptions?
impressions and ideas
Libertarianism is also known as
indeterminism
The idea that not all events are predetermined is a part of _____.
indeterminism
What would Kant define as our psychological state and our rational intellect?
inner-self
Theo believes that everyone is part of a large wheel and that everything we do is impacted by and impacts everyone else. Theo's beliefs line up with the Buddhist belief in _____.
interconnectedness
According to de Beauvoir, reproduction
is a curse
According to Augustine, the soul
is immortal because it possesses truth.
If something is real,
it has substance and does not depend on context
Gilbert Ryle developed the idea called the 'ghost in the machine', which made reference to the fact that _____.
it is impossible for the mind to control the body
Michael strongly believes in honesty and tries to tell the truth in every situation; however, he also thinks that it is correct to lie to avoid hurting people's feelings. This is an example of _____.
justification
According to Hume, all _____ coming from the senses is known as empiricism.
knowledge
Locke identified the two main ways we gain _____ as _____ and reflection.
knowledge, sensation
According to Socrates, _____ is always true, while _____ is only true for some people, some of the time.
knowledge; belief
Atheism is the _____.
lack of belief in the existence of God.
According to Kierkegaard, faith connotes
lack of evidence
According to Plato, senses are what we can
learn through our experience
According to _____, we have the capacity and intellect to choose between options.
libertarianism
Which school of thought asserts that man has both circumstantial and metaphysical freedom?
libertarianism
Traditionally speaking, which of these would an essentialist say maximizes a woman's potential?
life as a wife and mother
James is trying to decide his college major. He made a chart with the majors that interest him and listed the pros and cons of each, as well as his reason for pursuing each of them. James' approach is based on _____.
logic
What did Parmenides assert about knowledge?
man can attain it
What school of thought asserts that only matter exists?
materialism
What school of thought is the belief that nothing but matter exists?
materialism
Which of these believes that nothing but matter exists?
materialism
Which of these holds that nothing exists beyond the physical world?
materialism
Pragmatic can be defined as
matter of fact
According to Locke, what gives us our identity?
memories
According to John Locke, which of these makes up consciousness?
memory
Which type of freedom is the power to choose between opportunities?
metaphysical
Which of these denies any distinction between the physical world and the unseen world?
monism
Which of these philosophical paradigms believes there is no distinction between the seen and unseen world?
monism
Divine command theory is an approach to ethics that views God as the source of _____ but does not try to prove that God exists without a doubt.
moral laws
According to Kant, the synthetic judgment contains _____.
more than just a definition but also provides information
According many philosophers, truth
must be empirical and logical
Kant used the concept of apperception to explain how people make sense of new ideas. According to him _____.
new ideas are mentally assimilated into old ones
According to Nussbaum, which of the following describes the view that one's own tradition is the best and only way of understanding philosophy?
normative chauvinism
According to Plato, innate ideas are
not linked to senses
According to Ryle,
our behaviors make up our sense of self
According to Kant, the inner self includes _____.
our psychological state and our rational intellect
According to Grimshaw, what has led women to the private sphere of the home?
outer experience
According to Marx, the bourgeoisie _____.
own the means of production
There was a time when people thought that microorganisms could arise from nonliving matter. But nowadays we know that living organisms can only arise from other living organisms. This is an example of a(n) _____.
paradigm shift
The original Greek words for the term _____ mean love of wisdom.
philosophy
Materialism is a viewpoint which proposes that nothing exists beyond the _____.
physical world
According to Kierkegaard, an aesthetic seeks
pleasure
According to Plato, innate ideas are also:
present at birth
The size and shape of a car are _____ qualities.
primary
Ordinary language philosophy asserts that
problems and false assumptions develop as we distort meanings of words
An argument that shifts the burden of _____ away from the person making the argument is known as an Appeal to Ignorance Fallacy.
proof
Philosophers typically view _____ as a contrasting approach to empiricism.
rationalism
Which of these asserts that reason and mental perception, rather than physical senses and experience, are the basis of knowledge and self?
rationalism
Rationalism is the concept that knowledge and self are based on _____.
reason and mental perception
Theodicy is the practice of
rectifying God and evil
What is defined as mental imagery based on past sensations and experiences?
representation
Russell asserts our best chance at grasping reality lies in
sense-data
According to Hume, impressions are derived from
senses
According to Plato, what are the two realms of existence?
senses and forms
What is defined as the belief that true knowledge is unattainable?
skepticism
Compatibilism is also known as
soft determinism
Pascal believed that true knowledge could only be gained through _____.
submission to God
Übermensch can be translated as
superman
What object is often use to describe the concept of innate ideas, forms, and senses?
table
Which of these objects did Russell use to argue against the logic that things not disproved should be considered valid?
teapot
The argument that creation is so intricate and purposefully designed that there must be a creator is known as the _____ argument.
teleological
Monotheism is
the belief in only one god
What does the Teleological Argument offer as evidence that God exists?
the complexity of creation
For Hume, the concept of ideas was deeply related to_____.
the faint images of thinking, reasoning, and belief that are originated on our impressions
Which of these is attributed to Ryle?
the ghost in the machine
The first 3 Greek philosophers were called the Monists because they believed in
the idea that all the universe is made of a single substance.
Which of these would be an efficient cause for a model airplane?
the little boy putting it together
According to de Beauvoir, woman is seen as
the other
The Bundle theory asserts that
the properties we can sense are the only real parts of an object.
Jean Grimshaw attributes the difference in the intellect of women and men to _____.
the roles assigned to each gender
Roger Bacon is known as the father of _____.
the scientific method
According to Russell, what is philosophy?
the search for certainty
The agreement of the people to live under a system of government is known as _____.
the social contract
What is epistemology?
the study of knowledge acquisition
Which of these would a teleological philosopher most likely use to prove the existence of God?
the universe
Identify the consequent in the following statement: If I have caffeine in the evening, then I will be awake all night.
then I will be awake all night
According to Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, a person only deserves blame or praise for their actions when _____.
they are acting voluntarily
According to Kierkegaard, what does the religious life require?
total faith in God
Which of these has a self-contained explanation?
triangle
What is one of the three main conditions of epistemology?
truth
In philosophical terms, a correlation describes a relationship between _____.
two things or events
The ethics approach that emphasizes moral character is known as _____.
virtue ethics
Which of these is a category mistake?
walking through the woods yet asking where the forest is
What object did Paley use to argue the Teleological perspective?
watch
Which of these would Ryle consider a category mistake?
watching fans cheer at a game, then asking to see team spirit
To Russell, what is appearance?
what we gather from our senses
Democritus insisted on the existence of void, or vacuum, on the grounds that
without some empty space, nothing would be able to move.
Which of these would be the material cause of a house?
wood