Philosophy Exam 2 Review

Is the following argument deductive, inductive, or abductive? In the past, every Iowan winter has had at least four feet of snow. --------- Therefore, this Iowan winter will have at least four feet of snow. A. Deductive B. Inductive C. Abductive

b

Is the truth or falsity of the following knowable a priori or only a posteriori: If someone goes to Iowa State University, then they like football. a. A priori. B. A posteriori

b

True of False: the following claim is an example of logical necessity: If you are male, then you are not female.

True

True of False: the following claim is an example of physical necessity: Human beings need oxygen to live.

True

True or false: only if fallibilism is correct can we acquire knowledge by way of an inductive argument.

True

True or false: the following claim is an example of physical necessity: if you jump off a 40 story building without a parachute, you will die.

True

Moral evil is a. Any form of evil that is extremely bad b. Any form of evil caused by moral agents, or beings that know the difference between right from wrong c. Any form of evil that is in the service of a greater good. d. None of the above

b

According to Hume, a "relation of ideas" is a claim which A. Can be known a priori. B. Can be known a posteriori. C. Cannot be known. D. None of the above.

a

According to Hume, all reasoning regarding matters of fact is based on A. The relation of cause and effect. B. The principle of sufficient reason. C. The assumption that God exists. D. None of the above.

a

According to the "Justified True Belief" account of knowledge, which of the following is not possible? a. Someone knows something false. That is, they have knowledge of a claim and that claim is not correct. b. Someone believes something false. c. Someone believes something false, but nonetheless takes themselves to have knowledge. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

a

An example of natural evil is a. Suffering caused by cancer b. One normal adult human being murdering another c. All of the above d. None of the above

a

In his first Meditation, Descartes a. Subjects as much as possible to an extreme form of doubt. b. Gives an argument for the existence of God. c. Asserts that lying is always wrong d. None of the above.

a

In the latter half of the second Meditation, Descartes discusses what example? A. A piece of wax that changes all of its observable properties. B. A boat that has all of its parts changed over time. C. An individual who is brought into existence without any sensory organs. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

a

In the second Meditation, what does Descartes claim is indubitable? A. That he exists. B. That god exists. C. That something exists that is the cause of his ideas. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

a

Is the following argument deductive, inductive, or abductive? Knowledge requires certainty. Nothing is certain. --------- Therefore, nothing is known. A. Deductive B. Inductive C. Abductive

a

Is the truth or falsity of the following knowable a priori or only a posteriori: 20+17=37 A. A priori. B. A posteriori.

a

Is the truth or falsity of the following knowable a priori or only a posteriori: If something a snake, then it is a snake. A. A priori. B. A posteriori.

a

Is the truth or falsity of the following knowable a priori or only a posteriori: no circles have corners A. A priori. B. A posteriori.

a

To say that God is omniscient is to say that a. God is all knowing b. God is all powerful c.God is good d.All of the above e. none of the above

a

Right now, you know whether or not you are in the mental state of being sleepy. What is the source of this knowledge? A. The senses. B. Introspection. C. Reason. D. None of the above.

b

Which of the following could plausibly be known a priori? A. All humans are mortal. B. 2+3=5. C. Gravity exists. D. None of the above

b

Which of the following is a puzzle Mackie raises regarding free will as a response to the problem of evil? a. Whether God is himself free. b. Whether being omnipotent, god could have made human beings both free and all good c. Whether anything is truly good or bad in itself d. all of the above

b

Which of the following would Hume consider a relation of ideas? A. Some chocolate is white chocolate. B. A sister has a sibling. C. The sun rises in the east. D. None of the above.

b

Which of the following would Hume consider a relation of ideas? A. Some bachelors drive sports cars. B. All circles have centers. C. Some human beings have blue hair. D. None of the above.

b

Is the following argument deductive, abductive, or inductive? All swans I have observed have had wings. ——————— So, all swans have wings. A. Deductive. B. Inductive. C. Abductive

b

According to Mackie, which of the following is an "adequate" solution to the problem of evil? a. The denial of God's omnipotence. b. The denial of the Existence of evil c. All of the above d. none of the above

c

True or false: Mackie holds that the free will defense solves the problem of evil. (That is, it shows how the existence of God is compatible with the existence of evil.)

False

True or false: an inductive argument can be valid.

False

True or false: if infallibilism is correct, we can have knowledge on the basis of an abductive argument.

False

True or false: some inductive arguments are valid.

False

True or false: the following claim is an example of logical necessity: If you smoke, you are more likely to get cancer.

False

True or false: the following claim is an example of physical necessity: Anyone who is a female soccer player is female.

False

Tue or false: the following claim is an example of logical necessity: Human beings are mortal

False

Consider the claim that the future will resemble the past. What kind of claim is this according to Hume's fork? Relation of ideas Directly observable matter of fact Non-directly observable matter of fact None of the above

Non-directly observable matter of fact

According to Humean skepticism, which of the following kinds of claims are not knowable? Relations of ideas Directly observable matters of fact Non-directly observable matters of fact All of the above None of the above

Non-directly observable matters of fact

According to Descartes, one should only accept or believe a claim insofar as a. There is evidence that makes that claim more probable than not. b. That claim is certain. c. No one disagrees about the claim d. all of the above e. none of the above

b

According to Descartes, what properly belongs to the self — that is, what is essential to or necessary to the self? A. The ability to perceive. B. The ability to think. C. The ability to be nourished. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

b

According to Descartes, where does his idea of God come from? A. His parents. B. God. C. It is constructed by the mind itself. D. None of the above.

b

In Descartes's first meditation he provides an argument for which of the following positions? a. Local skepticism. b. Global skepticism c. Rationalism d. all of the above e. none of the above

b

According to the "God is not responsible" defense a. It is better to have free agents who occasionally do even than unfree agents who never do evil b. God cannot foresee free agents who do evil. c. Free agents are the cause of evil, not God. d. All of the above e. None of the above

c

At the end of the second Meditation, Descartes has concluded that the faculty responsible for his perception of the nature of bodies is A. The imagination. B. The senses. C. The intellect. D. None of the above.

c

Is the following argument deductive, inductive, or abductive? All the leftover pizza is gone. The best explanation of the absence of the pizza is that my roommate ate it. --------- Therefore, probably my roommate ate the leftover pizza. A. Deductive B. Inductive C. Abductive

c

One problem with any free will defense is that a. All evil is moral evil b. Some evil is moral evil c. Some evil is natural evil d. None of the above

c

The "Cartesian Circle" is A. The way that Descartes attempts to defend global skepticism. B. A problem Descartes encounters in showing that he exists. C. A problem Descartes encounters in showing that his faculties are trustworthy. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

c

The "Paradox of Omnipotence" is a.The paradox of whether God has the power to take himself out of existence. b.The paradox of whether God can change the laws of logic and mathematics. c. The paradox of whether an omnipotent being can create beings he cannot control. d. None of the above

c

The faculty that is responsible for rational insights is: A. The senses. B. Introspection. C. Reason. D. None of the above.

c

In the first Meditation, what possibilities does Descartes consider? a. That he is mad, or insane b. That his current experiences are produced by dreaming, rather than normal perception. c. That an all powerful demon, or evil God is deceiving him about everything. d. All of the above e. None of the above

d

Which of the following would Hume consider a matter of fact and not a relation of ideas? A. All triangles have three sides. B. 2+2=4. C. No squares are curved. D. None of the above.

d

Which of the following would Hume consider a matter of fact? A. Any triangle has angles. B. All squares have four sides. C. All of the above. D. None of the above.

d

Which of the following would qualify as evil in the sense that is relevant to the problem of evil? a. Someone suffering from a terminal disease like cancer b. Someone's intentionally harming another person c. Psychological pain due to depression d. All of the above e. None of the above

d

According to the "Justified True Belief" account of knowledge, which of the following is sufficient for knowledge ? A. Having a true belief. B. Having a belief. C. Having a justified, or reasonable belief. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

e

Which of the following is for you right now an observable matter of fact? A. Next week if you jump off a 100 story building, you will die. B. All dogs like chicken jerky. C. 100 years ago there were no human beings over 10 feet tall. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

e