Philosophy Midterm

How does socrates help euthyphro's definition?

"All gods". Replacing a particular/specific for a general/universal

Which metaphysical theory does Plato ascribe to?

"Theory of forms"

Thales tried to solve the problem of the...

"the one and the many".

How many categories does Aristotle have?

10

How many times before this one was Socrates almost put to death for political reasons?

2

What does Aristotle see when he looks at a brick?

A brick

Which of the following is an example of a false dilemma?

A false dilemma is a bad argument. EX = Senator Jill: "We'll have to cut education funding this year."Senator Bill: "Why?" Senator Jill: "Well, either we cut the social programs or we live with a huge deficit and we can't live with the deficit."

What form does a dilemma take?

A or B. "Blue paint for the wall, or green paint for the wall"

Chain arguments have what type of form?

A then B, B then C. A then C

An argument by implication or modus ponens takes what form?

A then B. If you buy today, I will give you a 10% discount. You have agreed to buy today, so I will reduce the price by 10%.

Which one is a post hoc fallacy?

After this, therefore because of this. I had been doing pretty poorly this season. Then my girlfriend gave me this neon laces for my spikes and I won my next three races. Those laces must be good luck...if I keep on wearing them I can't help but win!

Aristotle tutored...

Alexander the Great

What does the reading say a fallacy is?

An argument from inconsistency

Which one was not one of crito's arguments?

Arguments were people would think that his friends did nothing to help him escape, his friends are willing to sacrifice for him, and he is harming and abandoning his children

Which one was not one of the law's arguments

Arguments were, he has entered a contract with the law benefitting from it and cannot do injustice now. Would harm his children, and would corrupt the laws/city as well

Which one was Plato's student?

Aristotle

Which one is an ad hominem fallacy?

Attack against the person, not the argument. "Is it your time of the month?

Why did socrates think the ship would be delayed?

Because he had a dream of a woman telling him a quote from the iliad

Why didn't Socrates want to be a politician?

Because he would have died sooner

For Heraclitus, what does fire represent?

Change

Which one is begging the question?

Circling the question. "Because I said so"

What is one potentiality of clay?

Clay

Free will focuses on

Common sense. Determinism. Is the human will truly free? Or is it influenced by other factors such as genetics/fate. Determinist = believe in fate. Indeterminist = believe in experience/free will. Compatibilism= middle ground

Anytus represented the?

Craftsmen

What is the name of the dialogue where Socrates is in Jail?

Crito

When a person is liberated from the cave, what do they risk by going back in the cave?

Death

What were Parmenides followers known as?

Eleatics

Which one(s) was Socrates concerned with?

Ethics

What does Plato argue an object is?

Everything seen/grown = shadow of a 'form'

What is another reason we need logic?

Explaining our opinions and justification

According to the reading, what is important when giving a reason?

Explanation

What does the word apology mean in the context of the dialogue?

Explanation

What are the two features that make up an object essence, according to Aristotle?

Form and Matter

Metaphysics focuses on

Fundamental nature of reality. the theory of appearance v. reality. What/how really is?

Aristotle was not the first to write...

He first wrote on logic, history of philosophy, and literary criticism

Why does Socrates say he wants to know: what the holy is?

He wants a general rule to defend himself against Meletus' accusations

The day after the ship arrives

He will die

What is considered explaining according to the first reading on logic?

Helping people understand your point

What is about to happen to Socrates in the Crito?

His death punishment

What does Euthyphro's family think of his actions?

His family believes that it is unholy for a son to bring charges against the father

With a deductive argument,

If the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true

In Plato's cave where are the people chained up?

In a cave by neck and feet so they can't move

What did Socrates consider fearing death?

Is true Atheism, cowardly and limitation of wisdom (Believing to know something unknown) "To fear death, gentleman, is no other than to think oneself wise when one is not, to think one knows what one does not know"

Why did the first set of definitions of the holy fail?

It is a claim that a particular act is pious rather than a definition of what acts are pious.

What was the ONE for Heraclitus?

Logos

Thales arguments are what type of metaphysical theory?

Monism

Why doesn't Socrates want to be put to death?

Not because he fears death, but he is worried about athens.

For Parmenides, how many parts does the one have?

One

Lycon represented the?

Orators

The chapter says we need logic for

Organization of arguments

What is the sub-study of the philosophy of the mind?

Philosophy of the mind. Mind-body. Monism/dualism/pluralism

What is euthyphro's second definition of the holy?

Pleasing the gods

Meletus represented the?

Poets

Political philosophy doesn't focus on

Probability analysis

What example does euthyphro use to justify his prosecution of his dad?

Says that he knows the true definition of piety. The story of Zeus

Aristotle laid the ground work for

Science

What is a form, according to Plato?

Separate from matter. The essence/ideology of a thing

Thales measured the Pyramid in Egypt using a ...

Shadow

When crito finds socrates, socrates is

Sleeping

What is the charge against Socrates?

Socrates is guilty of corrupting the young and of not believing in the gods in whom the city believes, but in other new divinities.

What type of definition does Socrates want of the holy?

Socrates wants a definition of piety that will be universally true

Who is Crito?

Socrates young friend and student

What is moral absolutism?

Standard of rules of morality independent of humans. Morality should be the absolute guide of human actions

What is an argument from inconsistency?

Stating reasons that are contradictory, or contradict the conclusion

According to Heraclitus, a person can't

Step in the same river twice

Which category is responsible for existence, according to Aristotle?

Substance

Which one was not an accusation against socrates?

The accusations were = being atheist, corrupting the youth, and the use of clever rhetoric to overcome arguments

Which one in not one of the four causes?

The four causes are: Efficient cause, Material cause, Formal cause, Final cause

Whose opinion is important, according to socrates?

The good/laws. One who knows justice

Aristotle argues that all knowledge is gained by...

The senses

According to Socrates, where do humans get their knowledge of Absolutes?

The soul

When a person leaves the cave, what is the bright light in the sky?

The sun, his senses/vision = knowledge

What did Socrates suggest as a punishment?

To be honored and free food for life. (That the state should honor him and feed him the rest of his life, or a small fine)

What does the sun represent in the allegory of the cave?

Truth, purity of goodness

What is the ONE for Parmenides?

Unchange

What are Plato's two realms?

Visible/shadow, intelligent/knowledge

What is the actuality of a brick?

Wall

Which one was not one of socrates accusers?

Warrior

Thales argued that the Earth floats on...

Water

Thales argues all is...

Water

Which one is an example of the straw man fallacy?

When a person simply ignores a person's actual position and substitutes a distorted, exaggerated or misrepresented version of that position. EX = Bill and Jill are arguing about cleaning out their closets: Jill: "We should clean out the closets. They are getting a bit messy." Bill: "Why, we just went through those closets last year. Do we have to clean them out everyday?" Jill: "I never said anything about cleaning them out every day. You just want too keep all your junk forever, which is just ridiculous."

How many books did Socrates write?

Zero

Which god does euthyphro use as an example?

Zeus

When a person has logically linked reasons to a belief, they have

an argument

Why is Socrates at the court?

charges of corruption of the youth

Why is Euthyphro at the court?

charging his father for murder

What does Euthyphro say he is an expert of?

defining piety, Expert of the "holy"

Socrates argues the real reason he would be put to death was:

envy

What is moral relativism?

ethics, there is a standard that is independent of humans that has rules of morality

What metaphysical theory does Aristotle ascribe to?

hylomorphism: all objects are a combination of matter and form

What is changed and unchanged for Aristotle?

matter stays the same, the only thing that changes is its form

The first Philosophical questions were...

metaphysical

A false dilemma is a

mimic of real support

Ethics focuses on

morality facing modern society. What's right v. what's wrong

What are the charges against Euthyphro's dad?

murder/manslaughter

According to the readings hypothetical, arlene's argument is based on

personal feelings

What is Euthyphro's first definition of holy?

prosecuting anyone who is guilty of murder or a similar crime

Epistemology focuses on

the theory of knowledge. What does it mean to know anything?