Photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and plants defense notes

Decomposers

-Break down dead plants and animals -Bacteria and fungi -Reduces dead organisms to simpler forms of matter -Returns them to the soil

Equation for photosynthesis

6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water) +energy-------> C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen)

What is "The Black Box?"

A "secret world" below the ground called where about 80% of plants mass is held

Carnivore

A consumer that eats only animals.

Herbivore

A consumer that eats only plants.

Chlorophyll

A green pigment that is on the leaf, making it green. Located in the chloroplast

Chloroplast

A type of plastid, or plant organelle that contains & produces chlorophyll

The different physical barriers that plants use to repel microscopic bacteria, fungi, and herbivores

A waxy cuticle, trichomes, raphides, hooks, lignin tree bark,and has self destructive cells

Omnivore

An animal that eats both plants and animals

Producer/Autotroph

An organism that can make its own food.

Consumer/Heterotroph

An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms

Energy pyramid

Another way of showing the transfer of energy in an ecosystem

Food web

Are interconnected food chains They show the feeding relationships in an ecosystem

Wild tobacco seeds require "activation" by a wildfire to grow. Why does this attribute require wild tobacco to be particularly swift to adapt to environmental threats?

Because wildfires don't happen a lot, so when the seeds do become activated by one, it might be 100 years later, having possibly some new species of animals who will eat the plant, so it needs to be swift to survive

How does the wild tobacco plant distinguish one type of predator from another and defend itself accordingly?

By sending off a chemical sent by the caterpillar. When the caterpillar chews on the plant, it has to have saliva in it's mouth. And it's saliva has various compounds that provide information to the plant, and the plant uses those compounds to decide what type of organism is eating it, so it then chooses what defence skill to use on the organism

Equation for cellular respiration

C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen) ---------> 6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water) + energy

Calvin cycle

Carbon dioxide is used to produce glucose using the energy stored in ATP and NADPH

Scavenger

Consumers that eat other consumers that have already died

Leaves of most plants are protected against bacteria and fungi by

Having a waxy cuticle around the leaves and when threatened, grows

What is wild tobacco's "secret chemical weapon?"

It is nicotine, which poisons any organism with muscles

When microbes are devouring one section of a plant, cells can

Self-destruct to quarantine the infection and heal it later

One of the defense strategies that Mimosa plants use against herbivores

Shocking the predator by sensing when an animal is on the plant, sending sensors to the roots and giving the organism a shock, and pulls the leaflet closed, scaring the predator away

Stroma

The stroma is in the chloroplast filled with watery fluid that creates the green pigment

Food chain

The transfer of energy from sun to producer to primary consumer to secondary consumer to tertiary consumer

The immune systems of plants rely on

Their ability to recognize predators, and use a defense fit for the predator, keeping the plant alive.

Plants can also use other living organisms to set-up an efficient defense. How does this alliance work?

When a predator is eating the plant, it sends out a cocktail of scents into the air attracting the predators' predator, scaring it away and keeping it alive.

Light reactions

When energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll. The light reactions produce oxygen

Glucose

a carbohydrate & sugar with the chemical formula C6H12O6

Formula of Photosynthesis

carbon dioxide + water + light ----> glucose + oxygen

Cellular respiration

is the process by which the energy of glucose is released in the cell to be used for life processes

Once the plant immune system has detected the presence of invaders, what defensive maneuvers are set up?

it's waxy cuticle grows, cell walls get stronger, it alerts other regions of plants, and releases toxins and cocktails for cross species alliances

Trichomes

little hair-like structures that keep the small predator away from the plant by spiking them with the Trichomes or in some plants, dispense chemical irritants onto the animal

Photosynthesis

the process by which the energy of sunlight is converted into the energy of glucose and oxygen