Photosynthesis
Where do replacement electrons come from in the light reactions?
Replacement electrons come from Photolysis (splitting water)
phosphorylation
in the process of photosynthesis , the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP using the energy of sunlight is called. Only two sources of energy are available to living organisms: sunlight and reduction- oxidation (Redox) reactions
Redox reactions
include all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed; in general, ________ involve the transfer of electrons between chemical species. ... Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion.
Photosynthetic reaction center
is a complex of several proteins, pigments and other co-factors that together execute the primary energy conversion reactions of photosynthesis. ... The energy of the photon is used to excite an electron of a pigment.
Electromagnetic energy
is a form of energy that can be reflected or emitted from objects through electrical or magnetic waves traveling through space.
What two things go into the light reactions?
light energy (photons) and water
Autotroph
an organism that is able to capture energy from the environment and store it in the chemical bonds of organic molecules - photosynthesis - chemo-synthesis
Heterotroph
an organism that must acquire energy by consuming other organisms
c3 plants
regular old plants that do regular photosynthesis - problem is if they close their stomata because too hot they run out of carbon dioxide -> co2 run out= photo respiration
autotroph
store energy captured from the environment in chemical bonds of molecules
2nd law of thermodynamics
that "in all energy exchanges, if no energy enters or leaves the system, the potential energy of the state will always be less than that of the initial state." This is also commonly referred to as entropy.
Reactant reduced
when you take the oxygen away EX: magnesium oxide = something else takes the oxygen away (plants)
Photo respiration
c3 plants runs out of Carbon Dioxide = co2 Rubisco, adds Oxygen to RuBP
c4 plants
c4 pathway (Hatch-Slack Pathway) -Allows stomata to close during day - Examples: Grasses, Sugar Cane, Corn "Spatial" Separation of Steps (location of Calvin Cycle- bundle sheath)
Phostosynthesis uses two products of cellular respiration as reactants to procuce glucose. Which two products are these?
carbon dioxide and water
What molecules enter the Calvin Cycle?
co2, ATP, NADPH
What three things go into the Calvin Cycle?
co2, ATP, NADPH
How inhibitors work including competitive
could bind to an allosteric site of the free enzyme and prevent substrate binding, as long as it does not bind to the allosteric site when the substrate is bound. ... Any given ______________ concentration can be overcome by increasing the substrate concentration.
Thylakoids
each of a number of flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place, and arranged in stacks or grana.
Where does the carbon from CO2 end up in the products of photosynthesis?
glucose
Which molecule is produced by photosynthesis in plants and utilized as a reactant for cellular respiration in plants and animals?
glucose
The process of cellular respiration and photosynthesis are both vital to the flow of energy through ecosystems. Which statements are true about these two life-sustaining processes?
- The reactants of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide, water, and energy - The products of cellular respiration are carbon dioxide, water, and energy
What is produced by the Calvin Cycle?
G3P (a sugar)
Why are there more than one pigment in photosynthesis?
More important than their reflection of light is the ability of pigments to absorb certain wavelengths. Because they interact with light to absorb only certain wavelengths, pigments are useful to plants and other autotrophs --organisms which make their own food using photosynthesis.
Basic Parts of A Plant Cell
Plant cells are the basic building block of plant life, and they carry out all of the functions necessary for survival. Photosynthesis, the making of food from light energy, carbon dioxide, and water, occurs in the chloroplasts of the cell. ... Collenchyma cells provide support to growing parts of a plant.
What is photo respiration and why is it a problem?
Process in plant metabolism where the enzyme RuBisCo oxygenates RuBP. It is a problem because some of the energy produced by photosynthesis is wasted
Describe the first step of the Calvin Cycle
- Carbon fixation - 3 molecules of CO2 and RuBisCo combine to produce an unstable short lived product that splits into 3 phosphoglycerate (6 molecules and 1,3 - Bisphoglycerate (6 molecules)
Compare on-Cyclic and Cyclic light independent reactions
- Cyclic vs. Non-cyclic Electron Flow. Under certain conditions, the photoexcited electrons take an alternative path called cyclic electron flow, which uses photosystem I (P700) but not photosystem II (P680). This process produces no NADPH and no O2, but it does make ATP. This is called cyclic photophosphorylation. - Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation. The photophosphorylation process which results in the movement of the electrons in a non-cyclic manner for synthesizing ATP molecules using the energy from excited electrons provided by photosystem II is called as non-cyclic photophosphorylation.
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are related, but they have many differences. Which statement correctly contrasts the two processes?
- Photosynthesis is only performed by autotrophs, and cellular respiration is performed by both heterotrophs and autotrophs.
What is the difference between photosystem I and photosystem II?
- Photosystem I has an absorption peak of 700 nm. - Photosystem II has an absorption peak of 680 nm.
Which statement correctly compares the two processes, cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
- The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration and the products of cellular respiration are the reactants of photosynthesis
Both cellular respiration and photosynthesis (Metabolic processes they perform)
- autotrophs - photosynthetic protists - herbs - photosynthetic bacteria
Which items are required for photosynthesis to occur?
- carbon dioxide - sunlight - water
autotrophs
- chemosynthetic bacteria surivive in complete darkness - oak trees make food by photosynthesis - ferns absorb energy from sunlight
pigment
- give color to plant - capture/absorb light energy - green is the thing reflects green but absorbs everything else - white reflects everything - black absorbs everything
Cellular Respiration only (metabolic processes they perform)
- heterotrophs - birds
How inhibitors work including noncompetitive
- is a substance that interacts with the enzyme, but usually not at the active site. ... The net effect of a _________________ is to change the shape of the enzyme and thus the active site, so that the substrate can no longer interact with the enzyme to give a reaction. - can bind to an enzyme with or without a substrate at different places at the same time. It changes the conformation of an enzyme as well as its active site, which makes the substrate unable to bind to the enzyme effectively so that the efficiency decreases.
Which of the following items are products of photosynthesis?
- oxygen - carbohydrates
Heterotrophs
- sea stars eat animals on the ocean floor - rabbits eat plants to obtain nutrients - yeasts digest food outside of their cells
c4 plants
- special cells - all the cell store co2 but it runs out of co2 everyone sends co2 to bundle sheath cells - location when carbon dioxide low
photosynthesis
- the chemical reaction that captures energy from sunlight and stores it in the chemical bonds of organic molecules- creates sugars- - Allows autographs to store solar energy - 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy -} C6H12O6 + 6O2 (carbon dioxide + water + energy -} glucose + oxygen
chemo-synthesis
- the synthesis of organic compounds by bacteria or other living organisms using energy derived from reactions involving inorganic chemicals, typically in the absence of sunlight
Photosynthesis is the process by which organisms such as plants produce food. Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms, including plants, break down food to release energy. What are shared characteristics of photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
- water is involved - glucose is involved
factors affecting photosynthesis
- water shortage - temperature - light intensity
Describe the second step of the Calvin Cycle?
-Reduction Stage- Energy from 6 molecules of ATP is used to oxidize NADPH to NADPH+ 6 molecules of 1, 3 - Bishosphoglycerate are reduced to 6 molecules of G3P, one G3p is output
Describe the third step of the Calvin Cycle?
-Regeneration of RuBP stage- 5 molecules of G3P uses energy from ATP to produce 3 RuBp molecules
CAM plants
-Specialize by the time of day - store co2 all night and keep doing Calvin Cycle during day Examples: Cactus & Pineapple
Energy flow through ecosystem
Ecosystems maintain themselves by cycling energy and nutrients obtained from external sources. At the first trophic level, primary producers (plants, algae, and some bacteria) use solar energy to produce organic plant material through photosynthesis.
How many G3P remain in the Calvin Cycle?
5 G3P remain in the Calvin Cycle
How many NADPH are used in the Calvin Cycle?
6 NADPH are used
formula of photosynthesis
6CO2+6H2O+ Light Energy= C6H12O=6O2 or carbon dioxide + water + energy-} glucose + oxygen
How many ATP are used in the Calvin Cycle?
9 ATP are used: 6 ATP are used in Carbon Fixation and 3 ATP in Regeneration
What does primary electron acceptor mean?
A molecule that receives or accepts electrons from another molecule during a redox reaction. Supplement. An electron acceptor is an oxidizing agent and is itself reduced during the process of redox reaction.
The process of photosynthesis and cellular respiration involve many of the same substances. Which is a final product of cellular respiration, but not photosynthesis?
ATP
What is the basic source of energy for all cells?
ATP
When organisms break chemical boinds form sugars, energy is releaserd and stored in the form of an energy- carrier molecule. One of the most important energy-carrier molecules used in living organisms is composed of a 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and three phosphate groups. This molecule is called...
ATP
The role of ATP in biochemical reactions
ATP stores energy in its chemical bonds and is rechargeable
Explain the C4 plant and CAM plant adaptions to avoid photorespiration.
C4 plant and CAM plants allow stomata to close during the day in hot climates to preserve H2O. CO2 is captured at night and released within the cells during the day.
Which reactant is reduced in photosynthesis?
Carbon Dioxide
autotrophs perform either photosynthesis or chemosynthesis to acquire their source of energy. Which statement is true about chemosynthesis?
Chemicals absorbed from the environment provide the energy
What are chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b? How are they different?
Chlorophyll a- a green pigment, present in all green plants and in cyanobacteria, responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll b helps in photosynthesis by absorbing light energy. It is more soluble than chlorophyll a in polar solvents because of carbonyl group. Its color green, and it primarily absorbs blue light.
How enzymes speed up reactions, function and factors Affecting Enzyme speed?
Enzymes lower the activation energy required to get the reaction started. ... There are several factors that affect the speed of an enzyme's action, such as the concentration of the enzyme, the concentration of the substrate, temperature, hydrogen ion concentration (pH), and the presence of inhibitors.
1st Law of Thermodynamics
It tells us that energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be transformed from one form or another. So energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
Summarize the two stages of photosynthesis and the connection between them
Light Dependent Reactions and the CALVIN CYCLE - energy from the sun creates ATP and NADPH to be used in the light independent reactions - THE SERIES OF STEPS DURING THE LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN WHICH A THREE-CARBON SUGAR IS FORMED
LEO the Lion says GER
Lose Electrons: Oxidation, Gain Electrons: Reduction)
What do replacement electrons come from in the light reactions?
Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH
ATP provides energy to activate many cellular chemical reactions. Label the three major components of this energy-carrier molecule. Only three of the labels will be used.
PICTURE OF ADENINE, PHOSPHATE GROUPS, AND RIBOSE
True/False
Photosystem I and II were discovered in the wrong order, who discovered them though?
What are pigments and what do they do?
Pigments (an organic compound that gives) -> Colors to plants and stuff---- photons are absorbed by pigments. Energy used for photosynthesis
Describe the major processes of the light dependent
Step 1-Light Dependent CO2 and H2O enter the leaf Step 2- Light Dependent Light hits the pigment in the membrane of a thylakoid, splitting the H2O into O2 Step 3- Light Dependent The electrons move down to enzymes Step 4-Light Dependent Sunlight hits the second pigment molecule allowing the enzymes to convert ADP to ATP and NADP+ gets converted to NADPH Step 5-Light independent The ATP and NADPH is used by the calvin cycle as a power source for converting carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into simple sugar glucose. Step 6-Light independent The calvin cycle converts 3CO2 molecules from the atmosphere to glucose
ATP structure
The ATP molecule is composed of three components. At the centre is a sugar molecule, ribose (the same sugar that forms the basis of RNA). Attached to one side of this is a base (a group consisting of linked rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms); in this case the base is adenine.
Products of Photosynthesis
The first product, and primary reason for the process, is simple sugar. This sugar, called glucose, is the end result of the conversion of solar energy to chemical energy. It represents stored energy that can be used by the plant, or consumed by other organisms. Oxygen is also a product of photosynthesis. This oxygen is released into the atmosphere through the plant's leaves. Water is also a product of photosynthesis. This water is produced from the oxygen atoms in the carbon dioxide molecules. The oxygen molecules released into the atmosphere come exclusively from the original water molecules, not from the carbon dioxide molecules.
Wavelength
The length of a single cycle of a wave, usually measured from crest-to-crest. For electromagnetic waves, the wavelength determines the type (radio, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-Ray, gamma-ray) of radiation, in the case of visible light, wavelength determines the color of the light.
Why does photosystem 2 come first?
The photosystem I was named "I" since it was discovered before photosystem II, but this does not represent the order of the electron flow. When photosystem II absorbs light, electrons in the reaction-center chlorophyll are excited to a higher energy level and are trapped by the primary electron acceptors.
What do chlorophyll a and the primary electron acceptor do in the reaction center?
The primary electron acceptor and chlorophyll a gathers the electrons and passes them to the reaction center
ATP Cycle
The process of phosphorylating ADP to form ATP and removing a phosphate from ATP to form ADP in order to store and release energy respectively
Light reactions
The series of biochemical reactions in photosynthesis that require light energy that is captured by light-absorbing pigments (such as chlorophyll) to be converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
Which statement incorrectly describes the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
The two processes can be used interchangeably by plant cells to produce energy
Which reactant is oxidized in photosynthesis?
Water
Major reactants for the two major stages of photosynthesis
Water is the first required reactant. The plant acquires water through its root system. The next required reactant is carbon dioxide. The plant absorbs this gas through its leaves. The final required reactant is light energy. The plant absorbs this energy through green pigments, called chlorophyll. This chlorophyll is located in the plant's chloroplasts.
How does an electron get energized to an excited state?
When an electron absorbs energy it gets energized to an excited state
coenzymes
a nonprotein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme.
cofactors
a substance (other than the substrate) whose presence is essential for the activity of an enzyme.
heterotroph
acquire energy by consuming other organisms
reactant oxidized
adds oxygen to the reactants. if you have iron+ oxygen= iron oxide = rust (humans)
ATP full name
adenosine triphospate.
How many G3P are released as output from the Calvin Cycle?
one G3P is released
carbon fixation
or carbon assimilation is the conversion process of inorganic carbon to organic compounds by living organisms. The most prominent example is photosynthesis although chemo synthesis is another form of carbon fixation that can take place in the absence of sun light
Where can the oxygen from H20 end up in the products of photosynthesis?
oxygen (o2)
What three things are produced by the light reactions?
oxygen, ATP, and NADPH
Cellular respiration
process by which organisms release energy from sugars
photosynthesis
process of capturing energy from sunlight
chemosynthesis
process of using chemicals as an energy source
metabolic processes
the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic molecules; processes that take place in the cells and tissues during which energy is released and carbon dioxide is produced and absorbed by the blood to be transported to the lungs.
Calvin Cycle
the series of steps during the light-independent reaction of photosynthesis in which a three-carbon sugar is formed - light-independent reactions
Grana (granum- singular)
the stacks of thylakoids embedded in the stroma of a chloroplast.
stroma
the supportive tissue of an epithelial organ, tumor, gonad, etc., consisting of connective tissues and blood vessels.
Photophosphorylation
the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate that occurs in a plant using radiant energy absorbed during photosynthesis.
stomata
tiny openings called stomata allow plants to exchange gases necessary for cellular processes, such as photosynthesis
