Phy 1102!!
130. Dr. Guralski believes that most psychological disorders are a result of negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs. Knowing this, you might expect that Dr. Guralski's bookshelves contain a large number of books written by
Aaron Beck.
Early founders of humanistic perspectives
Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers
a
A system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations is called a. a theory. b. an empirical set. c. a hypothesis. d. a sociohistorical context.
d
Wundt defined psychology as a. the scientific study of behavior. b. the scientific study of the unconscious. c. the scientific study of the brain. d. the scientific study of conscious experience.
Depression respond better to client-centered therapy
Which of the following is NOT a conclusion of Seligman's research comparing the effectiveness of different approaches to psychotherapy? People with
The therapy is typically expensive.
Which of the following is NOT a criticism of drug therapy?
174. Kayla has a psychological disorder, and her doctor has prescribed an MAO inhibitor to reduce the severity of Kayla's symptoms. In this case, Kayla's therapist is MOST likely treating her for
depression.
197. Neuroscientists are experimenting with transcranial magnetic stimulation mainly as a treatment for
depression.
80. Preliminary research suggest positive psychotherapy can be effective in treatment for
depression.
Binocular depth cues
depth cues that depend on both eyes; includes binocular disparity and convergence
47. Behavior therapy is derived from a. research by B. F. Skinner, Hans Eysenck, and Joseph Wolpe b. cognitive research c. psychodynam ic research d. Gestalt psychology
a. research by B. F. Skinner, Hans Eysenck, and Joseph Wolpe
The primary therapeutic drug treatment for schizophrenia involves
anti psychotic drugs
165. Which group of therapeutic drugs used to treat psychological disorders are commonly referred to as tranquilizers?
antianxiety drugs
Therapeutic drugs that reduce tension, apprehension, and nervousness are
antianxiety drugs.
Valium and Xanax are two types of
antianxiety drugs.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a type of
antidepressant drug.
183. Tricyclics, MAO inhibitors, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are all
antidepressant drugs.
173. The most frequently prescribed class of medication in the United states is
antidepressants.
Therapeutic drugs that gradually reduce symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, hyperactivity, and mental confusion are
antipsychotic drugs.
Benzodiazepine
anxiety
What two disorders do people most commonly seek treatment for?
anxiety and depression
Extrasensory perception
apparent ability to gain information by some other way other than the ordinary senses
Phi phenomenon
apparent movement due to the sequential presentation of stationary objects
250. Which of the following statements concerning homeless individuals is true?
approximately 1/3 of the homeless suffer from a severe mental illness
The proportion of academic and research psychologists who identify their primary area of interest as health psychology is
approximately 10%.
The finding that some of the therapies developed by middle-class Western cultures have turned out not to be useful when used with different cultural groups supports the textbook's unifying theme that psychology
false
14. Therapists who emphasize the application of learning principles in treatment use the ____ approach to psychotherapy.
behavior
Dr. Scarply believes that if all violent programming was banned, aggressive behavior would almost completely disappear. This type of explanation for the prevalence of aggressive behavior is inconsistent with the view that
behavior is determined by multiple causes.
The idea the you should reward yourself for achieving study goals is based on the concept of
behavior modification
The idea that you should reward yourself for achieving study goals is based on the concept of
behavior modification.
245. Which of the following therapies is most likely to see the symptom as the problem?
behavior therapy
Alison believes that individuals learn to be either aggressive or non-aggressive as a result of the experiences they have. Alison's views are most consistent with the
behaviorist view of psychology
Allison believes that individual learn to be either aggressive or nonaggressive as a result of the experiences they have. Allison's views are MOST consistent with the
behaviorist view of psychology
Alison believes that individuals learn to be either aggressive or nonaggressive as a result of the experiences they have. Alison's views are MOST consistent with the
behaviorist view of psychology.
Selective attention
being able to selectively focus attention on a particular stimulus while disregarding other stimuli
Which of the following statements is FALSE? ____ are more likely than ____ to receive psychotherapy.
c. People with less education; people with more education
The use of the anxiety hierarchy in systematic desensitization allows for the
c. use of real objects instead of imagination.
The area of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders is
clinical psychology
Valium
Antianxiety drug
The branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders is
clinical psychology
The most widely practiced professional specialty in psychology is
clinical psychology
The area of applied psychology MOST stimulated by World War II was
clinical psychology.
The most widely practiced professional specialty in psychology is
clinical psychology.
Which group of therapeutic drugs tend to exert their effect almost immediately, but also tend to have an effect that lasts a short length of time?
Antianxiety drugs
Variable
Anything that can change or vary
The branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems is called
Applied psychology
Positive correlation
Are related in the same direction as one increases the other increases as one decreases the other decreases
Disadvantages of laboratory observation
Artificial situation that may result in artificial behavior
208. Dissatisfaction with the system of public mental hospitals led to the
community mental health movement of the 1960s.
4. Fifteen minutes after Zigfried left the brightly lit hallway and entered the dark passageway, dark adaptation was
complete in his cones, but still taking place in his rods REF: p. 128
Which of the following is NOT listed in the textbook as an effective study technique?
concentrate your study time immediately before an exam
Top-down processing
conceptually driven processing; organizes information with guidance from higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
The idea that psychology is empirical suggests that
conclusions should be based on direct observation.
Widely shared customs, beliefs, values, and norms refer to which of the following?
culture
Kayla has a psychological disorder, and her doctor has prescribed an MAO inhibitor to reduce the severity of Kayla"s symptoms. In this case, Kayla"s therapist is MOST likely treating her for
depression
Who studies disciplines, and explores the brain activity underlying mental activity?
Cognitive neuroscience.
Which of the following is a recent movement in psychology that has revived the old interest in mental and conscious events?
Cognitive psychology
The Beginning of Experimental Psychology
Experimental investigation of psychological issues. The focus on sensation & perception. ErnsHeinrichWeber(1795-1878) GustavTFechner(1801-1887)
Convergence
Feeling of eyes turning inward or outward depending on how near or far an object is
Common fate
Gestalt grouping law referring to the tendency to see objects that move in the same direction as belonging together
Simplicity
Gestalt grouping law referring to the tendency to see the simplest shapes possible
Figure-ground perception
Gestalt principle that refers to the ability to discriminate properly between the feature as the foreground and the ground as the background
resolve unconscious conflicts.
Goals of client-centered therapy include helping clients do all of the following EXCEPT
Nature is to Nurture as
Heredity is to environment
94. The first person to conduct scientific studies of forgetting was
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Which of the following BEST characterizes people's understanding of reality?
Highly subjective
I-knew-it-all-along is also known as?
Hindsight bias.
Double-blind study
Neither the experiment nor the subjects know which subjects are in the experimental or control group
A double blind procedure is when
Neither those in the study nor those collecting the data know which group is receiving the treatment.
Patients usually don't begin responding to antipsychotic drugs for at least a few days
Nelson, a schizophrenic patient, has just begun taking antipsychotic medication. He took his first dose about 12 hours ago, but so far his family sees no change in his condition. What advice should they be given?
Do behaviorists today agree with studies on behavior without reference to mental process?
No
Quasi experimental designs
Not considered true experiments because of the inability to randomly assign participants to the experimental and control groups
Aaron Beck
Noted for his work in the development of cognitive therapy (who)
Which of the following statements concerning ECT is FALSE?
Objective evidence has shown that ECT causes structural damage to the brain
Outer Ear
Pinna - collects and shapes sound Auditory canal
Which of the following is the BEST advice for developing sound study habits?
Plan your study schedule in advance.
What is an effective study technique
Set up a schedule for studying. Study in a place where distractions are minimal. Break major assignments down into smaller component tasks.
A cognitive psychologist would not be likely to study
Shaping behavior by reinforcement
Which of the following would be LEAST likely to be studied by a cognitive psychologist?
Shaping behavior by reinforcement
c
The major event that influenced the development of psychology as a profession was a. World War I. b. the Great Depression of the 1930s. c. World War II. d. the Cold War of the 1950s.
c
Which of the following is NOT listed in the textbook as an effective study technique? a. Set up a schedule for studying. b. Study in a place where distractions are minimal. c. Concentrate your study time immediately before an exam. d. Break major assignments down into smaller component tasks.
Terror Management theory asserts that our behavior is motivated by our needs
To defend our worldview and preserve our self-esteem
Deinstitutionalization
Transferring the treatment of mental illness form inpatient institutions to community-based facilities that emphasize outpatient care
Advantages of case study
Tremendous amount of detail
Bio Psychological perspectives
Tributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body such as genetic influences hormones the activity of the nervous system
Which of the following is NOT good advice for developing sound study habits?
Try to tackle simple, routine tasks first, saving larger tasks for later.
Middle Ear
Tympanic membrane Ossicles
No matter what Sam tells his therapist concerning his failures or successes, weaknesses or strengths, spiteful behaviors or good deeds, or vengeful feelings or positive emotions, his therapist is very accepting of him as a person. Sam's therapist is showing him
Unconditional positive regard
Directedness
Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics that Carl Rogers believes is necessary in client-centered therapy to encourage client growth?
directedness
Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics that Carl Rogers believes is necessary in client-centered therapy to encourage client growth?
friendship
Which of the following is NOT one of the three conditions Rogers believe was important to help create a supportive emotional climate for therapy
Emotion Therapies
Which of the following is NOT one of the three major categories of psychotherapy?
c
Which of the following is a medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental disorders? a. a clinical psychologist b. a counseling psychologist c. a psychiatrist d. a physiological psychologist
impaired attention
Which of the following is a short term side effect for electroconvulsive therapy
searching for negative, illogical thinking
Which of the following is likely to be found in cognitive therapy
Psychiatrists typically devote less of their time to relatively serious disorders than clinical psychologists
Which of the following statements concerning psychiatrists is false?
b
Widely shared customs, beliefs, values, and norms refer to which of the following? a. ideographic nature b. culture c. ontogeny d. phylogeny
The notion that the subject matter of psychology should be the scientific study of the conscious experience is MOST closely linked with
Wilhelm Wundt
88. In which form of therapy are individuals most clearly viewed as part of an ecosystem that affects their behavior?
family therapy
51. Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to
fear the dark
9. Cells in the visual cortex that respond selectively to specific features of complex stimuli are called
feature detectors
118. Leonard's mother became dehydrated during a recent illness, and the levels of sodium in her body were significantly reduced. If enough sodium was lost you might expect that
fewer action potentials would occur in her nervous system
A clinical psychologist would probably be MOST interested in
figuring out the most effective ways of treating anxiety
A clinical psychologist would probably be MOST interested in
figuring out the most effective ways of treating anxiety.
73. Carl Rogers believed that psychological disorders are caused by
inconsistency between one's self-concept and reality.
Depth Perception
involves interpretation of visual cues that indicate how near or far away objects are
Convergence
involves sensing the eyes converging toward each other as they focus on closer objects
196. Deep brain stimulation
involves surgically implanting an electrode in the brain.
Subjective Contours
involves the perception of contours where non actually exists
couples/marital therapy
involves the treatment of both partners in a committed relationship, in which the main focus is on relationship issues
Couples or marital therapy
involves the treatment of both partners in a committed, intimate relationship, in which the main focus is on relationship issues
research concerning psychiatric drugs.
involves the use of electric shock to produce a cortical seizure and convulsions.
insight therapy
involves verbal interactions intended to enhance clients' self-knowledge and thus promote healthful changes in personality and behavior
131. The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the
iris
Oval Window
membrane at the entrance to the cochlea through which the ossicles transmit vibrations
One of the first areas of applied psychology to develop was
mental testing
65. Imagine that a mammal was discovered that had no pons in the hindbrain. You should predict that this mammal would
never experience REM sleep
143. Some theorists believe that a sort of "executive control system," which is responsible for monitoring, directing, and organizing thought processes, is housed in the
prefrontal cortex
21. As Kayla was introduced to the seven members of the committee who would be interviewing her for a scholarship, she silently repeated all the names to herself, in order. Kayla was using
rehearsal to temporarily store the names in short-term memory
If a researcher varies the loudness of music in a factory to observe its effect on the rate of productivity of the employees, the dependent variable is the
rate of productivity
When people give false but plausible excuses to justify their unacceptable behavior they are using what?
rationalization
Telepathy
reading someone else's mind
16. The process of deciding on whether a memory is based on an external source or an internal source is referred to as
reality monitoring
Spontaneous remission
recovery from a disorder that occurs without formal treatment
spontaneous remission
recovery from a disorder that occurs without formal treatment
89. With regard to psychological disorders, spontaneous remission refers to a
recovery from a disorder that occurs without formal treatment.
12. The behavior that would be most difficult to extinguish would be one that was
reinforced intermittently
43. A client in psychoanalysis has been arriving late for sessions, acting hostile toward the analyst, and making up dreams. This is MOST likely
resistance.
At times, individuals decide to terminate therapy at a time the therapist feels is premature and at a point when therapy is about to make significant progress. This is an example of
resistance.
Largely unconscious defensive maneuvers by a client intended to hinder the progress of therapy BEST describes
resistance.
70. Goals of client-centered therapy include helping clients do all of the following EXCEPT
resolve unconscious conflicts.
20. You move to a new house and memorize your new phone number. Now, you can't remember your old phone number. This is an example of
retroactive interference
Retinal Disparity
refers to the fact that objects within 25 feet project images to slightly different locations on the right and left retinas, so the right and left eyes see slightly different views of the object
146. When you listen to a lecture, the information is held in ____ memory until you write it in your notes.
short-term
Rogers believed that client-centered therapists must provide unconditional positive regard for their clients. In other words, they must
show complete, nonjudgmental acceptance of the client as a person.
17. The fact that your criterion for "hearing" mysterious noises at night may change after a rash of burglaries in your neighborhood can best be explained by
signal-detection theory
Group therapy
simultaneous psychological treatment of several clients in a group
176. The newest antidepressant drugs such as Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft
slow the reuptake process at serotonin synapses.
Dr. Stroetz believes that most psychological disorders can be successfully treated if clients' vague complaints are translated into concrete behavioral goals. Which psychologist does he like
skinner
build anxiety hierarchy, deep muscle relaxation, work through hierarchy while being relaxed
steps involved in systematic desensitization
According to the Surgeon General's report, the biggest roadblock for psychotherapy is the
stigma surrounding the receipt of mental health treatment
Subliminal stimuli
stimuli that are not strong enough to exceed the absolute threshold; do not work
Bottom-up processing
stimulus driven processing; organizes information without the use of prior knowledge or conceptions; simply recognizing the features of a stimulus
Ambiguous figures
stimulus patterns that can be interpreted in several ways (face/vase, necker cube)
Isabel is listening to a piece of classical music and tape recording all her feelings and impressions as she experiences them. Isabel is using a technique similar to the research methodology of
structuralism.
The school of psychology that focused on identifying and examining the fundamental components of conscious experience, such as sensations, feelings, and images, was
structuralism.
Imagine two scientists from another planet visit earth and are attempting to study our computers. In his studies Poz focuses on how the computer is used for conducting business, accessing research, communicating with others, and playing games, while Zog concentrates on the construction of the hard-drive, monitor, keyboard and mouse. Poz's approach is most similar to ____ while Zog's is most similar to ____.
structuralism; functionalism
57. Kiana was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: "dog, pail, and hate." Later, she recalled these words as: "dig, paint, and hard." Kiana's errors in recall suggest that she had encoded the original word list
structurally
Recent research suggests that ____________ predict college grades almost as well as admissions tests.
study skills and habits
William James believed that psychology should
study the function or purpose of consciousness
aversion therapy
uses classical conditioning to create a negative response to a stimulus that has elicited problematic behavior
cognitive therapy
uses specific strategies to correct habitual thinking errors that underlie various types of disorders
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (e.g., RET) primarily emphasizes
using combinations of verbal interventions and behavior modification techniques to change maladaptive patterns of thinking.
Critical thinking is
using principles of likelihood when dealing with probabilistic events. generating multiple solutions to problems. working systematically toward a desired goal.
Sydney had an operation on his right eye and has to wear an eye patch for three weeks. While he is wearing the eye patch, Sydney will lose his ability to
utilize binocluear depth cues
181. The newest drug treatments for bipolar disorder use mood stabilizers such as
valproate.
18. Any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study are called
variables
Any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study are called
variables
IQ score, age, weight, grade point average, and income are all examples of
variables
Compared to the 1950s, the average inpatient population in public mental hospitals today is
vastly lower
Subjects in the control group should be ____ subjects in the experimental groups in all respects except for the treatment they receive in regards to the ____.
very similar to; independent variable
Sound is a _____ form of energy and is the result of _____
wave; vibrating molecules
A red light, green light, and blue light differ in
wavelength
77. Two forms of therapy developed within positive psychology are
well-being therapy and positive psychotherapy.
247. The trend toward deinstitutionalization mainly came about because large mental institutions
were actually worsening the condition of many patients
The trend toward deinstitutionalization mainly came about because large mental institutions
were actually worsening the condition of many patients.
Central route
when people ponder the content and logic of persuasive messages
211. Deinstitutionalization means that
whenever possible, the mentally ill should be treated at community-based facilities that emphasize outpatient care.
128. The blind spot in the eye is
where the optic nerve exits the back of the eye
Inattentional Blindness
which involves the failure to see visible objects or events because one's attention is focused elsewhere
18th Century Psychology
-"Study of the Mind" -Physiology and Philosophy
Deviance
...
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
1) Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
104. If a 100-Hz tone had to be increased to 110 Hz for a subject to just notice the difference, you would predict that a 1000-Hz tone would have to be increased to
1100 to be noticed
A medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental disorders is
A Psychiatrist
Clinical phycologists specialize in what?
Assessing and treating mental, emotional and behavior disorders.
It should be easiest to teach a child to pick up his toys by utilizing the principles and techniques developed by
B. F. Skinner
Edelgard Wulfet
Clinical program - gambling and alcohol abuse
Personality
Consistency in an individual's behavior and the factors which influence it.
Biomedical therapies
Interventions into a person's biological functioning Examples: Drug therapy Electroconvulsive (shock) therapy
What is a Psychiatrist?
Is a medical doctor who also prescribe drugs when treating psychological disorders.
Who was the first female president?
Mary Whiton Calkins
Blind observer
People who do not know what the research question is
What does correlation help us do?
Predict.
28. What do psychoanalytic and client-centered therapies have in common?
They both stress insight into the self.
What is over-confidence?
Thinking we know more then we really do.
What type of things operate with dual processing?
Thinking, memory, perception, language and attitudes.
Laboratory observation
Watching animals or human in a laboratory setting
the patient is being treated for severe depression that has not responded to medication.
You are watching a television documentary that shows a patient who is undergoing electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). If this documentary is depicting psychotherapy in the 1990s, you should conclude that
If you were having problems with severe depression, the type of psychologist that would be greatest help to you would be
a Clinical psychologist
systematic desensitization
a behavior therapy used to reduce client's phobic responses
53. The research psychologists who are most likely to conduct research studies using animals are those who have
a behavioral or biological perspective
electroconvulsion therapy
a biomedical treatment in which electric shock is used to produce a cortical seizure accompanied by convulsions
6. Drug therapy is classified as ____ therapy; electroconvulsive shock therapy is classified as ____ therapy.
a biomedical; a biomedical
Drug therapy is classified as ____ therapy; electroconvulsive shock therapy is classified as ____ therapy.
a biomedical; a biomedical
Receptor
a cell or group of cells that receive stimuli
Michael is having problems relating to other people because he is exhibiting delusions (false beliefs) and hallucinations. Michael would MOST likely seek help from
a clinical psychologist
The psychoanalytic therapist deals with transference by
allowing the patient to work through the feelings associated with transference.
137. Syntax refers to rules for
arranging words into phrases and sentences
Social skills training
behavior therapy designed to improve interpersonal skills that emphasizes modeling, behavioral rehearsal, and shaping.
Monocular Depth Cue
clues about distance based on the image in either eye alone
exposure therapy
confronts individual with phobia
120. The role-playing theory of hypnosis offered by Barber and Spanos suggests that the hypnotized subject
is in a normal state but acts out the role of a hypnotized person
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
technique that permits scientists to temporarily enhance or depress activity in a specific area of the brain
93. Behavior therapy requires that
the client's vague complaints be translated into concrete behavioral goals.
The correlation coefficient is a measure of
the degree of relationship between two variables
Absolute Threshold
the weakest amount of a stimulus that can be sensed
Of the following, the correlation coefficient that indicates the weakest relationship between the two variables being measured is
+0.01
Functionalism
-William James -Consciousness consists of "streams of consciousness" -Investigates function/purpose of consciousness rather than structures -Charles Darwin: Natural Selection
electroconvulsive therapy
A biomedical treatment in which electric shock is used to produce a cortical seizure accompanied by convulsions is
What is an operational definition?
A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study.
Which psychologist set up the first psychology laboratory (John Hopkins University) in the U.S. in 1883?
G. Stanley Hall
The first president of the American Psychological Association (APA) was
G. Stanley Hall.
Which of the following groups of psychologists would be MOST likely to focus on individual uniqueness, freedom, and potential for growth as a person?
Humanists
a
Humanists believe that people's behavior is governed by a. their self-concepts. b. unconscious sexual urges. c. the outcomes of their responses. d. biochemical processes.
Which of the following would be considered the major principle of operant conditioning?
Humans and other animals tend to repeat responses followed by positive outcomes.
How are theories and hypotheses related?
Hypotheses are derived from theories.
What does a survey look at?
Many cases in less depth, asking people to report thie behavior or opinions.
Which of the following statements about Freud's psychoanalytic theory is MOST accurate?
Many psychoanalytic concepts have filtered into mainstream psychology
a psychoanalytic approach in therapy
Mario recently started seeing a therapist. At the start of each session, Mario lies down and starts talking about anything that comes to mind. He often rambles, and he sometimes thinks that the things he describes seem trivial or silly, but his therapist encourages him to say whatever comes into his mind. This therapeutic technique is common among therapists who use
The individual MOST closely associated with the recent development of positive psychology is
Martin Seligman
The individual most closely associated with the recent development of positive psychology is
Martin Seligman
The individual MOST closely associated with the recent development of positive psychology is
Martin Seligman.
Texture gradient
Monocular depth cue that lesser clarity is perceived as being farther away
Motion parallax
Monocular depth cue that objects that are farther away appear to move in same direction at same rate while objects that are closer appear to move at rapid speed in opposite directoin
Relative size
Monocular depth cue that the size of an object is determined relative to the size/area of things surrounding the object
The therapeutic drugs used to control bipolar disorder are referred to as
Mood stabilizer
What records behavior in a natural environment?
Naturalistic observation.
deep muscle relaxation.
The "behavior" that is incompatible with anxiety, and that systematic desensitization tries to recondition to phobic cues, is
d
The fact that behaviors can be observed and thoughts and feelings cannot is the basis of a. psychoanalysis. b. functionalism. c. structuralism. d. behaviorism.
build an anxiety hierarchy
The first step in the process of systematic desensitization is to
a
The first woman to serve as president of the American Psychological Association was a. Mary Calkins. b. Margaret Washburn. c. Leta Hollingworth. d. Anna Freud.
Psychiatric social worker
A social worker with some training and therapy methods who focuses on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders such as poverty overcrowding stress and drug abuse
Sally is a psychologist interested improving curriculum design, achievement testing, and teacher training. What type of psychologist is Sally?
An educational psychologist
What does contemporary psychology mean?
The scientific study of conscious and unconscious mental activity, observable responses to the environment, behavior and mental processes and maladaptive and adaptive behaviors.
What is positive psychology?
The scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities thrive.
Group Therapy
The simultaneous treatment of several clients
Behavioral Neuroscience K. Lashley (1890 - 1958) Hebb (1905-1985)
The study of brain - behavior relationships with the focus on uncovering the neurophysiological mechanisms of behavior and cognition.
Biopsychology
The study of brain and behavior with a focus on the biological and psychological processes of : ! motivation & addiction ! learning, memory, and information processing, ! Evolution ! Individual differences and genetics
Social skills training and cognitive therapy
The techniques of modeling and behavioral rehearsal are employed in both
What is hindsight bias?
The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that we could have predicted it.
a
The term that refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge is a. cognition. b. pedagogy. c. empiricism. d. introspection.
b
The term used by William James to describe a continuous flow of thoughts was a. existential awareness. b. stream of consciousness. c. transcendental meditation. d. phenomenological flow.
All the diverse approaches
The text uses the term psychotherapy to refer to _______ used in the treatment of mental disorders and psychological problems
a
The text's unifying theme that "heredity and environment jointly influence behavior" is often referred to as describing the a. nature versus nurture issue. b. nurture versus nature issue. c. biological versus psychological issue. d. psychological versus biological issue.
b
The text's unifying theme that "psychology is theoretically diverse" implies that a. psychology has not, as yet, focused on empirical observations. b. there are often several ways to interpret a set of observations. c. psychology focuses on unrelated observations. d. psychology is failing in the goal of being a science
b
The theoretical viewpoint that is MOST closely associated with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow is a. cognitive approach. b. humanism. c. structuralism. d. biological approach.
Can a dependent variable vary depending on what takes place during the experiment?
Yes
Do behaviorists today agree with the view that psychology should be an objective science?
Yes
Does nurture work on what nature provides?
Yes
Multitasking
ability to focus your attention on two distinctly different tasks; performance will suffer if done in excess
Color constancy
ability to perceive an object as the same color regardless of the change in lighting
Size constancy
ability to retain the size of an object regardless of where it is located
238. Cognitive therapy is to negative thinking as drug therapy is to
abnormal neurotransmitter activity.
The primary reason for the ethical dilemmas psychologists encounter regarding the use of deception in research reflects concerns
about the possibility of inflicting harm on human subjects
Lens
accessory structure located directly behind the pupil; bends light, focusing it onto the retina
50. Which of the following neurotransmitters is primarily involved in the activation of motor neurons controlling skeletal muscles?
acetylcholine
105. When Cary was eight years old, she was startled and began to cry when a car backfired just as she was walking under a ladder. As an adult, Cary is still terrified of ladders. Based on principles of classical conditioning, the sound of the car backfiring
acted as an unconditioned stimulus.
133. The rewarding effects of electrical stimulation of the brain seem to be mediated by
activation of dopamine-releasing neurons
Sympathetic nervous system stimulates the ____, which then secrets ______
adrenal medulla, catecholamine
89. Dr. Seelig has just discovered a new drug named BXY79 that produces schizophrenic-like side effects. Based on this information, Dr. Seelig's drug may be acting as an
agonist for dopamine.
Frequency-matching theory
aka the volley principle; says that neurons on the basiliar membrane fire at different rates depending on the sound wave frequency, and that the rate of fire determiens pitch perception; explains LOW frequencies
Eardrum
aka tympanic membrane; accessory structure consisting of a tightly stretched membrane that vibrates in response to incoming sound waves and transmits vibrations to middle ear
195. Transcranial magnetic stimulation
allows scientists to temporarily enhance or depress activity in specific areas of the brain.
45. The four basic EEG patterns are
alpha, beta, theta, delta
95. Adam has just consumed a substance that provides him with increased alertness and energy, along with reduced fatigue. However, it also makes him more talkative, increases his blood pressure, reduces his appetite, and makes him restless. Adam has likely ingested
an amphetamine
Valium is
an antianxiety drug
Mary has a psychological disorder, and her doctor has prescribed a drug from the benzodiazepine family (e.g., valium) to reduce the severity of Mary"s symptoms. In this case, Mary"s therapist is MOST likely treating her for
an anxiety disorder
201. The practice of therapy that involves drawing ideas from two or more systems of therapy instead of committing to just one is known as
an eclectic approach to therapy.
3. A variable, other than the independent variable, that appears to have influenced the dependent variable in a study is referred to as
an extraneous variable REF: p. 44
Prosopagnosia
an inability to recognize familiar faces
Visual Agnosia
an inability to recognize objects
Illusions
an incorrect perception caused by your mind acting on false stimulus cues
214. Which of the following has NOT been an outcome of deinstitutionalization?
an increase in the average length of stay in state and county mental hospitals
Perceptual Hypothesis
an inference about what form could be responsible for a pattern of sensory stimulation
A psychotherapist who participates in complex verbal interactions with clients in order to enhance clients' understanding of themselves and their problems would be classified as
an insight therapist.
client-centered therapy
an insight therapy that emphasizes providing a supportive emotional climate for clients, who play a major role in determining the pace and direction of their therapy
psychoanalysis
an insight therapy that emphasizes the recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives, and defenses through techniques such as free association and transference
67. Escape learning is a type of learning in which
an organism engages in a response that brings aversive stimulation to an end
Statistical procedures are used during which step in conducting a scientific investigation?
analyze the data and draw conclusions
170. A severe side effect associated with ____ drugs is ____, which is a neurological disorder marked by involuntary writhing and tic-like movements.
antipsychotic; tardive dyskinesia
The two MOST common problems among those who seek psychotherapy are
anxiety and depression.
Stimulus
any aspect or change in the environment to which you respond (example-sound, touch, smells, light)
stimulus
any detectable input from the environment
Jackson is working with a company to help it develop more effective training programs for its employees. He has spent a great deal of time reviewing all the documentation the company has about the previous training opportunities it has provided for its employees. Up to this point in time, Jackson has been engaged in
archival research
Complementary Colors
are pairs of colors that produce gray tones when mixed together
A correlation between two variables exists when scores on one variable
are related to scores on the second variable
psychoanalysts
are therapy providers who rely heavily on the theories and methods pioneered by the early 20th century Sigmund Freud
75. Emma has multiple sclerosis. If you could view her nervous system you would find
areas where the myelin sheath has degenerated
Emma has multiple sclerosis. If you could view her nervous system, you would find
areas where the myelin sheath has degenerated
the principle cause of coronoary heart disease
atherosclerosis
LaPiere's study from the 1930s concerning whether the restaurants would serve a Chinese couple demonstrated that
attitudes did not predict behavior very well
26. Dan was able to tell that the voice he heard calling his name was coming from the building on his left because of
auditory localization
109. Christine is a psychologist who conducts research on the effects of reward on maze learning in rats. Christine would most likely be considered
behaviorist
Christine is a psychologist who conducts research on the effects of reward on maze learning in rats. Christine would most likely be considered a
behaviorist
Christine is a psychologist who conducts research on the effects of rewards on maze learning in rats. Christine would MOST likely be considered a
behaviorist
146. Valium and Xanax are
benzodiazepines.
Valium and Xanax are
benzodiazepines.
123. Mark is listening as his roommate lists 14 things that they need to buy for their apartment before the end of the week. Based on George Miller's research into the capacity of short-term memory, if Mark doesn't write the items down as he hears them, he is most likely to remember
between 5 and 9 items from the list
Professor Vasquez believes that nearly all psychological disorders can ultimately be traced to abnormalities in the brain. Professor Vasquez's beliefs are MOST consistent with the
biological perspective
Professor Vasquez believes that nearly all psychological disorders can ultimately be traced to abnormalities in brain chemistry. Professor Vasquez's beliefs are MOST consistent with the
biological perspective.
143. Electroconvulsive therapy and drug therapy for psychological disorders are two types of
biomedical
16. Therapists who emphasize altering an individual's physiological functioning in treatment use the ____ approach to psychotherapy.
biomedical
145. Therapies that involve physiological intervention intended to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders are
biomedical therapies.
239. Of the following, which is NOT a closely related pair of terms?
biomedical therapy and aversion therapy
Electroconvulsive therapy and drug therapy for psychological disorders are two types of
biomedical therapy.
Electroconvulsive therapy
biomedical treatment in which shock is used to produce a cortical seizure accompanied by convusions
184. SSRIs seem to be least effective for individual suffering from
bipolar disorder.
179. Lithium is a chemical used to treat
bipolar mood disorders.
132. Which of the following is NOT a cognitive activity?
blinking at something
49. An antagonist
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
A multifactorial approach to explaining your performance in a course would MOST likely focus on
both personal and situational factors.
58. Feature analysis assumes that we progress from individual elements to the whole in the formation of our perceptions. This is a case of
bottom-up processing
When faced with a major assignment such as a term paper it is a good idea to
break the assignment down into smaller components.
Subliminal messages
brief auditory or visual messages that are presented below the absolute threshold; do not work
116. If the human eye was not responsive to differences in the amplitude of light waves, we would not be able to perceive differences in
brightness
The first step in the process of systematic desensitization is to
build an anxiety heirarchy
106. The first step in the process of systematic desensitization is to
build an anxiety hierarchy.
A therapist cures a man of his sexual attraction to children by pairing pictures of children with painful electric shocks. The procedure being used here is
aversion therapy
The article suggested that every time a person looked at a tempting, but forbidden food, he or she should form a mental image of something disgusting. Bryant has been doing this for the past month and he finds desserts no longer have pleasant associations for him.
aversion therapy
118. A therapist cures a man of his sexual attraction to children by pairing pictures of children with painful electric shocks. The procedure being used here is
aversion therapy.
George is a child molester. In therapy, George is shown pictures of children, and every time he begins to evidence physiological arousal, he is shocked. George is undergoing
aversion therapy.
giving an alcoholic an emetic drug so that each time she takes a drink she becomes nauseous and ill is a form of
aversive conditioning
123. Giving an alcoholic an emetic drug so that each time she takes a drink she becomes nauseous and ill is a form of
aversive conditioning.
Two major and unanticipated problems that occurred as a result of deinstitutionalization involve
b. a revolving door population of patients and the homeless mentally ill.
Frank has just been to a therapist who prescribed an antianxiety medication. Frank should expect to experience some relief from his symptoms of anxiety
b. almost immediately after taking the drug for the first time.
According to Freud, the events in dreams
b. are symbolic representations of recent events in the client's life.
The goal of cognitive therapy is to
b. change the clients negative thought and maladaptive beliefs.
According to Freud, neurosis usually results from unconscious conflicts over
b. sex and aggression.
Which of the following is not among the advantages of group therapy? 44. a. Participants often come to realize that their misery is not unique. b. It produces a significantly higher recovery rate than individual therapy. c. It provides an opportunity for participants to work on social skills in a safe environment. d. Certain kinds of problems are especially well-suited to group treatment.
b. It produces a significantly higher recovery rate than individual therapy.
Subtractive color mixing
by mixing different wavelengths, some wavelengths are absorbed or substracted; color is determined by which are absorbed and which are reflected
55. Carl Rogers named his technique "client-centered therapy" to emphasize his belief that
clients should play a major role in determining the pace and direction of their therapy.
Free association
clients spontaneously express their thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur, with as little censorship as possible
free association
clients spontaneously express their thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur, with as little censorship as possible
In free association
clients spontaneously express their thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur.
66. In client-centered therapy the ____ is more important then the ____.
climate; process
After World War II, many psychologists began to specialize in
clinical psychology
The area of applied psychology MOST stimulated by World War II was
clinical psychology
During World War II, many academic psychologists were pressed into service, mainly as
clinicians
During World War II, many academic psychologists were pressed into service, mainly as
clinicians.
Nearsightedness
close objects are seen clearly but distant objects appear blurry
Binocular Depth Cues
clues about distance based on the differing views of the two eyes
Pictorial Depth Cues
clues about distance that can be given in a flat picture
55. The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the
cochlea
The term that refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge is
cognition
Recent research trends in psychology involve two areas largely ignored by early behaviorists. These two areas are
cognition (thinking) and physiological processes.
The term that refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge is
cognition.
A psychological perspective that emerged in the 1950s and 1960s which reflects a renewed interest in the study of the mind or consciousness that existed in psychology when it first became a science in the late 1800s is the
cognitive perspective
A psychological perspective that emerged in the 1950s and 1960s that reflects a renewed interest in the study of the mind or consciousness that existed in psychology when it first became a science in the late 1800s is the
cognitive perspective.
A psychologist who studies information processing and decision-making would probably be considered a
cognitive psychologist
Decision making, reasoning, problem solving, and language are topics most likely to be studied by
cognitive psychologists
The approach that contends psychology must study internal mental events in order to fully understand behavior is
cognitive psychology
Which of the following is a recent movement in psychology that has revived the old interest in mental and conscious events?
cognitive psychology
Clients receiving _____ are taught to detect and evaluate their negative self-defeating thoughts and statements.
cognitive therapy
240. Which of the following shows the MOST appropriate matching of therapy to psychological problem?
cognitive therapy for panic disorder
133. Bryson was surprised by his first psychotherapy session. When the session was over the therapist gave Bryson a homework assignment. She asked Bryson to record any thoughts that came to his mind when he experienced a setback at home or in his job. In this case, it appears that Bryson is seeing a therapist who uses
cognitive therapy.
Martin Seligman asserts that panic disorders respond best to
cognitive therapy.
140. The use of varied combinations of verbal interventions and behavioral modification techniques to help clients change maladaptive patterns of thinking BEST describes
cognitive-behavioral treatments.
Cochlea
coiled tube in the inner ear that is filled with fluid; vibrations from the oval window cause fluid to move which allows for transduction
Cones
color/light; photoreceptor that is active in bright light conditions; helps detect find details and color; concentrated in the fovea
Iris
colored circular muscle that opens and closes, controlling the amount of light getting into the eye
Additive color mixing
creation of color by adding light wavelengths
The text's suggestions for improving academic performance by improving your reading, getting more out of lectures, and improving test-taking strategies are consistent with the application of
critical thinking skills.
Monocular depth cues
cues that can be used with one eye; includes size, relative size, interposition, texture gradient, and motion parallax
The widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generations BEST describes a person's
cultural heritage.
Recently, Western psychologists have started to devote more attention to ____ as a determinant of behavior.
culture
Ariana's doctor has recently prescribed a drug that slows the reuptake process at serotonin synapses. Her doctor is most likely treating Ariana for symptoms of
depression
MAO inhibitor
depression
71.The two basic types of statistics are
descriptive and inferential
A psychologist who is interested in the psychological effects of aging would MOST likely specialize in
development psychology
A psychologist who is interested in the psychological effect of aging would MOST likely specialize in
developmental psychology.
163. Atypical antipsychotic drugs appear to increase patients' vulnerability to
diabetes and cardiovascular problems.
15. In dim light, the pupil of the eye is
dilated, producing an image that is not as sharp
Empiricism means that knowledge should be acquired through
direct observation
39. All of the following are Freudian techniques to bring unconscious material to consciousness EXCEPT
directed confrontation.
negative response set
disagrees with all the statements in a personality inventory instead of reading all the questions
Walter Cannon
discovered the physiological reaction to threat in which the autonomic nervous system mobilizes the organism for action
Farsightedness
distant objects are seen clearly but close objects appear blurry
Neurochemical basis for anxiety disorders
disturbances in the neural circuits using GABA
Schizophrenia is linked to excessive activity of which neurotransmitter?
dopamine
35. Freud considered ____ to be the most direct way to access the patient's unconscious or the "royal road to the unconscious."
dreams
Freud considered _____ to be the most direct way to access the patient's unconscious or the "royal road to the unconscious."
dreams
152. The most commonly cited side effect associated with antianxiety drugs is
drowsiness
antidepressant drugs
drugs that gradually elevate mood and help bring people out of a depression
antianxiety drugs
drugs that reduce tension, apprehension, and nervousness
Mood stabilizers
drugs used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar mood disorders
mood stabilizers
drugs used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar mood disorders
antipsychotic drugs
drugs used to gradually reduce psychotic symptoms, including hyperactivity, mental confusion, hallucinations, and delusions
Eardrum (Tympanic Membrane)
eardrum vibrates (in ossicles)
5. The correct order in which a sound stimulates the structures in the ear is
eardrum, ossicles, oval window, cochlea
In explaining an individuals' aggressiveness, skinner would look for
early learning experiences and reinforcement history
drug treatment can be effective in reducing symptoms of depression, but only by understanding the causes of their depression
eclectic approach
29. Responses that are followed by satisfying consequences increase in probability. This is a statement of Thorndike's law of
effect
The trend toward deinstitutionalization mainly came about because large mental institutions
effective drug therapy & deployment of community mental health centers to coordinate local care.
A biomedical treatment in which electric shock is used to produce a cortical seizure accompanied by convulsions is
electroconvulsive therapy.
106. The theories of language acquisition that emphasize both the importance of children's learning experiences and their information-processing skills are
emergentist theories
Lange tells his therapist: "My whole world is a mess and nobody cares for me or is concerned about what happens to me." Lange's therapist knows that he has many friends who are concerned about him, but she tells him: "I understand why you might feel that way right now, and it must be difficult for you to deal with your feelings of abandonment." In this interaction, Lange's therapist is displaying the quality that Carl Rogers termed
empathy
Client: "I've had a bad week. I'm really down." Therapist: "You've had some unpleasant experiences lately and are feeling quite depressed as a result." The therapist's statement in this interaction is intended to communicate
empathy to the client.
21. Compared to psychologists, in their provision of therapy psychiatrists tend to
emphasize biomedical treatments more.
Compared to psychologists, in their provision of therapy psychiatrists tend to
emphasize biomedical treatments more.
Researchers in psychology have "to see it to believe it." This orientation is MOST consistent with
empiricism.
121. The order of the basic memory processes in which information enters our memory system and is used later is
encoding ~ storage ~ retrieval
Color Blindness
encompasses a variety of deficiencies in the ability to distinguish among colors
23. The system of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream is known as the
endocrine system
The system of glands that secrete chemicals into the bloodstream that help control bodily functioning is the
endocrine system
People sometimes report a feeling of euphoria following a period of vigorous exercise. This is MOST likely
endorphins
182. In comparison to lithium, mood stabilizers such as valproate are
equally effective in treating bipolar disorder and have fewer adverse effects.
161. In comparison to traditional antipsychotic drugs, atypical antipsychotic drugs are
equally effective in treating schizophrenia and have fewer unpleasant side effects.
119. The tendency to view one's own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways is known as
ethnocentrism
10. Some researchers have suggested that people currently tend to sleep during periods of darkness because sleeping under these conditions was an adaptive behavior that helped to increase survival among early humans. This is the type of argument that would most likely be made by psychologists who take the
evolutionary perspective in psychology
8. The approach that examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the course of many generations is
evolutionary psychology
The approach that examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the course of many generations is
evolutionary psychology
The approach that examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the course of many generations is
evolutionary psychology.
Descriptive/correlational research methods allow researchers to
examine whether there is a link or association between variables being studied
Signal detection theory
examines factors that affect the process of sensation; four possible outcomes are hits, misses, false alarm, or correct rejections
Wilhelm Wundt believed the focus of psychology should be
examining people's awareness of their immediate experience
Wilhelm Wundt believed the focus of psychology should be
examining people's awareness of their immediate experience.
Wilhelm Wundt believed the focus of psychology should be
examining peoples awareness of their immediate experience
Which of the following is not a descriptive/correlational research method?
experiment
David and Alexandra both take part in a research study that is investigating the effects of sleep deprivation on reaction time. David is kept awake for 24 hours straight, while Alexandra follows her normal sleep routine. In this study, David is part of the
experimental group
In experimental research, while subjects in the ____ group received some special treatment in regard to the independent variable, subjects in the ____ group did not.
experimental; control
Conscious attitudes are known as
explicit
Dissociative identity disorders have been suggested to result from
exterme emotional trauma
102. Ken used to drool at the smell of peanut butter cookies as they baked, and he couldn't wait to sink his teeth into that first cookie. However, Ken's new roommate makes terrible peanut butter cookies, and the smell of them baking is no longer associated with a wonderful taste experience. Consequently, Ken finds that the smell of the cookies no longer makes him drool in anticipation. This illustrates the classical conditioning process known as
extinction
70. The continued presentation of the CS without the UCS will result in the gradual disappearance of the CR. This phenomenon is known as
extinction
27. Parallel processing in the visual pathways suggests that separate neural channels
extract different information from visual inputs
Variables, other than the independent variable, that seem likely to influence the behavior of subjects in a study are called
extraneous variables
According to Carl Rogers, the process of therapy is more important then the climate in which the therapy takes place.
false
Aversion therapy is a form of behavior therapy that is used to reduce phobic clients' anxiety responses through counterconditioning.
false
Behavioral therapists treat pathological symptoms as signs of an underlying problem whereas biomedical therapists think that the symptoms are the problem.
false
Psychoanalysts rely on the use of the technique of dream interpretation because Sigmund Freud saw dreams as the "royal road to the conscious."
false
An important goal of client-centered therapy is to
help clients realize they don't have to worry constantly about pleasing others and winning acceptance.
141. Kathryn has learned to fear thunder and lightening storms. When Kathryn's fear was first acquired there was probably a significant amount of neural activity in
her amygdala
8. Which of the following psychologists is most likely to deal with the most severe mental health problems? a. counseling psychologist b. clinical psychologist c. school psychologist d. research psychologist
b. clinical psychologist
The key to the effective use of highlighting is to
highlight only the main ideas, key supporting details, and technical terms.
Reduced volume in what structure lead to depression?
hippocampus
If Dr. Maple is a behaviorist he would MOST likely believe that the cause of a child's disruptive behavior in school is the result of
his prior experiences
If Dr. Maple is a behaviorist he would be most likely to believe that the cause of a child's disruptive behavior in school is the result of
his prior experiences
If Dr. Maple is a behaviorist, he would MOST likely believe that the cause of a child's disruptive behavior in school is the result of
his prior experiences.
Larry is a graduate student whose major area of interest is social psychology. You should expect that Larry is MOST interested in
how people relate to each other and influence each other.
Purity
how varied the mix is
A psychologist who primary goal is to help people reach their potential MOST likely follows the principles of
humanism
The school of psychology that takes the most positive view of human nature is
humanism
The theoretical viewpoint that is MOST clearly associated with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow is
humanism
The theoretical viewpoint that is MOST closely associated with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
humanism
Which of the following "schools" of psychology believes people have a basic need to fulfill their potential for personal growth and experience free will?
humanism
222. Psychotherapists who are ____ tend to be the most expensive.
in private practice
Psychotherapists who are _____ tend to be the most expensive.
in private practice
Conduction deafness
inability to hear resulting from damage to the eardrum or middle ear that causes vibrations to not be transmitted
237. Freud is to unconscious conflicts as Rogers is to
incongruence.
Over the last 50 years, membership in the American Psychological Association has
increased dramatically.
Negative thinking
increased vulnerability to depression
The cognitive perspective contends that to fully understand behavior, psychologists need to focus attention on
internal mental events
The cognitive perspective contends that to fully understand human behavior, psychologists need to focus attention on
internal mental events
The cognitive perspective contends that to fully understand human behavior, psychologists need to focus attention on
internal mental events.
she has depression f
interpersonal psychotherapy with a tricyclic antidepressant.
In the Featured Study "Combining Insight Therapy and Medication," the relapse rate was LOWEST for the treatment condition that received
interpersonal therapy and medication.
If you take a sip of a soft drink and concentrate on what you are experiencing (cold, bubbly, sweet, ect.) you would be utilizing the technique of
introspection
In an attempt to learn something about his conscious experience, William looked at an abstract painting and wrote down all of his impressions as they came to him. This technique is called
introspection
The method used to examine the contents of consciousness by early psychologists that involved the careful systematic self-observation of your own conscious experience is known as
introspection
In an attempt to learn something about his conscious experience, William looked at an abstract painting and wrote down all of his impressions as they came to him. This technique is called
introspection.
behavior therapies
involve the application of the principles of learning and conditioning to direct efforts to change client's maladaptive behaviors
Visual Illusion
involves an apparently inexplicable discrepancy between the appearance of a visual stimulus and its physical reality
family therapy
involves the treatment of a family as a whole, in which the main focus is on family dynamic and communication
Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)
involves the use of electric shock to produce a cortical seizure and convulsions.
emotion therapies
is not a real thing
Optic Disk
location where the optic nerve exits the eye; lacks cones or rods and therefore causes a blindspot
130. The memory system that has an almost unlimited storage capacity is
long-term memory
#of therapy sessions to percentage of patients recovered
looks like square root of x graph
Sensory Adaptation
loss of responsiveness in receptor cells after prolonged stimulation (getting adjusted to a cold pool)
Acording to Bandura's theory people that are easily jealous when in a romantic relationship are
low in self-efficacy
If two variables have a positive correlation, you would expect that ____ scores on one variable are generally associated with ____ scores on the second variable.
low; low
Skinner's behaviorism
made the study of behavior and its outcome the basis of the whole approach
193. Today, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is MOST likely to be used as a treatment for patients with
major depression who have not responded to antidepressant drugs.
2. The experiment is a research method in which the investigator
manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether there are changes in a second variable as a result REF: p. 42
22. Which of the following disorders would be LEAST likely to be treated by psychiatrists?
marital problems
192. The risks of ECT
may include both short- and long-term intellectual impairment.
Middle ear
mechanical part of the ear that transmits vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear; made up of the hammer, the anvil, and stirrup
mental hospital
medical institution specializing in providing inpatient care for psychological disorders
The spatial tasks on which males tend to do better than females generally involve
mentally rotating objects.
54.An 8-year-old shows irony and sarcasm in his speech by saying "That's just great, I'm a regular LaBron James!" after he misses a free throw in a basketball game; this suggests that his ____ has improved.
metalinguistic awareness
126. An agonist
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
Which disorders both show a strong influence o genetics on development?
mood and schizophrenic
Bipolar disorder is frequently treated with
mood stabilizers
186. The therapeutic drugs used to control bipolar disorder are referred to as
mood stabilizers.
Primary features of a group
most have power structure, communication structure, and norms
Endorphins
neurotransmitter that blocks the opening of the spinal gate and therefore prevents the perception of pain
An impulse moves from one neuron to another through the action of
neurotransmitters
Research comparing the effectiveness of psychotherapists who received training in a number of different areas (psychology, psychiatry, counseling, social work) has demonstrated
no reliable association exists concerning therapists' professional training and effectiveness.
194. Which of the following statements concerning electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is false?
objective evidence has shown that ECT causes structural damage to the brain
Impossible Figures
objects that can be represented in two-dimensional pictures but cannot exist in three-dimensional space
personality profile of someone with anorexia nervosa
obsessive, rigid, and emotionally restrained
transference
occurs when clients start relating to their therapist in ways that mimic critical relationships in their lives
Transduction
occurs when physical energy is transformed into a neural code, making it possible for the brain to understand; is carried out by sensory receptors
Accommodation
occurs when the curvation of the lens adjusts to alter visual focus
Nearsightedness
occurs when you cannot focus on faraway objects because the focus of distant objects falls short of the retina
Farsightedness
occurs when you cannot focus on nearby objects because the focus of the object falls behind the retina
124. The sense associated with the perception of smell is
olfaction
Hue
one of three determinants of color vision; refers to the color people psychologically experience and is determined by wavelength (short=blue, long=red)
Brightness
one of three determinants of color vision; refers to the intensity (amplitude) of a light wave (high wave=bright, low wave=dull)
Saturation
one of three determinants of color vision; refers to the purity or complexity of the light waves making up a color; eg., red is more saturated than pink because white is added
Taken as a whole, the evidence suggests that roughly _____ of the homeless suffer from severe mental illness (schizophrenic and mood disorders), and that another _____ or more are struggling with alcohol and drug problems.
one-third; one-third
Watson believed that psychology should
only study observable behavior
Pupil
opening in the eye that allows light to enter
124. The basic learning principle(s) used in social skills training is
operant conditioning and observational learning.
A psychologist measures blood alcohol level to determine intoxication. In this example, blood and alcohol level is the ____ definition of intoxication
operational
In scientific investigations a researcher must clearly define the variables under study by precisely describing how they will be measured or controlled. These definitions are referred to as
operational definitions
72. Lateral antagonism occurs when the neural activity in a cell
opposes activity in surrounding cells
Critical thinking includes all of the following EXCEPT
originally believing that the stated position on a topic is incorrect.
217. Many specific therapies have turned out to be irrelevant or counterproductive when used with different cultural groups. This finding illustrates that
our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage.
Sunlin prepared a meal for his new girlfriend, and she enjoyed it so much that she cleaned her plate. Later, she was surprised that he had found her behavior somewhat insulting; she thought she was showing her appreciation. In this case, the couple's miscommunication illustrates the underlying theme that
our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage.
Quan Lee recently lost her job at American Industries Inc. because she would often show up for important meetings 20 to 30 minutes after they had started. She was confused about why this upset her boss because her relatives are almost always late for appointments and meetings. Quan Lee's confusion illustrates the fact that
our cultural backgrounds exert a considerable influence over our behavior.
150. Perceptual constancy refers to
our perception of objects remaining stable despite the fact that sensory information changes
215. What percentage of psychiatric inpatient admissions are readmission of former patients?
over 66 percent
114. In which of the lobes of the cerebrum is the somatosensory cortex located?
parietal
Outer ear
part of the ear consisting of the pinna, auditory canal, and eardrum; is responsible for channeling sound
The basic premise of evolutionary psychology is that natural selection favors behaviors that enhance organisms' success in
passing on their genes to the next generation
The basic premise of evolutionary psychology is that natural selection favors behaviors that enhance organisms' success in
passing on their genes to the next generation.
Behavior therapy assumes that psychological disorders are caused by
past conditioning.
76. Advocates of positive psychology maintain the field has focused too heavily on
pathology, weakness, and suffering.
Critics of managed care maintain that mental health care has experienced particularly severe cuts because
people complain
Both Rogers and Maslow believed
people have a basic need to fulfill their potential for personal growth.
228. Regression toward the mean occurs when
people who originally score extremely high or low on some trait are measured a second time, and their new score falls closer to the average.
That people sometimes see what they either "want to see" or "expect to see" BEST reflects the text's unifying theme that
people's experience of the world is highly subjective
Roger and Lydia met for a blind date. Roger had been told by his best friend that Lydia was charismatic and vivacious. During their date Lydia was friendly, but she was also quite shy and didn't initiate much of the conversation. Still, Roger thinks that Lydia is one of the most exciting people that he has met, and he can't wait to see her again. Roger's reaction to his date with Lydia shows that
people's experience of the world is highly subjective.
Fechner's Law
perceived sensation is proportional to the log of the stimulus; increases in perceived magnitude shrink as the physical intensity of the stimulus grows
Afterimage
perception of an image even after the stimulus has been removed; can be explained by opponent process theory because as you look at something of one color, its opponent is suppressed and it gets worn out, so when you look away, the opponent fires, making you see a negative image
Stroboscopic motion
perception of movement due to the rapid presentation of changing stationary images (watching a movie)
Autokinetic effect
perception of movement of a stationary point of light in a totally dark room
Brightness constancy
perception that the brightness of an object remains the same despite a change in the brightness of the background
The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system comprise the
peripheral nervous system
Compared to the other scientific research methods, the principal advantage of the experimental method is it
permits conclusions about cause and effect relationships
Freud concluded that psychological distrubances are largely caused by
personal conflicts existing at an unconscious level
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by
personal conflicts existing at an unconscious level
Which of the following is not a major area of specialization of applied psychology?
personality psychology
Psychology's intellectual parents are the disciplines of
philosophy and physiology
Psychology's intellectual parents are the disciplines of
philosophy and physiology.
80. In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
phonemic
Rods
photoreceptor active in dimly lit conditions; respond more slowly than cones; are primarily locatedi in peripheral vision
psychiatrists
physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
Psychiatrists
physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders (require MD degree)
biomedical therapies
physiological interventions intended to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders
Biomedical therapies
physiological interventions intended to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders (2 kinds - Psychopharmacoptherapy (drug) and electroconvulsive (shock) therapy)
Jane's thyroid gland has become inactive and, as a result, she is becoming lethargic and has gained weight. We know that the thyroid gland can cause this reaction because of studies conducted by
physiological psychologists.
105. A psychologist monitors changes in the subject's heart rate as the subject watches a violent movie. The data collection technique being used is
physiological recording
The "master gland" of the endocrine system is the
pituitary gland
physiological responses to stress occur via 2 major pathways
pituitary gland and endocrine system
122. Aversion therapy is designed to remove unwanted
pleasant associations using classical conditioning techniques.
The viewpoint in psychology that uses theory and research to understand the adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence is known as
positive psychology
Dr. Macator predicts that people will act more aggressively during the heat waves of summer than they will during the cold spells of winter. This suggests that Dr. Macator believes that temperature and level of aggression are
positively correlated
eclecticism
practice of therapy involving drawing ideas from one or more systems of therapy instead of committing to one therapy
Precognition
predicting the future
76. Proactive interference occurs when
previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information
Sensory Adaptation
process by which we become more sensitive to weak stimuli and less sensitive to unchanging stimuli
83. The most important aspect of group therapy is that group members
provide acceptance and emotional support.
Client-centered therapy emphasizes
providing a supportive climate for clients.
Which of the following is a medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental disorders?
psychiatrist
Today, psychoanalysis is MOST likely to be practiced by
psychiatrists
25. Which of the following statements concerning psychiatrists is false?
psychiatrists typically devote less of their time to relatively serious disorders than clinical psychologists
24. Today psychoanalysis is MOST likely to be practiced by
psychiatrists.
Sigmund Freud developed an innovative procedure for treating people with psychological problems, which he called
psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud developed an innovative procedure for treating people with psychological problems, which is called
psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud developed an innovative procedure for treating people with psychological problems, which he called
psychoanalysis.
spontaneous remission
psychological disorders clearing up on their own
In conducting a research study, psychologists need to define all their variables clearly and unambiguously, so that other researchers can objectively evaluate the results of the research. This aspect of psychology illustrates the underlying theme that
psychology is empirical.
When Watson proposed that psychology should only study observable behaviors and not consciousness, he was emphasizing the unifying theme that
psychology should be empirical
Which of the following areas of research in psychology is concerned with assessing individual differences, developing tests, and developing new statistical techniques?
psychometrics
The term that is used in the broadest sense to refer to all of the diverse approaches used in the treatment of mental disorders and psychological problems is
psychotherapy.
The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by changes in the size of the
pupil
With regard to psychological disorders, spontaneous remission refers to a
recovery from a disorder that occurs without formal treatment.
116. Systematic desensitization is a therapy designed to
reduce phobic responses.
Dr. Webb designs a research study in which neither the subjects nor the individuals who interact directly with the subjects know which is the control group and which is the experimental group in the study. Dr. Webb probably chose this type of research design in order to
reduce the impact of experimenter bias
In treating phobias, systematic desensitization works by
reducing or changing the CR.
Response criterion
refers to a person's willingness to respond to a stimulus; is affected by his or her motivation
Sensititvity
refers to the ability to detect a stimulus; is affected by the strength of a stimulus
Pitch
refers to the highness or lowness of a sound and is determined by frequency
Timbre
refers to the purity of the sound wave; determines clarity of a sound
Saturation
refers to the relative amount of whiteness in a color
deinstitutionalization
refers to transferring the treatment of mental illness from inpatient institutions to community-based facility that emphasize outpatient care
Height in Plane
reflects the fact that distant objects appear higher in a picture
under stess a college student cries and throws things, this behavior is an example of
regression
78. When information in long-term memory (LTM) is organized according to a clustering principle, it means that
related items tend to be remembered in groups or categories
108. In systematic desensitization, a new ____ response is substituted for the old ____ response.
relaxation; fear
In systematic desensitization, a new _____ response is substituted for the old _____ response.
relaxation; fear
In using systematic desensitization for treating a phobia, a new __________ response is substituted for the old __________ response.
relaxation; fear
Antianxiety drugs
relieve tension, apprehension, and nervousness
Based on an evolutionary analysis of spatial skills, you should predict that Jill will be better than Jack at
remembering locations.
Subtractive Color Mixing
removing some wavelengths of light, leaving less light than was originally there
Many managed care systems hold down costs by erecting barriers to access. These barriers may include all of the following EXCEPT
requiring service providers to be re-certified every six months.
189. Critics suggest that the negative effects of psychiatric drugs are not fully appreciated because the pharmaceutical industry has gained undue influence over
research concerning psychiatric drugs.
____ refers to successful adaption to significant stress and trauma and a lack of serious negative outcomes
resilience
47. Transference in psychoanalytic therapy may reveal itself when the patient
responds to the therapist as though he or she were the patient's parent.
Inner ear
responsible for transducing sound waves into neural messages; consists of the cochlea, basiliar membrane, and auditory nerve
79. Reabsorption of neurotransmitters into the presynaptic neuron is referred to as
reuptake
Night and peripheral vision depend mainly on ___, while daylight and acute vision depend mainly on ___
rods; cones
36.The purity of a wavelength of light corresponds to the perception of
saturation
Advantages of group therapy
save time and money and realization for the participants that their problems are not unique
A recently recognized fifth taste is known as umami, which is a _____ taste
savory
The major departure of Freud's position from prevailing viewpoints around the early 1900s was that he
saw people as not fully aware of the forces that control their behavior
Place theory
says that pitch is the result of where a vibration activates the basiliar membrane; explains HIGH frequencies
Opponent Process Theory of Color Vision
says that the color sensitive receptors of the eye are grouped into complementary pairs (red-green; blue-yellow; and black-white); each member of a pair inhibits or opposes the other; different colors are produced depending on which members of each pair are activated
Colton has been taking a drug to control a psychological disorder. Some of the side effects that he has been experiencing include drowsiness, constipation, and tardive dyskinesia. In this case, Colton is MOST likely being treated for
schizophrenia
Disorder that affects levels of dopamine in nervous system
schizophrenia
153. Gil has a psychological disorder, and his doctor has prescribed an antipsychotic drug to reduce the severity of Gil's symptoms. In this case, Gil's therapist is most likely treating him for
schizophrenia.
155. Jennifer's doctor has recently prescribed a drug that alters the activity in dopamine synapses. Her doctor is most likely treating Jennifer for symptoms of
schizophrenia.
Not including clinical or counseling psychologists, the two most common specialties in applied psychology are
school psychology and industrial/organizational psychology.
Clairvoyance
seeing or sensing something without being there
Which of the following was LEAST likely to be the focus of study for the functionalists?
sensation and perception
While __ involves the stimulation of sense organs, ___ involves the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input
sensation, perception
Kinesthesis
sense that monitors and coordinates movement among body parts via sensory neurons called proprioceptors
Vestibular sense
sense that monitors balance wrt movement by detecting changes in fluid in the ear; shaking this fluid causes dizziness
Audition
sense that we experience according to changes in the vibrations of mediums such as air or water
32. You enter a room and notice a distinctive new smell. After a bit of time you no longer smell the odor. This illustrates the phenomenon of
sensory adaptation
Olfactory receptor cells
sensory receptors lining the nasal passage that detect scents and transduce them into neural codes
Pacinian corpuscles
sensory receptors of the skin that detect pressure; become depressed and send a neural message to the brain
Cutaneous receptors
sensory receptors of the skin that detect touch; are scattered unevenly
Taste buds
sensory receptors that are activated when substances enter the mouth and are broken down by saliva; 5 types are sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami
110. The Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model proposes that memory has
sensory, short-term, and long-term stores
148. The process of making attributions about the origins of memories is referred to as
source monitoring
Clinical psychologists (counseling psychologists)
specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and everyday behavioral problems
clinical psychologists and counseling psychologists
specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and everyday behavioral problems
Sensory receptors
specialized cells that respond to certain energy fluctuations in the environment
Bipolar Cells
specialized neurons that carry information from photoreceptors (rods and cones) to ganglion cells
Ganglion Cells
specialized neurons that receive and process information from rods and cones and carry it to the brain; axons make up the optic nerve
Cones
specialized visual receptors that play a key role in daylight vision and color vision
Rods
specialized visual receptors that play a key role in night vision and peripheral vision
47. Sleep spindles, which appear against a background of mixed, mostly lower frequency EEG activity, are characteristic of
stage 2 sleep
46. Synaptic vesicles are structures that
store neurotransmitters
Collective unconsious
storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestry past
Which of the following is MOST likely to be studied by a cognitive psychologist?
strategies used by college students to solve a particular problem
The term used by William James to describe a continuous flow of thought was
stream of consciousness
113. Which of the following sequences represents progressively deeper levels of processing?
structural, phonemic, semantic
The "school" of psychology that states that the task of psychology is to analyze conscious experience into its basic elements is
structuralism
The school of psychology that focused on identifying and examining the fundamental components of conscious experience, such as sensations, feelings, and images was
structuralism
The first two major schools of psychology were
structuralism and functionalism
Olfactory bulb
structure that processes the sense of smell
The fact that Princeton students "saw" Dartmouth students engage in twice as many infractions as the Dartmouth students did in a Princeton-Dartmouth football game is MOST consistent with
subjectivity of perception.
Additive Color Mixing
superimposing lights, putting more light in the mixture than exists in any one light by itself
Edmund was walking down a dark street when he heard a car backfire. His heart started to race and he began to perspire in response to this sudden, startling noise. These physical reactions were triggered by Edmund's
sympathetic nervous system.
The microscopic gap between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the cell membrane of another neuron
synaptic cleft
Which of the following behavior therapy techniques would MOST likely be used to treat a fear of flying?
systematic desensitization
100. Joseph Wolpe launched behavior therapy in 1958 with his description of
systematic desensitization.
110. The idea that you can't be profoundly relaxed and fearful at the same time is basic to
systematic desensitization.
Alice has a dog phobia. She is being taught to completely relax and then mentally imagine a dog nearby. Alice is receiving
systematic desensitization.
Having a client construct an anxiety hierarchy is a critical component of
systematic desensitization.
234. A classical conditioning-based behavior therapy designed to treat an individual suffering from a spider phobia is ____, while a classical conditioning-based behavior therapy designed to treat alcohol abuse is ____.
systematic desensitization; aversion therapy
149. Cody is visiting his pen pal in a tropical, non-industrialized village. Cody is likely to find that the inhabitants of the village
take a 1-to-2 hour midday nap each day
160. The side effect associated with taking traditional antipsychotic drugs that is characterized by chronic tremors and involuntary spastic movements is
tardive dyskinesia.
The side effect associated with taking traditional antipsychotic drugs that is characterized by chronic tremors and involuntary spastic movements is
tardive dyskinesia.
hindsight bias
tendency to mold our interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out
Historically, most of psychology's research has been conducted in
the United States.
Attention
the ability to focus psychological resources on a task or object while ignoring other tasks
Space constancy
the ability to keep objects in the environment steady by perceiving either ourselves or outside objects as moving
Depth perception
the ability to recognize distances and three-dimension; depends on many monocular and some binocular cues
Perceptual constancy
the ability to see certain objects in the same way regardless of changing angle, distance, or lighting
Which of the following contributed MOST to the development of applied psychology?
the high demand for mental testing of military recruits
46. During psychoanalysis when a client begins to start relating to their therapist in ways that mimic critical relationships in their lives the patient is said to be engaging in
transference.
Doris thinks she is in love with her therapist and has begun to respond to him in that way. Doris is displaying feelings and behavior that psychoanalysts refer to as
transference.
Family therapy
treatment of a family unit as a whole, in which the main focus is on family dynamics and communication
Psychopharmacoptherapy
treatment of mental disorders with medications (drug therapy)
39. Television sets are able to recreate the entire visible spectrum by additively mixing three primary colors. This process is similar to the view of human color vision called
trichromatic theory
Television sets are able to recreate the entire visible spectrum by additively mixing three primary colors. This process is similar to the view of human color vision called
trichromatic theory
Francine asks you for advice concerning the use of highlighting when studying for exams. Based on the research into the use of highlighting, the BEST advice that you could her would be to
try to find the one or two sentences that best capture the purpose of each paragraph.
Vestibular sacs
two fluid-filled sacs that contain tiny, delicate crystals called "ear stones"
Resistance
unconscious defensive maneuvers intended to hinder the progress of therapy
37. People resisted psychoanalysis mainly because of its emphasis on
unconscious motivation
Ramon is a graduate student whose major area of interest is cognitive psychology. You should expect that Ramon is MOST interested in
understanding mental processes such as memory and learning.
defensive attribution
unjustly blaming victims for their misfortunes
cognitive-behavioral treatments
use combinations of verbal interventions and behavior modification techniques to help clients change maladaptive patterns of thinking
Cognitive therapy
use specific strategies to correct habitual thinking errors that underlie various types of disorders
Cognitive-behavioral treatments
use varied combinations of verbal interventions and behavior modification techniques to help clients change maladaptive patterns of thinking
Antipsychotic drugs
used to gradually reduce psychotic symptoms, including hyperactivity, mental confusion, hallucinations, and delusions.
Pinna
visible outer part of the ear; "catches" and locates sound
Therapeutic climate
warm, supportive, accepting environment is key not just the process of therapy
137. Which of the following statements best represents the approach of a cognitive therapist in treating a chronically anxious client?
"Let's see if we can identify the irrational thoughts that are producing your anxiety."
L Witmer
(1867-1956)
IV. Gestalt:
- Psychology as the study of holistic behavioral and perceptual processes:
Western Psychology
-Non-western cultures were not being represented
A correlation coefficient will always have a value between
-1.00 and +1.00
Providing a supportive climate for clients
Client-centered therapy emphasizes
Gestalt
-Belief that conscious experiences and perceptions are more than the sum of its parts
What is humility?
An awareness that we can make mistakes, and a willingness to be surprised and follow new roads.
Applied Psychology
-Clinical, counseling, school, industrial/organizational
Sturcturalism
-Edward Titchner -analyze consciousness into basic elements and how they are related -Introspection: self observation -Consciousness concluded inconsistent results
Wilhelm Wundt
-Father of psychology -Made psychology an independent study -studied consciousness using light and sound
G. Stanley Hall
-First journal in America -American Psychological Association (APA)
Psychological
-Genetics/Biology is the cause of our behavior -nervous system, hormones
Behaviorism
-John B. Watson -Scientific psychology should study only observable behavior -studies animals (rats, pigeons, etc) -organisms repeat behavior with pos. outcomes -influenced by environment -stimulus response [sychology -B.F. Skinner "Free will is an illusion"
Psychology is Empirical
-Knowledge should be acquired through observation -Conclusions based on direct observation rather than reasoning, speculation, traditional beliefs or common sense
Positive Psychology
-Martin Seligman
Psychiatrist
-Medical doctor with training in mental illness -Diagnosis and treatment
Cognitive
-Mind processes -Involves thinking or conscious experience
Psychoanalytic
-Sigmund Freud -Unconscious influences behavior
Clinical Psychology
-Takes a non-medical approach
Carl Rogers
Humanism. 1902-1987. Client-centered therapy
Skinner would agree with the statements
1) All behavior is governed by external consequences 2) Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes 3) Organisms tend to not repeat responses that lease to neutral or negative outcomes NOT individuals have free will
Industrial-Organizational
1) Behavior of individuals in organizations, 2) Factors influencing 3) Personnel selection, job satisfaction, productivity etc.
Heliocentric view
1) Copernicus (1473-1542) 2) Galileo (1564-1642) 3) Newton (1642-1727)
Descartes Hydraulic Model of Reflex Action
1) Fluid flow through nerves 2) Mechanistic account of behavior 3) at least one type of human behavior - involuntary
Rene Descartes (1596-1650): A Radical Proposal.
1) Mind - Rational & Voluntary behavior 2) Body - Mechanistic & Involuntary Behavior 3) Mind-Body Interaction -- Hydraulic Model of brain function
Career Options in Psychology: But can I get a job once I graduate?
1) Professional Settings: ! Academia: 2) Research and Teaching ! Research: 3) pharmaceutical, consumer research, government, etc ! Professional Private Practice 4) Clinical 5 Industrial-Organizational 6) Some additional professional specialties (Kalat)
The Science of Psychology naturalistic account of the cosmos
1) Socrates (460-399BC) 2) Plato (427-347BC) 3) Aristotle (384-322BC)
Major contributions of G. Stanley Hall
1)He established the first American psychological journal 2) He established the first research laboratory for psychology in America 3) He was the first president of the American Psychological Association WAS NOT first Ph.D. in psychology in America
Clinical
1)Normal & abnormal behavior 2)Focus on emotional difficulties 3)Development and testing of therapeutic techniques
Social
1)Social forces in behavior of individuals, 2) behavior of groups and individuals within a group ! inter-personal relationships 3) attitude formation & change
Developmental
1)Study of Human and animal development across the life span 2)Child psychology and early development 3)Adolescent Psychology 4) Geriatric Psychology
Advantages of laboratory observation
1. Controls over environment 2. Allows use of specialized equipment
Advantages of surveys
1. Data from a large number of people 2. study convert behaviors
Psychology goals
1. Description what is happening? 2. Explanation why is it happening? 3. Production will it happen again? 4. Control how can it be changed?
Steps of the scientific method
1. Perceive the question 2. Form a hypothesis 3. Test the hypothesis 4. Draw conclusions 5. Report your results so others can try to repeat and study your experiment
Disadvantages of surveys
1. Researchers have to ensure a representative sample or results are not meaningful 2. People are not always accurate
Abraham Maslow
Humanistic. 1908-1970. Humanistic psychology. Hierarchy of needs
Common ethnical guidelines
1. The nights and well-being of participants must be weighed against the study is value to science 2. Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation 3. Deception must be justified 4. Participants may withdraw from the study at any time 5. Participants must be protected from any risk or told explicity of risk 6. Investigators must debrief participations telling them the truth nature of the study and their expectations regarding the results 7. Data must remain confidential 8. If for any reason a study results in undesirable consequences for the participant the researcher is responsible for detecting and removing or correcting the consequences
Four steps and critical thinking
1. There are very few truths that do not need to be subjected to testing 2. All evidence is not equal in quality 3. Just because someone is considered to be an authority or do you have a lot of expertise does not make every thing that person claims automatically true 4. Requires an open mind
What we will focus on
1. emphasis on study of both human & animal behavior ! 2. Psychology's relationship to other disciplines 3. Research areas in Psychology 4. Professional Specialties 5. Employment of Psychologists
Steps for systematic desensitization
1. therapist helps client build an anxiety hierarchy 2. training the client in deep muscle relaxation 3. client tries to work through the hierarchy, learning to remain relaxed while imagining each stimulus
social skills training.
121. A form of behavior therapy that emphasizes modeling, behavioral rehearsal and shaping and is designed to improve interpersonal skills is
28. According to historians, the "birth" of psychology occurred in
1879 in Germany
Wilhem M. Wundt (1832-1920)
1879 the first Psychological laboratory
The "birth" of psychology as a science occurred in ____ when ____.
1879; Wundt established the first laboratory for psychological research
The results from a recent study suggest that the cognitive perspective surpassed the behavioral perspective in influence sometime around
1970
25. Torri has just settled down to go to sleep. Based on averages, approximately how long will it take Torri to enter stage one sleep?
25 minutes
B.F. Skinner
Studied operant conditioning of voluntary behavior
Colleges and universities are the primary work setting for approximately ____ of American psychologists.
30%
244. What percentage of patients show a meaningful recovery within about 20 sessions of insight therapies?
50
7. Approximately __________ percent of mental health patients are treated ONLY with medication?
50
177. Approximately ______ of patients' improvement from antidepressant medications occurs in the first two weeks after treatment begins.
60 %
156. About ____ of psychotic patients respond favorably to traditional antipsychotic medication.
70 percent
Aversion Therapy
A behavior therapy in which an aversive stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response
Systematic Desensitization
A behavior therapy used to reduce anxiety responses through counterconditioning
Social Skills Training
A behavior therapy designed to improve interpersonal skills and which emphasizes shaping, modeling, and behavioral rehearsal
cognitive therapy
Clients receiving ____ are taught to detect and evaluate their negative, self-defeating thoughts and statements.
Resistance
A client's largely unconscious defensive maneuvers intended to hinder the progress of therapy
c
A clinical psychologist would probably be MOST interested in a. determining how small groups make decisions. b. studying facial expressions of emotion. c. figuring out the most effective ways of treating anxiety. d. studying the nature of optical illusions.
Dr. Lopez is a psychologist who evaluates, diagnoses, and treats people with everyday problems of moderate severity. What type of psychologist is Dr. Lopez?
A counseling psychologist
Experiment
A deliberate manipulation of a variable to see whether corresponding changes in behavior result allowing determination of cause-and-effect relationships
What is a survey?
A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of that group.
What is a case study?
A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.
What is naturalistic observation?
A descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without tyring to change or control the situation.
A good theory produces testable predictions is what?
A hypothesis.
What is correlation?
A measure of the extent to which two events vary together, and thus of how well either one predicts the other.
Correlation
A measure of the relationship between two variables
Mental Hospitals
A medical institution specializing in the provision of inpatient care for psychological disorders
Signal-Detection Theory
A method of distinguishing sensory stimuli that takes into account not only their strengths but also such elements as the setting, your physical state, your mood, and your attitudes
Participant observation
A naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed
Tardive Dyskinesia
A neurological disorder marked by chronic tremors and involuntary spastic movements
What is curiosity?
A passion to explore and understand without misleading or being misled.
S Freud
Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry: the study of Psychopathology.
Overconfidence effect means
A phenomenon where an individual has excessive confidence in their ability to overcome challenges or dangers. This is often caused by overconfidence, or lack of ability, knowledge, or complete information on how to succeed at a task.
What is double blind procedure?
A procedure in which participants and research staff are ignorant about who has received the treatment or a placebo.
Transference
A process that occurs when clients start relating to their therapist in ways that mimic critical relationships in their lives
Perception
A process that organizes/interprets sensation into something meaningful; attaches meaning to sensory messages entering our brains
Psychologist
A professional with an academic degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology can do counseling teaching and research and may specialize in any of a large number of areas with in psychology
Which of the following is a medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental disorders?
A psychiatrist
a
A psychologist who is interested in the psychological effect of aging would MOST likely specialize in a. developmental psychology. b. experimental psychology. c. cognitive psychology. d. psychometrics.
d
A psychologist who studies information processing and decision-making would probably be considered a a. physiological psychologist. b. developmental psychologist. c. social psychologist. d. cognitive psychologist.
an insight therapist.
A psychotherapist who participates in complex verbal interactions with clients in order to enhance clients' understanding of themselves and their problems would be classified as
Which of the following statements BEST reflects the main advantage of conducting psychological research with animals?
A researcher can exert more control over an animal than a human subjects.
Which of the following statements BEST reflects the main advantage of conducting psychological research with animals?
A researcher can exert more control over an animal than over a human object
Which of the following statements BEST reflects the main advantage of conducting psychological research with animals?
A researcher can exert more control over an animal than over a human subject.
What is random sampling?
A sample that fairly represents a population because each memeber has an equal chance of inclusion.
Dr Hawkins is a psychologist who spends her day working in an elementary school testing and counseling children who are having difficulty in school. What type of applied psychologist is Dr. Hawkins?
A school psychologist
a
A scientist uses ____ to explain a set of observations. a. a theory b. common sense c. introspection d. empiricism
Dream Analysis
A technique for interpreting the symbolic meaning of dreams
Free Association
A technique in which clients are urged to spontaneously express their thoughts and feelings with as little personal censorship as possible
What is hypothesis?
A testable prediction, often implied by a theroy.
aversion therapy
A therapist cures a man of his sexual attraction to children by pairing pictures of children with painful electric shocks. The procedure being used here is
interpretation
A therapist's attempt to explain the significance of a client's thoughts, feelings, and behavior
Interpretation
A therapist's attempts to explain the inner significance of a client's thoughts, feelings, memories, and behaviors
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
A treatment in which electric shock is used to produce cortical seizure accompanied by convulsions
What scientific methods show cause and effect in a relationship?
Correlation and causation.
Which of the following psychologists would be MOST likely to stress that each person has a drive to grow and fulfill his or her potential?
Abraham Maslow
Which of the following is NOT likely to be considered a critical thinking skill?
Accepting the views of an appropriate authority figure
need to be analyzed by the therapist and interpreted for the client.
According to Freud, the events in dreams
Self actualization
Achieving one's full potential or actual self
144. Which statement most accurately describes the process of synaptic transmission?
After firing potassium ions rush out of the neural membrane in a process called repolarization.
What is the nature vs. nurture debate?
Age old controversy over the relative influence of genes and experience in the development of psychological traits and behavior.
Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision
Aka Young-Helmoltz Theory; says that the retina contains three different color receptors--one most sensitive to red, one to green, and one to blue--which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color
Sensorineural hearing loss
Aka nerve deafness; inability to hear resulting from damage to the cilia of the basiliar membrane or the auditory nerve; prevents the transmission of impulses from the cochlea to the brain; caused by aging, heredity, or exposure to loud sounds
Sensory cortex
Aka somatosensory cortex; is located in the parietal lobe; processes sensory information
Annabel wants to investigate differences in the way language is processed by the brain hemispheres in individuals from different cultures. If Annabel could work with a psychologist who has made significant contributions in this area of research, she would MOST likely choose to work with
Alfred Adler
Systematic desensitization
Alice has a dog phobia. She is taught to completely relax and then mentally imagine a dog nearby. Alice is receiving
a
Alison believes that individuals learn to be either aggressive or nonaggressive as a result of the experiences they have. Alison's views are MOST consistent with the a. behaviorist view of psychology. b. structuralist view of psychology. c. functionalist view of psychology. d. psychoanalytic view of psychology.
Which of the following is (are) a criticism(s) that has (have) been raised concerning the impact of managed care on mental health care?
All of the below
social skills therapy
All of the following are insight therapies except
The major organization the represents BOTH the scientific and professional branches of psychology in the United States is the
American Psychological Association
The would's largest organization devoted to the advancement of psychology is the
American Psychological Association
The major organization that represents BOTH the scientific and professional branches of psychology in the United States is the
American Psychological Association.
Which of the following organizations was established in 1988 to serve exclusively as an advocate for the science of psychology?
American Psychological Society
Margaret is an industrial psychologist who advises companies on how to improve worker morale. As a psychologist who attempts to solve practical problems, Margaret would MOST likely be considered
An applied psychologist
What is the biopsychosocial approach?
An approach that integrates different but complementary views from biological, psychological, and social cultural viewpoints.
Gate control theory
An explanation for pain posed by Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall; proposes that we have a neural "gate" that can open or close to allow or block pain
A placebo is a what?
An inactive substance - perhaps a look alike pill with no drug in it.
What is a placebo?
An inactive substance or condition that is sometimes given to those in a control group in place of the treatment given to the experimental group.
Client-centered Therapy
An insight therapy that emphasizes providing a supportive emotional climate for clients who play a major role in determining the pace and direction of their therapy
Cognitive Therapy
An insight therapy that emphasizes recognizing and changing negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs
Psychoanalysis
An insight therapy that emphasizes the recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives, and defenses through techniques such as free association and transference
Wundt and Titchener believed psychology should
Analyze conscious experience into its basic elements
Mary cover Jones
And early pioneer in behavior theory
b
Annabel wants to investigate differences in the way language is processed by the brain hemispheres in individuals from different cultures. If Annabel could work with a psychologist who has made a significant contribution in this area of research, she would MOST likely choose to work with a. Carl Rogers. b. Roger Sperry. c. John B. Watson. d. Alfred Adler.
Cross-cultural Psych
Anthropology: scientific study of evolution of human culture
What do clinical psychologists specialize in?
Assessing and treating mental, emotional, and behavior disorders.
Pleasant associations using classical conditioning techniques
Aversion therapy is designed to remove unwanted
The psychologist who took the position that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes and tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes was
B. F. Skinner.
139. The psychologist who took the position that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes and tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes was
B. F. Skinner
The psychologist who took the position that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes and tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes was
B. F. Skinner
Which of the following psychologist would have been MOST likely to assert that "free will is an illusion"?
B. F. Skinner
Which of the following psychologists would have been MOST likely to assert that "free will is an illusion"?
B. F. Skinner
Which psychologist believed that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes?
B. F. Skinner
You are interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper. The faculty member states, "Internal states undoubtedly exist, but it is not necessary to draw inferences about unobservable states in order to understand behavior." This faculty member's view are most similar to views held by
B. F. Skinner
It should be easiest to teach a child to pick up his toys by utilizing the principles and techniques developed by
B. F. Skinner.
The psychologist who took the position that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes and tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes was
B.F. Skinner
You are interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper. The faculty member states: "Internal states undoubtedly exist, but necessary to draw inferences about unobservable states in order to understand behavior." This faculty members views are most similar to the views held by
B.F. Skinner
John B Watson
Based on the work of Ivan Pavlou who demonstrated that reflects could be learned
Nora puts her hands into a sink full of lukewarm water; Luke puts his hans into a sink full of ice-cold water.
Be the same in both individuals due to the all-or-none principle.
Behavioral perspective's
Became a major force in the 20th century
The school of psychology that was most responsible fot eh rise of animal research in psychology was
Beharviorism
The text's two unifying themes that "our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage" and "heredity and environment jointly influence behavior" can BEST be viewed as both describing more specialized statements of which other theme?
Behavior is determined by multiple causes
vague feelings of discontent
Behavior therapies appear to be effective in the treatment of many problems EXCEPT
research by B.F. Skinner, Hans Eysenck, and Joseph Wolpe.
Behavior therapy is derived from
Christine Wagner
Behavioral Neuroscience: effects of the maternal/ fetal interactions on neural development
Ivan Pavlov
Behavioral.
Although Functionalism faded away as a theoretical force in psychology, historians credit it with two important contributions to the discipline that includes the development of
Behaviorism and Applied Psychology
John B. Watson
Behaviorism. 1878-1958. Behaviorism in America. Little Albert- conditioned phobia
B.F. Skinner
Behaviorism. 1904-1990. Operant conditioning. Skinner Box
According to research findings, which of the following is MOST likely to be associated with poor grades?
Being absent from class
What did Watson believe?
Believe that phobias were learned
systematic desensitization to help Beth overcome her fear of snakes.
Beth is so terrified of snakes that even walking on sidewalks covered with earthworms after a rain storm makes her feel anxious. Her behavioral therapist has been helping Beth overcome her fear by having her work through an anxiety hierarchy while she maintains a state of deep relaxation. In this case, her therapist is using
Behavioral Neuroscience
Biology: scientific study of life processes
Therapists who emphasize altering an individual's physiological functioning in treatment use the ____ approach to psychotherapy.
Biomedical
Conduction Deafness
Bones of middle ear fuse together Prevents accurate conduction of vibrations
Feature analysis assumes that we progress from individual elements to the whole in the formation of our perceptions. This is case of
Bottom-up processing
Perception
Brain's interpretation of sensation Process where messages from the senses are given meaning
What does positive psychology focus on?
Building a "good life" that engages our skills, and a "meaningful life" that points beyond ourselves.
Which of the following areas is MOST likely to be classified as an applied area of specialization in psychology?
Counseling psychology
Who asks questions?
Critical thinkers.
Disadvantages of case study
Cannot apply to others
Which of the following theorists would tend to emphasize explanations in terms of freedom and potential for personal growth?
Carl Rogers Maslow
Which of the following psychologists is(are) considered humanistic psychologist(s)?
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
Inconsistency between one's self-concept and reality
Carl Rogers believed that psychological disorders are caused by
Correlation indicates the possibility of a cause-effect relationship, but it does not prove what?
Causation.
William James was significantly influenced in his approach to studying psychology by
Charles Darwin
William James, who was a pioneer in the development of functionalism, was MOST heavily influenced by
Charles Darwin
a
Christine is a psychologist who conducts research on the effects of reward on maze learning in rats. Christine would MOST likely be considered a a. behaviorist. b. structuralist. c. psychoanalyst. d. Gestalt psychologist.
Drew Anderson
Clinical program- eating-related issues
Which of the following is NOT listed in the textbook as an effective study technique?
Concentrate your study time immediately before an exam.
neglect emotional experience.
Contemporary psychodynamic approaches to therapy tend to do all of the following EXCEPT
Widely shared customs, beliefs, values, and norms refer to which of the following?
Culture
What are three elements of scientific attitude?
Curiosity, skepticism, and humility.
Where Do Psychologists Work?
Human service sector 38%
147. The individual most closely associated with the recent development of evolutionary psychology is
David Buss
Operational definition
Definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured aggressive play
19. ____ receive information from other neurons; ____ transmit information to other neurons.
Dendrites; axons
Experiments examine the effect of one or more independent variables on some behavior or mental process that can be measured is called
Dependent variable.
Sigmund Freud
Developed a systematic treatment procedure, which he called psychoanalysis (who)
Behavior therapies
Direct efforts to alter problematic responses (phobias) and maladaptive habits (drug use)
All of the following are Freudian techniques to bring unconscious material to consciousness EXCEPT
Directed confrontation
_-____are more likely than ____ to receive psychotherapy.
Divorced and separated people; married people
Transference
Doris thinks she is in love with her therapist and has begun to respond to him in that way. Doris is displaying feelings and behavior that psychoanalysts refer to as
a
Dr. Escher believes that individuals may inherit a predisposition for some psychological disorders, but that the disorders will not actually develop unless there is some stressful event that acts as a trigger. Dr. Escher's views reflect the underlying theme that a. genetic factors and experience interact to shape behavior. b. our cultural backgrounds exert a considerable influence over our behavior. c. motives and expectations can color our experiences. d. theoretical diversity is an important component in science.
b
Dr. Smythe believes that in order to fully understand complex processes, such as taste, it is necessary to understand the purpose that taste plays in human adaptation, not the elementary components that combine to produce taste sensations. Dr. Smythe's views are MOST consistent with a. the behaviorist approach to psychology. b. the functionalist approach to psychology. c. the structuralist approach to psychology. d. the psychoanalytic approach to psychology.
d
Dr. Somers studies psychological topics such as attitude formation and change and how groups influence people's behavior. Which of the following BEST categorizes Dr. Somers' research specialization? a. Experimental psychology b. Personality psychology c. Psychometrics d. Social psychology
Antidepressant Drugs
Drugs that gradually elevate mood and help bring people out of depression
Antipsychotic Drugs
Drugs that gradually reduce psychotic symptoms
Antianxiety Drugs
Drugs that relieve tension, apprehension, and nervousness
Mood Stabilizers
Drugs used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar mood disorder
social skills training
Earl is an extremely aggressive child who often hits other children when he can't get his own way. Earl is now seeing a behavioral therapist who has discussed appropriate ways of interacting with peers and has shown Earl several videotapes of children resolving conflicts in nonaggressive ways. Earl has also engaged in "role play," during which the therapist has provided corrective feedback and positive reinforcement. In this case, the therapist is using ___________ to develop Earl's ability to interact with his peers.
Which of the following areas of specialization in psychology is involved with the development of curricula and the training of teachers?
Educational psychology
Dr. Asgaard believes that in order to fully understand complex processes, such as auditory processing, it is first necessary to understand all the separate component parts. Dr. Asgaard's views are most consistent with those of
Edward Titchener
Psychoanalyst
Either a psychiatrist or a psychologist who has specialized training in the theories of Sigmund Freud and his method of psychoanalysis
Humanistic perspectives
Emphasis the human potential and ability of each person to become the best they can be
Researchers in psychology have "to see it to believe it." This orientation is consistent with
Empiricism
d
Empiricism means that knowledge should be acquired through a. logical reasoning. b. common sense. c. historical tradition. d. direct observation.
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments
Employ varied combinations of verbal interventions and behavior modifications techniques to help clients change maladaptive patters of thinking
91. Brian is a cross-country runner. He claims that he really enjoys running because he gets a wonderful "high" after running long distances. Since he knows you are taking a psychology class he asks you to explain what causes his "runner's high". You tell him that as he runs
Endorphins block the chemicals that transmit pain to the brain.
The tendency to view one's own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways is called
Ethnocentrism
Aqueous Humor
Fluid in the eye, found between the cornea and the lens Produced by the ciliary body
Modern perspectives
Focus on development of sense of self and the discovery of other motivation behind a person's behaviors other then sexual motivations
Structuralism
Focus on the structure or basis elements of the mind
Cognitive perspective
Focuses on memory intelligence perception problem solving and learning
Evolutionary perspectives
Focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share looks at the way the mind works and why it works as it does behavioral is seen as having an adaptive or survival value
Sociocultural perspectives
Focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture
Witmer
Founder first psychological clinic- university of pensivania- clinical psychology
b
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by a. unrealistic demands from family and friends. b. personal conflicts existing at an unconscious level. c. genetic predispositions to behave in a particular way. d. conflicts between conscious desires and environmental constraints.
Dreams
Freud considered _________ to be the most direct way to access the patient's' unconscious or the "royal road to unconscious"
Insight Therapies
Freud used ____ to treat his clients' problems
Psychoanalysis
Freud's approach for the treatment of psychological disorders is
What major force in psychology emphasized sexual conflict?
Freudian psychology
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior
Functionalism
c
Functionalism was founded by a. John Watson. b. Sigmund Freud. c. William James. d. Wilhelm Wundt.
William James
Functionalism. 1842-1910. Harvard University. Father of functionalism
Cognitive (people)
G. Miller (1920- ). J. Piaget (1896-1980)
The first president of the American Psychological Association (APA) was
G. Stanley Hall
The person who established America's first psychological research laboratory and who launched America's first psychology journal was
G. Stanley Hall
Therapeutic climate conditions
Genuineness, unconditional positive regard, empathy
111. Which of the following researchers is known for identifying the capacity of short-term memory as "seven plus or minus two" items?
George Miller
101. Which of the following researchers conducted a classic experiment that demonstrated the brief duration of information in sensory memory?
George Sperling
Wilhelm Wundt's psychology laboratory
Germany in 1879 develop the technique of object of introspection
Closure
Gestalt grouping law referring to the tendency to fill in the missing spaces to complete the object and see it as a whole
Similarity
Gestalt grouping law referring to the tendency to group similar objects together
Proximity
Gestalt grouping law referring to the tendency to perceive objects that are close together as belonging together
Continuity
Gestalt grouping law referring to the tendency to see an object as continuous, even with obvious breaks
Visual cliff experiment
Gibson and Walk studied whether depth perception was innate or learned by placing infants on a Plexiglass table
Resolve unconscious conflicts
Goals of client-centered therapy include helping clients do all of the following except
resolve unconscious conflicts
Goals of client-centered therapy include helping clients to do all of the following EXCEPT
Gestalt Psych
Good figure psychology started with Wertheimer who studied sensation and perception
Ethnic committees
Group of psychologists or other professionals who look over each proposed research study and judge it
Auditory Nerve
Hair cells connect to Part of inner ear Also called the acoustic nerve Bundle of neurons that go to the brain, to the thalamus, to auditory cortex in temporal nerve
What do positive psychologists believe?
Happiness is a by-product of a pleasant, engaged, and meaningful life.
What did Freud believe?
He believe that repressed urges in trying to surface created nervous disorders he stress the importance of early child hood experiences
The theoretical viewpoint that is most closely associated with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow is
Humanism
What are the major contributions of stanley hall
He established the first American psychological journal. He established the first research laboratory for psychology in America. He was the first president of the American Psychological Association.
What did Freud do?
He proposed the existence of an unaware mind into which we push or repress all of the threatening urges and desires
Which of the following is NOT one of the major contributions of G. Stanley Hall?
He received the first Ph.D. in psychology in America.
Humanist
Held the view that people have free will
48. Which of the following theorists encouraged the study of cognitive activity which helped lead to the cognitive revolution in the 1950s?
Herbert Simon
Intuitive thinking is flawed by powerful tendencies. What are they?
Hindsight, bias, overconfidence, and perceiving patterns in random events.
___ function in the endocrine system much like ___ in the nervous system
Hormones; neurotransmitters
Psycho- dynamic perspective emphasizes what?
How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflict
What would be studied by a cognitive psychologist
How people reason to solve problems How we remember things The development of language
Functionalism
How the mind allows people to adapt live work and play
What is cognitive perspective?
How we encode, process, store and retrieve information
Strict behaviorist would be most sympathetic to which one of the following statements?
Human behavior is primarily caused by enviormental factors
Strict behaviorist would be MOST sympathetic to which of the statements?
Human behavior is primarily caused by environmental factors
Strict behaviorists would be MOST sympathetic to which one of the following statements
Human behavior is primarily caused by environmental factors
Strict behaviorists would be MOST sympathetic to which one of the following statements?
Human behavior is primarily caused by environmental factors.
Cognitive
Human learning & memory Attention Information processing
Cognitive Psychology
Human learning & memory Attention Information processing
Interposition
If an object comes between you and another object, it must be closer to you
c
If you were having problems with severe depression, the type of psychologist that would be the greatest help to you would be a. a developmental psychologist. b. a social psychologist. c. a clinical psychologist. d. an experimental psychologist.
Main criticism of projective test
Inadequate evidence for reliability of projective measures
b
Imagine that the editor of your local newspaper writes a column supporting a reduction in government intervention with a transfer of more rights to individual citizens. The editor bases this argument on the assumption that people are rational beings who will fulfill their maximum potential as long as others do not infringe on their basic human needs. This editor's views reflect those seen in a. the evolutionary perspective. b. the humanistic perspective. c. the psychodynamic perspective. d. the behavioral perspective.
a
In an attempt to learn something about his conscious experience, William looked at an abstract painting and wrote down all of his impressions as they came to him. This technique is called a. introspection. b. retrospection. c. empiricism. d. psychoanalysis.
What is independent variable?
In an experiment, the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
What is dependent variable?
In an experiment, the factor that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated.
A warm, supportive and accepting climate
In client-centered therapy Roger believed that is critical for the therapist to provide
Freud is to unconsioius as Rogers is to ___
Incongruence
When one factor is varied in an experiment this is the
Independent variable.
Which statement BEST reflects what most experts believe when asked whether a therapists' theoretical approach is important?
Individual therapists personal skills.
Family Therapy
Individuals most clearly viewed as part of an ecosystem that affects their behavior
William James
Influenced the modern fields of educational psych evolutionary psych industrial organizational psychology
Mental Processes
Internal convert activity of our minds
In an attempt to learn something about his conscious experience, William looked at an abstract painting and wrote down all of his impressions as they came to him. This technique is called
Introspection
Eclecticism
Involves drawing ideas from two or more systems of therapy, instead of just committing to one system
What is psychology?
Is the study of behavior and mental processes
What does cognitive psychology focus on?
It explores how we perceive, process, and remember information, and even why we can become anxious or depressed.
What is positive correlation?
It indicates a direct relationship meaning that two things increase together or decrease together.
What is negative correlation?
It indicates an inverse relationship: As one thing increases, the other decreases.
Psychology as the science of behavior ( Big three)
Ivan P Pavlov (1849-1936) John Broads Watson (1878-1958) Frederic Skinner (1904-1990)
Which of the following psychologists demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the brain could evoke emotional responses such as pleasure and rage in animals?
James Olds
a
Janet trained her dog to sit on command by following this behavior with a reward of a dog biscuit and praise. Janet used the principles of a. behaviorism. b. humanism. c. psychoanalysis. d. functionalism.
The psychologist who proposed that the study of conscious should be replaced with the study of behavior was
John B. Watson
The psychologist who proposed that the study of consciousness should be replaced by the study of behavior was
John B. Watson
With which of the following individual is B.F. Skinner MOST in agreement with on the issue of internal mental events?
John Watson
With which of the following individuals is B. F. Skinner MOST in agreement on the issue of internal mental events?
John Watson
With which of the following individuals is B.F Skinner most agreement on the issue of internal mental event?
John Watson
Behavior Therapy
John suffers from chronic anxiety. He tends to worry constantly and is uncomfortable in a wide variety of situations. He decides to seek therapy. John put considerable thought into what he wants to gain from therapy. John believes that if he can learn to calm himself down when he finds himself in anxiety-producing situations (like taking a psychology exam) he will be better able to cope. Based on John's beliefs, he is most likely to seek a therapist that emphasizes the ____________ approach
Insight Therapy
John suffers from chronic anxiety. He tends to worry constantly and is uncomfortable in a wide variety of situations. He decides to seek therapy. John put considerable thought into what he wants to gain from therapy. John believes that is he learns why he is so anxious he will be better able to cope. Based on John's beliefs, he is most likely to seek a therapist that emphasizes the ____________ approach
Biomedical Therapy
John suffers from chronic anxiety. He tends to worry constantly and is uncomfortable in a wide variety of situations. He decides to seek therapy. John put considerable thought into what he wants to gain from therapy. John's primary goal is to simply reduce the level of anxiety and tension he is experiencing Based on John's beliefs, he is most likely to seek a therapist that emphasizes the ____________ approach
Behavioral Neuroscience ( people)
K. Lashley (1890 - 1958) D. Hebb (1905-1985)
Zoloft.
Lancaster has been feeling worthless and unmotivated since he lost his job six months ago. He schedules an appointment with his doctor to find out if there is some physical problem that is causing his symptoms. His doctor tells Lancaster that he has a psychological disorder that should respond well to medication. The doctor will MOST likely treat Lancaster's symptoms by prescribing
Resistance
Largely unconscious defensive maneuvers by a client intended to hinder the progress of therapy best describes
resistance.
Largely unconscious defensive maneuvers intended to hinder the progress of therapy are referred to as
Free Association
Laura is encouraged by her therapist to talk about absolutely anything that comes to her mind. Over the course of each session as her train of thought wanders she usually talks about a variety of topics. From time to time, her therapist comments on her statements; Laura's therapist can be BEST described as using the technique of
Free Association
Laura is encouraged by her therapist to talk about absolutely anything that comes to her mind. Over the course of each session as her train of thought wanders, she usually talks about a variety of topics. From time to time her therapists comments on her statements. Laura's therapist can be best described as using the technique of
Which of the following academic degrees is NOT associated with being a psychologist
M.D
Critical thinking
Making reason judgments about claims
Manny tends to be very passive and allows people to take advantage of him. What would a humanist be MOST likely to say about Manny?
Manny can become more assertive once he begins to feel better about himself and recognizes that he has the ability to fulfill his potential
Manny tends to be very passive and allows people to take advantage of him. What would a humanist MOST likely say about Manny?
Manny can become more assertive once he begins to feel better about himself and recognizes that he has the ability to fulfill his potential.
You are interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper. The faculty member states, "Psychology has historically devoted too much attention to pathology, weakness, and suffering." This faculty member's views are MOST similar to the views held by
Martin Seligman.
The first woman to serve as president of the American Psychological Association was
Mary Calkins
The first woman to serve as president of the American Psychological Association was
Mary Calkins.
an anxiety disorder.
Mary has a psychological disorder, and her doctor has prescribed a drug from the tranquilizer family to reduce the severity of Mary's symptoms. In this case, Mary's therapist is MOST likely treating her for
IV. Gestalt: Psychology as the study of holistic behavioral and perceptual processes:
Max Wertheimer (1880-1943) Kurt Koffka (1886-1941) WolfgangKohler(1887-1967)
Answering the question of "how" some phenomenon can be studied is most closely associated with which goal of science?
Measurement and description
Psychiatrist
Medical Doctor Who has specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
Health Psychology
Medicine study, prevent, treat disease
Edward B Titchner (1867-1927)
Method of Introspection to uncover the nature of consciousness
Edward B Titchner (1867-1927)
Method of Introspection to uncover the nature of consciousness
Which of the following groups is MOST likely to have been used as subjects for psychological research?
Middle- and upper-class white males
Cognitive Psychology ( The scientific study of information processing, thinking, and memory.)
Miller (1920- ). Piaget (1896-1980)
social skills training
Modeling, behavioral rehearsal, and shaping are the major tools of
Psychodynamic perspectives
Modern version of psychoanalysis
Interposition
Monocular depth cue that an object that is farther away is partially hidden by the object that is closer
Size
Monocular depth cue that bigger is nearer
cognitive therapy
Most experts believe that for certain types of psychological problems, some treatment approaches are more effective than others. Martin Seligman asserts that panic disorders respond BEST to
cognitive therapy
Most experts believe that for certain types of psychological problems, some treatment approaches are more effective than others. Martin Seligman asserts that panic disorders respond best to
Aaron Beck
Most psychological disorders are a result of negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs
Edward Titchner
Structuralism. 1867-1927 Cornell University. Brought structuralism to America.
The idea that Freud's theory was based, in part, on prevailing values during his lifetime implies that psychology's development is influenced by the
Sociohistorical context
Accessory structure
Part of a sense organ responsible for collecting and modifying energy from the environment (example-lens of the eye bends light; eardrum changes waves into vibrations)
Unconditional Positive Regard
No matter what Sam tells his therapist concerning his failures or successes, weaknesses or strengths, spiteful behaviors or good deeds, vengeful feelings or positive emotions, his therapist is very accepting of him as a person. Sam's therapist is showing him
Which of the following qualifies as empirically-based knowledge?
Observed actions
Placebo Effects
Occur when people's expectations lead them to experience some change, even though they received fake treatment
Regression Toward the Mean
Occurs when people who score extremely high or low on some trait are measured a second time, and their new scores fall closer to the mean
What does a case study examine?
One individual or group in great depth, in the hope of revealing things true of us all.
Dorthea Dix
One of the early reformers who helped to establish state-funded mental hospitals (who)
a
One psychologist explains a phobia in terms of learning principles whereas another looks to the unconscious for an explanation. Given this scenario, which of the following conclusions is MOST accurate? a. The two psychologists are using different theoretical perspectives. b. Only one of the two psychologists can be correct. c. Insufficient data have been collected to support either explanation. d. The two psychologists are probably using different sociohistorical contexts.
A psychologist measures blood alcohol level to determine intoxication. In this example, blood alcohol level is the ____ definition of intoxication
Operational
As a check on their biases, psychologist use what to report their studies.
Operational definitions.
Which theory of color vision states that color perception depends on receptors that make antagonist responses to three pairs of colors?
Opponent- process theory
Our construction of perceptual hypotheses illustrates which of your text's unifying themes?
Our experience of the world is highly subjective
Behavior
Outward or overt actions and reactions
Regression toward the mean occurs when
People how originally score extremely high or low on some trait are measured a second time, and their new score falls closer to the average
What does cognitive neuroscience study include?
Perception, thinking, memory, and language.
Carl Rodger's Personality Theory
Person-centered theory
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by
Personal conflicts that exist at an unconscious level
Treit's best friend was injured in a car accident. Since that time he has been attending all his classes but can't focuses because he is constantly thinking about his friend. He can't think of anything else and is overwhelmed by helplessness. His feelings are most likel
Personality Distressing
Besides Freud being a physician what other occupations did he have?
Personality theorist and therapist.
Psychology's intellectual parents are the disciplines of
Philosophy and physiology
What was a famous case study
Phineas Gage
What was Sigmund Freuds occupation?
Physician
Psychiatrists
Physicians who specialize in the treatment of psychological disorders
Which of the following areas of research in psychology is concerned with understanding the role of the endocrine system in the regulation of behavior?
Physiological psychology
Psychology is a science
Prevents possible biases from leading to faulty observations for precise and careful measurements
c
Professor Vasquez believes that nearly all psychological disorders can ultimately be traced to abnormalities in brain chemistry. Professor Vasquez's beliefs are MOST consistent with the a. behavioral perspective. b. cognitive perspective. c. biological perspective. d. humanistic perspective.
Opponent Process Theory
Proposes that color perception depends on receptors that make opposite responses to three pairs of colors
What type of psychologist has a medical degree?
Psychiatrist.
The recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives, and defenses
Psychoanalysis is a therapy that emphasizes
the recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives, and defenses
Psychoanalysis is a therapy that emphasizes
Interpretation
Psychoanalysts use _____ to help clients gain insight regarding the unconscious meaning of their free associations and dreams
c
Psychoanalytic theory attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by a. studying observable behavior. b. analyzing conscious experience into its basic elements. c. focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior. d. studying the function or purpose of consciousness.
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalytic. 1856-1939. Started psychoanalysis. Theorized the unconscious
Counseling Psychologists
Psychologists who specialize in the treatment of everyday adjustment problems
Clinical Psychologists
Psychologists who specialize in the treatment of full-fledged disorders
Behaviorism:
Psychology as the science of behavior Ivan P Pavlov (1849-1936) John Broadus Watson (1878-1958) B. Frederic Skinner (1904-1990)
Functionalism
Psychology as the study of the function of consciousness & behavior: William James (1842-1910) Edward L Thorndike (1874-1949)
In the 19th century, Wilhelm Wundt attempted to shape the new discipline of psychology along the lines of physics, because in his era, physics was admired as a "model" science. Wundt's attempt to imitate physics illustrates which of the textbook's unifying themes?
Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
How does the text define psychology
Psychology is a science Psychology studies behavior including physiological and cognitive processes Psychology is a profession that solves practical problems
129. Publishing research results so others can subject the methods and conclusions to critical scrutiny illustrates which of your text's unifying themes?
Psychology is empirical.
In the 1920s, there were many fundamental disputes between competing schools of thought in psychology. These disputes illustrate which of the textbook's unifying themes?
Psychology is theoretically diverse.
With which of the statements would a behaviorist agree?
Psychology should be the science of behavior that can be observed by others
With which of the following statements would a behaviorist agree?
Psychology should be the science of behavior that can be observed by others.
Which of the following is NOT included in the text's definition of psychology?
Psychology studies primarily the unconscious mind
b
Psychology's intellectual parents are the disciplines of a. physics and physiology. b. philosophy and physiology. c. chemistry and physics. d. philosophy and chemistry.
Which of the following areas of research in psychology is concerned with assessing individual differences, developing tests, and developing new statistical techniques?
Psychometrics
Geocentric view
Ptolemy (85 - 165)
63. Which of the following statements about punishment is FALSE
Punishment increases the frequency of undesired behavior.
Every person in the entire group has an equal chance of being picked is a what?
Random sampling.
Advantages of natural observation
Realistic picture of behavior
Spontaneous Remission
Recovery from a disorder that occurs without formal treatment
Binding problem
Refers to the process used by the brain to bind the results of many feature detectors into a single percept; no one knows exactly how the brain does this
Catatonic Schilzophrenia
Remains motionless for long periods of time. Looking like he is imitating a mannequin
Timeline 1
Renasonce stated in florence Italy
no reliable association exists concerning therapists' professional training and effectiveness
Research comparing the effectiveness of psychotherapists who received training in a number of different areas (psychology, psychiatry, counseling, social work) has demonstrated
Surveys
Researchers will ask a series of questions about the topic understudy
Organ of Corti
Rests on the basilar membrane Contains thousands of tiny hair cells Transduction of sound into neural signals
Nerve Deafness
Results from damage to acoustic nerve More commonly the hair cells Damage occurs gradually with age
Annabel wants to investigate differences in the way language is processed by the brain hemisphere in individuals from different cultures. If Annabel could work with a psychologist who has made a significant contribution in this area of research, she would MOST likely chose to work with
Roger Sperry
185. Results from a number of studies suggests an elevated risk of suicide is associated with the use of
SSRIs.
Behaviorism
Science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only. Must be directly seeing and measured
What is critical thinking?
Science supports thinking that examines assumptions, uncovers hidden values, weights evidence, and tests conclusions. Science aided thinking is smart thinking.
Sensation
Sense organs response to external stimuli Messages from the senses
What is being skeptical?
Sifting reality from fantasy. Sense from nonsense.
The notion that unconscious motivations can influence our overt behavior is MOST consistent with the views of
Sigmund Freud
The notion that unconscious motivations can influence our overt behavior is most consistent with the views of
Sigmund Freud
You are interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper. The faculty member states, "Many times people are unaware of the unconscious motivations that drive their actions." The faculty member's views are MOST similar with those of
Sigmund Freud
You are interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper. The faculty member states: "Many times people are unaware of the unconscious motivations that drive their overt actions." This faculty members views are most similar to the views held by
Sigmund Freud
c
Sigmund Freud developed an innovative procedure for treating people with psychological problems, which he called a. behavior modification. b. primal therapy. c. psychoanalysis. d. rational-emotive therapy.
The notion that unconscious motivations can influence our overt behavior is MOST consistent with the views of
Sigmund Freud.
You are interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper. The faculty member states, "Many times, people are unaware of the unconscious motivations that drive their overt actions." This faculty member's views are MOST similar to the views held by
Sigmund Freud.
Dr. Somers studies psychological topics such as attitude formation and change and how groups influence people's behavior. Which of the following BEST categorizes Dr. Somers' research specialization?
Social psychology
Which field of psychology studies attitude change and group behavior?
Social psychology
Social Psychology
Sociology: scientific study of human social systems
A lesser characteristic of empiricism is
Speculation
41. You are having a conversation with your psychology professor and she proposes that language evolved as a device to build and maintain social coalitions in increasingly larger groups. Which theorist would agree with her assertions?
Steven Pinker
b
Strict behaviorists would be MOST sympathetic to which one of the following statements? a. Human behavior is primarily caused by inherited factors. b. Human behavior is primarily caused by environmental factors. c. Human behavior is primarily caused by equal contributions of inherited and environmental factors. d. No one really knows what the primary causes for human behavior are.
Isabel is listening to a piece of classical music and tape recording recording all her feelings and impressions as she experiences them. Isabel is using a technique similar to the research methodology of
Structualism
In a discussion with your professor, she tells you that she believes that the focus of psychological study should be to break the conscious experience into its basic elements. Which of the following historical schools of thought is your professor's idea MOST consistent with?
Structuralism
The school of psychology that focused on identifying and examining the fundamental components of conscious experience, such as sensations, feelings, and images was
Structuralism
Your professor tells you that she believes that the focus of psychological study should be to break the conscious experience into its basic elements. Which of the following historical schools of thought is your professor's ideas most consistent with?
Structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt
Structuralism. 1832-1920. First laboratory in psychology Founder of psychology.
Case study
Study of one individual in great detail
Single-blind study
Subjects do not know whether they are in the experiment or the control group
Control group
Subjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment
Experimental group
Subjects in an experiment who are subjected to independent variable
Which of the following conclusions is supported by research comparing "successful" to "unsuccessful" students?
Successful students attended class more often than unsuccessful students.
Freud's patients
Suffered from nervous system orders with no apparent physical cause
Scientific method
System of gathering data so the bias and error in measurement are reduced
classical conditioning.
Systematic desensitization is a technique based on
reduce phobic responses
Systematic desensitization is a therapy designed to
British Empiricism & Associationism
Tabula Raza 1) empiricism & associations 2) Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) 3) John Locke (1632-1704) 4) David Hume (1711-1776)
. more likely to suffer from mental health problems.
Taken as a whole, the results from studies investigating mental illness among the homeless indicate that, compared to the non-homeless, homeless people are
Insight therapies
Talk therapy Complex verbal interactions with therapists
Case of Little Albert
Taught to fear a white rat
Observer effect
Tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed
Experimenter effect
Tendency of the experimenters expectation for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study
Observer bias
Tendency of the observer to see what they are expected to see
Contemporary psychology is defined as what?
The science of behavior and mental processes.
Provide acceptance and emotional support
The MOST important aspect of group therapy is that group members
provide acceptance and emotional support.
The MOST important aspect of group therapy is that group members
b
The approach that contends psychology must study internal mental events in order to fully understand behavior is a. behaviorism. b. cognitive psychology. c. evolutionary psychology. d. humanism.
c
The approach that examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the course of many generations is a. clinical psychology. b. cognitive psychology. c. evolutionary psychology. d. physiological psychology.
c
The basic premise of evolutionary psychology is that natural selection favors behaviors that enhance organisms' success in a. establishing a territory. b. locating a source of food. c. passing on their genes to the next generation. d. aggressive interactions with members of other species.
Which of the following statements is LEAST likely to be made by a humanist?
The behavior of humans tends to be dictated by environmental circumstances
Which of the following statements is LEAST likely to be made by a humanist?
The behavior of humans tends to be dictated by environmental circumstances.
c
The civil rights movement and the women's movement raised concerns about whether basic psychological principles could be applied to groups other than white males. Consequently, psychologists began to select samples of subjects that were more diverse for research studies. This change in practice illustrates the idea that a. behavior is determined by multiple causes. b. motives and expectations can color our experiences. c. science evolves in a sociohistorical context. d. theoretical diversity is an important component in science.
b
The cognitive perspective contends that to fully understand human behavior, psychologists need to focus attention on a. the role of the unconscious. b. internal mental events. c. the interrelations among the mind, body, and behavior. d. the adaptive value of a behavior.
reduced dependence on medication to treat psychological disorders.
The community health movement emphasizes all of the following EXCEPT
What did BF skinnier introduce?
The concept of reinforcement behavior
What is causation?
The demonstration of how one variable influences another variable or other variables.
Carl Rogers
The developer of client-centered therapy (who)
Joseph Wolpe
The developer of systematic desensitization (who)
Binocular disparity
The difference in the perspective of each eye; there is greater difference when objects are nearby
Humanistic psychology focuses on what?
The growth potential of healthy people
Which of the following contributed MOST to the development of applied psychology?
The high demand for mental testing of military recruits
Which of the following was NOT a problem with state mental hospitals in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s?
The hospitals were overstaffed
210. Which of the following was NOT a problem with state mental hospitals in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s?
The hospitals were overstaffed.
Imagine that the editor of your local newspaper writes a column supporting a reduction in government intervention with a transfer of more rights to individual citizens. The editor bases this argument on the assumption that people are ration beings who will fulfill their maximum potential as long as others do no infringe on their basic human need. This editor's views reflect those of
The humanistic perspective
Insight Therapy
The idea that interactions designed to help a client develop self-knowledge and thus progress to healthy changes in personality and behavior is the basis for
d
The idea that you should reward yourself for achieving study goals is based on the concept of a. empiricism. b. genetic predisposition. c. unconscious motivation. d. behavior modification.
d
The individual MOST closely associated with the recent development of positive psychology is a. David Buss. b. Roger Sperry. c. James Olds. d. Martin Seligman.
Cognitive neuroscience studies what?
The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with mental activity.
33. Which statement best represents current thinking about early-selection versus late-selection theories of attention?
The location of the attention filter may be flexible.
a
The most widely practiced professional specialty in psychology is a. clinical psychology. b. experimental psychology. c. educational and school psychology. d. industrial/organizational psychology.
a
The notion that all behavior is fully governed by external stimuli is MOST consistent with a. behaviorism. b. humanism. c. structuralism. d. functionalism.
d
The notion that unconscious motivations can influence our overt behavior is MOST consistent with the views of a. Carl Rogers. b. Wilhelm Wundt. c. B.F. Skinner. d. Sigmund Freud.
Placebo effect
The phenomenon in which the expectations of the participant and a study can influence their behavior
42. Which statement about the gustatory system is NOT accurate?
The physical stimulus for taste is any molecular substance.
an eclectic approach to therapy.
The practice of therapy that involves drawing ideas from two or more systems of therapy instead of committing to just one is known as
What is dual processing?
The principle that, at the same time, our mind processes information on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.
Random assignment
The process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group
Feature Analysis
The process of detecting specific elements in visual input and assembling them into a more complex form
a
The psychologist who proposed that the study of consciousness should be replaced by the study of behavior was a. John B. Watson. b. Abraham Maslow. c. G. Stanley Hall. d. Sigmund Freud.
b
The psychologist who took the position that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes and tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes was a. Sigmund Freud. b. B.F. Skinner. c. Carl Rogers. d. Abraham Maslow.
Psychoanalysis
The recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives, and defenses
c
The school of psychology that focused on identifying and examining the fundamental components of conscious experience, such as sensations, feelings, and images, was a. humanism. b. behaviorism. c. structuralism. d. functionalism.
Psychoanalysis
The theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud
187. Which of the following is NOT a criticism of drug therapy?
The therapy is typically expensive.
Psychopharmacotherapy
The treatment of mental disorders with drug therapy
One psychologist explains a phobia in terms of learning principles whereas another looks to the unconscious for an explanation. Given this scenario, which of the following conclusions is MOST accurate?
The two psychologists are using different theoretical perspectives.
Independent variable
The variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter
Dependent variable
The variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavioral of subjects an experiment DV: aggressive play
What is behaviorism?
The view that psychology should be an objective science that; studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
c
The viewpoint in psychology that uses theory and research to understand the adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence is known as a. physiological psychology. b. evolutionary psychology. c. positive psychology. d. applied psychology.
Behavior Therapies
Therapies that involve the application of learning principles to change a client's maladaptive behaviors
Insight Therapies
Therapies that involve verbal interactions intended to enhance a client's self-knowledge and thus produce healthful changes in personality and behavior
Biomedical Therapies
Therapies that use physiological interventions intended to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders
Dream analysis
Therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client's dreams
Insight
Therapists who emphasize "talk therapy" in treatment employ the _________ approach to psychotherapy
Biomedical
Therapists who emphasize altering an individual's physiological functioning in treatment use the ______ approach to psychotherapy
Behavior
Therapists who emphasize the application of learning principles in treatment use the ________ approach to psychotherapy
84. Which of the following statements regarding the use of sleeping pills is least accurate?
They are a good long-range solution for insomnia.
154. Eartha has been experiencing mental confusion, hallucinations, and delusions. Her parents schedule an appointment with a therapist to find out if there is something she can take to reduce her symptoms. In this case, the doctor will MOST likely prescribe
Thorazine.
Semi-circular canals
Three arc-shaped tubes that are filled with fluid
Ossicles
Three tiny bones: Malleus (hammer) Incus (anvil) Stapes (stirrup) Amplifies sound (vibration)
Margaret Washburn
Titchener's student first woman to earn a PhD in psychology
cognitive therapy.
Uncovering the patterns of thinking and assumptions behind maladaptive behavior and then assessing their validity is at the core of
Any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study.
Variables
Negative correlation
Variables are related in opposite direction as one increases the other decreases
Insight therapy
Vicki is seeing a therapist in an attempt to work through the troubles in her relationship with her father. During her meetings with her therapist, the two of them often engage in lengthy verbal interactions, and her therapist tries to help Vicki work through a variety of potential solutions for the problems she is facing. In this case, her therapist's approach to treatment would most likely be classified as
13. Isabella spent one hour studying American History prior to 1800, and then spent one hour studying European History prior to 1800. Victor spent one hour studying American History prior to 1800, and then spent one hour studying Calculus. In this example, it is likely that
Victor will have better recall of events in early American History
Learning based inference
View of perception pioneered by Helmoltz; said that perception is shaped by learning and experience rather than innate factors
Dr. Rice believes that it is not possible to fully understand emotions unless we understand the purpose that the conscious experiences associated with emotions play in survival and adaptation. Dr. Rice's views are MOST consistent with those of
WIlliam James
Naturalistic observation
Watching animals or humans behave in their normal environment
24. If you have difficulty understanding the meaning of someone's speech, you may suspect damage to
Wernicke's area
Antidepressants
What kind of drugs are Elavil, Tofranil, Nardil, Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft?
Antipsychotic Drugs
What kind of drugs are Thorazine, Mellaril, Haldol?
Antianxiety Drugs
What kind of drugs are Valium, Xanax, Buspar?
50
What percentage of patients show a meaningful recovery within about 20 sessions of insight therapies?
50%
What percentage of patients show a meaningful recovery within about 20 sessions of insight therapies?
antianxiety drugs
Which group of therapeutic drugs tend to exert their effect almost immediately, but also tend to have an effect that lasts a short length of time?
Thorazine
Which medicine causes Tardive Dyskinesia?
b
Which of the following areas of research in psychology is concerned with assessing individual differences, developing tests, and developing new statistical techniques? a. social psychology b. psychometrics c. cognitive psychology d. physiological psychology
c
Which of the following groups of psychologists would be MOST likely to focus on individual uniqueness, freedom, and potential for growth as a person? a. Behaviorists b. Psychoanalysts c. Humanists d. Gestalt psychologists
they can cause significant and sometimes permanent cognitive deficits
Which of the following is NOT a criticism of drug therapy for psychological disorders?
Employers
Which of the following is NOT a primary source of therapeutic services?
c
Which of the following is NOT included in the text's definition of psychology? a. Psychology is a profession that solves practical problems b. Psychology studies behavior including physiological and cognitive processes c. Psychology studies primarily the unconscious mind d. Psychology is a science
people with flexible jobs are more likely to receive therapy
Which of the following is not correct regarding who seeks therapy?
clinical psychologist
Which of the following psychologists is MOST likely to work with people having severe mental health problems?
b
Which of the following psychologists would have been MOST likely to assert that "free will is an illusion"? a. Abraham Maslow b. B.F. Skinner c. Wilhelm Wundt d. Carl Rogers
Psychiatrists typically devote less of their time to relatively serious disorders than clinical psychologist
Which of the following statements concerning psychiatrists is FALSE?
Psychiatrists typically devote less of their time to relatively serious disorders than clinical psychologists.
Which of the following statements concerning psychiatrists is FALSE?
People with less education; people with more education
Which of the following statements is false? ______ are more likely than ________ to receive psychotherapy
married black male with less than 12 years of education over the age of 65
Which of the following would be least likely to seek therapy?
Which of the following questions would a social psychologist be MOST likely to ask?
Why do we like some people and not others?
The person responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline with its own subject matter is
Wilhelm Wundt
The notion that the subject matter of psychology should be the scientific study of conscious experience is MOST closely linked with
Wilhelm Wundt.
The person responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline with its own subject matter is
Wilhelm Wundt.
General Approaches to Psychology: the Schools of Psychology
Wilhem M. Wundt (1832-1920) *1879 the first Psychological laboratory*
Dr. Rice believes that it is not possible to fully understand emotions unless we understand the purpose that the conscious experiences associated with emotions play in survival and adaptation. Dr. Rice's views are most consistent with those of
William James
Functionalism was founded by
William James
The concept of "stream consciousness" is associated with
William James
Which of the following early psychologists would be MOST likely to endorse the tenets of evolutionary psychology?
William James
the Schools of Psychology Functionalism
William James (1842-1910) Edward L Thorndike (1874-1949)
Functionalism was founded by
William James.
The concept of "stream of consciousness" is associated with
William James.
What is considered a critical thinking skill
Working systematically toward a desired goal Distinguishing among facts, opinions, and reasoned judgments Understanding how reasons and evidence support or refute conclusions
The major event that influenced the development of psychology as a profession was
World War II
The major event that influenced the development of psychology as a profession was
World War II.
Edward Titchener
Wundt's student brought structuralism to America
Brian has been feeling anxious and tense as his final exams approach. He schedules an appointment with his doctor to find out if there is something he can take to help him feel more relaxed and less anxious. If Brian's doctor prescribes a medication for the symptoms that Brian is experiencing, it would MOST likely be
Xanax.
Cocktail party effect
ability to focus on one task while simultaneously focusing on another; e.g., hearing your name while having a conversation
Do today's psychological scienctists see traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.
Yes.
If you were having problems with severe depression, the type of psychologist that would be the greatest help to you would be
a clinical psychologist.
Michael is having problems relating to other people because he is exhibiting delusions (false beliefs) and hallucinations. Michael would MOST likely seek help from
a clinical psychologist.
Darnell is working on a computer system that will have full language recognition capabilities. The type of psychologist that could probably give Darnell the MOST help in developing this computer system would be
a cognitive psychologist
Programmers who were working on a chess-playing super computer asked a psychologist from their university for some help in working out the problem-solving algorithms they would be using. The psychologist who helped with this project was MOST likely
a cognitive psychologist
Darnell is working on a computer system that will have full language recognition capabilities. The type of psychologist that could probably give Darnell the MOST help in developing this computer system would be
a cognitive psychologist.
62. A multilevel classification system based on common properties among items is called
a conceptual hierarchy
When Brett was only six years old, his older sister hid in his closet, then unexpectedly jumped out and scared him when he came into his dark bedroom. As an adult, Brett is still terrified of the dark. Based on principles of classical conditioning, Brett's current fear of the dark is
a conditioned response
threshold
a dividing point between energy levels that do and do not have a detectable effect
Reversible Figure
a drawing that is compatible with two interpretations that can shift back and forth
Cochlea
a fluid-filled, coiled tunnel that contains the receptors for hearing
Optic Disk
a hole in the retina where the optic nerve fibers exit the eye
Which type of psychologist would be LEAST likely to generalize from studies of animal subjects to human behavior?
a humanist
134. Heather is taking a prescription drug to control her back pain. She finds that when she takes the drug she experiences some short-term drowsiness and nausea. It is likely that Heather's physician has prescribed
a narcotic
11. As interest rates increase, house sales decline, indicating
a negative correlation between the two variables
Substance P
a neurotransmitter that activates the opening of the spinal gate, allowing pain signals to be perceived
14. A scientific journal refers to
a periodical that publishes technical and scholarly articles
30. According to research evidence on dream content, which of the following would a student be least likely to dream about?
a political candidate who held strong views about tuition increases
Skin color is determined by three to five gene pairs. This makes skin color
a polygenic trait
90. A conditioned stimulus is
a previously neutral stimulus that, through conditioning, acquires the capacity to elicit a conditioned response
Bottom-up Processing
a progression from individual elements to the whole
Top-down Processing
a progression from the whole to the elements
Mario recently started seeing a therapist. At the start of each session, Mario lies down and starts talking about anything that comes to mind. He often rambles, and he sometimes thinks that the things he describes seem trivial or silly, but his therapist encourages him to say whatever comes into his mind. This therapeutic technique is common among therapists who use
a psychoanalytic approach in therapy.
an insight therapist
a psychotherapist who participates in complex verbal interactions with clients in order to enhance client's understanding of their mental state
Laura answered a series of written questions that asked about her attitudes and opinions on a number of current issues. The method of data collection that was being used in this case was
a questionnaire
Perceptional Set
a readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way
35. The work of researchers like Bartlett and Loftus on errors in memory suggests that memory is best viewed as
a reconstruction of events or materials
249. Two major and unanticipated problems that occurred as a result of deinstitutionalization involve
a revolving door population of patients and the homeless mentally ill.
According to the definition of psychology that appears in your textbook, psychology is both
a science and a profession.
88. A memory code that emphasizes the meaning of verbal input is called
a semantic code
Basilar membrane
a sheet of tissue that runs the length of the cochlea
However, over the past two weeks he has shown increasing hostility, and he often yells and becomes threatening when his therapist offers her interpretations of the things that George says during therapy. According to Freud, George's behavior may be
a sign of transference.
group therapy
a simultaneous treatment of several clients in a group
In everyday life, people usually think of a behavior as having ____, whereas psychology views behavior as having ____.
a single cause; multiple causes
In everyday life, people usually think of a behavior as having _________, whereas psychology views behavior as having _________.
a single cause; multiple causes
A newspaper article reported a study by a psychologist in which the attitudes of men and women toward traditional sex roles were studied. MOST likely, the researcher was
a social psychologist.
135. Alicia is taking a prescription drug to help treat her narcolepsy. She finds that when she takes the drug she feels extremely restless and irritable, and she loses her appetite. It is likely that Alicia's physician has prescribed
a stimulant
6. Technically, your absolute threshold is the point which you can detect
a stimulus 50 percent of the time
Perceptual Constancy
a tendency to experience a stable perception in the face of continually changing sensory input
44. A hypothesis is
a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables
A system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations is called
a theory
Dr. Marqueta believes that "misery loves company." Based on this belief, Dr. Marqueta predicts that people who have received bad news will seek out other people. Dr. Marqueta's belief is an example of ____, and her prediction is an example of ____.
a theory; a hypothesis
138. Dr. Varsho is a psychotherapist who often argues openly with her clients. She is very assertive, and tries to persuade her clients to alter their patterns of thinking. Dr. Varsho is
a therapist who uses Beck's cognitive approach.
Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
a thin electrode is surgically implanted in the brain and connected to an implanted pulse generator so that various electrical currents can be delivered to brain tissue adjacent to the electrode
Fovea
a tiny spot in the center of the retina that contains only cones; visual acuity is greatest at this spot
Afterimage
a visual image that persists after a stimulus is removed
In client-centered therapy Carl Rogers believed that is critical for the therapist to provide
a warm, supportive and accepting climate.
Research findings indicate that when changing answers on a multiple-choice test, most people change
a wrong answer to a right answer.
The school of psychology that was MOST responsible for the rise of animal research in psychology was
behaviorism.
Antipsychotic drugs
a. gradually reduce psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions.
An important goal of client-centered therapy is to
a. help clients realize they don't have to worry constantly about approval from others.
Placebo effects occur when
a. people's expectations lead them to experience some change, even though they receive a fake or ineffective treatment.
With regard to psychological disorders, spontaneous remission refers to a
a. recovery from a disorder that occurs without formal treatment.
Tasha has been in psychotherapy for just over a year. Lately, she has started to express a strong sexual desire for her therapist. Unconsciously, she is acting toward him the way she wishes she could act toward her own husband. According to Freud, Tasha's behavior may be a sign of
a. transference.
Dr. Guralski believes that most psychological disorders are a result of negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs. Knowing this, you might expect that Dr. Guralski's bookshelves contain a large number of books written by a. Aaron Beck b. Sigmund Freud c. Hans Eysenck d. Carl Rogers
a. Aaron Beck
2. A psychotherapist who participates in complex verbal interactions with clients in order to enhance clients' understanding of themselves and their problems would be classified as a(n) therapist. a. insight b. behavior c. biomedical d. aversive
a. insight
7. Which of the following academic degrees is not associated with being a psychologist? a. M.D. b. Ph.D. c. Psy.D. d. Ed.D.
a. M.D.
15. Dr. Stroetz believes that most psychological disorders can be successfully treated by bringing unconscious conflicts and defenses into conscious awareness. Knowing this, you might expect that Dr. Stroetz's bookshelves contain a large number of books written by a. Sigmund Freud b. Hans Eysenck c. Carl Rogers d. Joseph Wolpe
a. Sigmund Freud
1. Which of the following statements is true? a. The first systematic psychotherapy procedure was Freud's psychoanalysis. b. Since Freud's time, all forms of treatment for psychological disorders have involved verbal interaction. c. All psychotherapies employ essentially the same method of treatment. d. Insight therapy is the most effective method for treating psychological disorders.
a. The first systematic psychotherapy procedure was Freud's psychoanalysis.
John B. Watson argued that psychologists should
abandon the study of consciousness
63. Biofeedback is a. a technique in which information about a bodily function is monitored and fed back to a person b. based on the assumption that people have no voluntary control over any of their physiological processes c. a treatment method developed by Joseph Wolpe d. a behavioral technique that combines classical conditioning and observational learning
a. a technique in which information about a bodily function is monitored and fed back to a person
69. Mary has a psychological disorder, and her doctor has prescribed a drug from the benzodiazepine family to reduce the severity of Mary's symptoms. In this case, Mary's therapist is mostlikely treating her for a. an anxiety disorder b. depression c. schizophrenia d. bipolar disorder
a. an anxiety disorder
64. Georgina is attempting to control her anxiety by altering a tone from a device monitoring her physiological arousal. Georgina is most likely undergoing . a. biofeedback therapy b. counterconditioning c. systematic desensitization d. aversion therapy
a. biofeedback therapy
14. In treating an abnormal behavior, the main concern of a psychoanalyst would be to discover the a. childhood unconscious conflict that led to the behavior b. environmental conditions that are maintaining the behavior at its current frequency c. ways in which the behavior keeps the client from becoming self-actualized d. inappropriate thought patterns that underlie the behavior
a. childhood unconscious conflict that led to the behavior
36. In client-centered therapy the therapist's key task is a. clarification b. interpretation c. behavior modification d. cognitive evaluation
a. clarification
78. Kayla has a psychological disorder, and her doctor has prescribed an MAO inhibitor to reduce the severity of Kayla's symptoms. In this case, Kayla's therapist is most likely treating her for a. depression b. an anxiety disorder c. schizophrenia d. bipolar disorder
a. depression
68. The most commonly cited side effect associated with antianxiety drugs is a. drowsiness b. tachycardia c. blurred vision d. insomnIa
a. drowsiness
The use of the anxiety hierarchy in systematic desensitization allows for the 55. a. gradual approach to the feared object b. direct confrontation with the feared object c. use of real objects instead of imagination d. transfer of treatment to.real-life situations
a. gradual approach to the feared object
Antipsychotic drugs 71. a. gradually reduce psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions b. are effective in about 95 percent of psychotic patients c. tend to produce an immediate, but ShOli-lasting, effect d. are often prescribed even for individuals who have no clinical psychotic disorder
a. gradually reduce psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions
31. An important goal of client-centered therapy is to a. help clients realize they don't have to worry constantly about approval from others b. help clients achieve a greater understanding of how long-repressed childhood conflicts can affect their adult behavior c. change the ways clients think d. modify clients' maladaptive behavior patterns
a. help clients realize they don't have to worry constantly about approval from others
3. Vicki is seeing a therapist in an attempt to work through the troubles in her relationship with her father. During her meetings with her therapist, the two of them often engage in lengthy verbal interactions, and her therapist tries to help Vicki work through a variety of potential solutions for the problems she is facing. In this case, her therapist's approach to treatment would most likely be classified as a. insight therapy b. behavior therapy c. biomedical therapy d. homeopathic therapy
a. insight therapy
20. Michelle has been having a recurring dream for the past four months, and during a session with her psychotherapist the therapist proposed one possible explanation that might give meaning to the images in Michelle's dream. In providing an explanation for the meaning of the dream, the therapist is engaged in a. interpretation b. transference c. clarification d. free association
a. interpretation
83. Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT) a. involves the use of electric shock to produce a cortical seizure and convulsions b. is used primarily for the treatment of schizophrenia c. has been used increasingly often since the 1940s d. is one of the key components in aversion therapy
a. involves the use of electric shock to produce a cortical seizure and convulsions
The most important aspect of group therapy is that group members 45. a. provide acceptance and emotional support b. challenge one another's false belief structures c. increase conformity and compliance d. reduce both transference and resistance
a. provide acceptance and emotional support
37. Cognitive therapy emphasizes a. recognizing and changing negative thought patterns b. reliving of traumatic childhood experiences c. increasing the client's self-awareness and self-acceptance d. modifying maladaptive behaviors
a. recognizing and changing negative thought patterns
62. Earl is an extremely aggressive child who often hits other children when he can't get his own way. Earl is now seeing a behavioral therapist who has discussed appropriate ways of interacting with peers, and shown Earl several videotapes of children resolving conflicts in non-aggressive ways. Earl has also engaged in "role play" during which the therapist has provided corrective feedback and positive reinforcement. In this case, the therapist is using a. social skills training to develop Earl's ability to interact with his peers b. biofeedback to develop Earl's ability to interact with his peers c. aversion therapy to develop Earl's ability to interact with his peers d. systematic desensitization to develop Earl's ability to interact with his peers
a. social skills training to develop Earl's ability to interact with his peers
50. Behavior therapy requires that a. the client's vague complaints be translated into concrete behavioral goals b. the client develop insight into his or her irrational thought processes c. the client passively accept suggestions for change d. the client's concrete complaints be translated into abstract constructs
a. the client's vague complaints be translated into concrete behavioral goals
65. In direct comparisons of the effectiveness of behavior therapy and insight therapy a. the differences are usually small, but tend to favor behavior therapy b. the differences are usually small, but tend to favor insight therapy c. behavior therapy tends to be significantly more effective d. insight therapy tends to be significantly more effective
a. the differences are usually small, but tend to favor behavior therapy
85. You are watching a television documentary that shows a patient who is undergoing electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). If this documentary is depicting psychotherapy in the 1990s, you should conclude that a. the patient is being treated for severe depression that has not responded to medication b. the patient is being treated for severe schizophrenia that has not responded to medication c. the documentary is inaccurate because electroconvulsive shock therapy hasn't been used since the 1970s d. the documentary is an "undercover expose," and the doctor administrating the treatment is in violation of current ethical guidelines
a. the patient is being treated for severe depression that has not responded to medication
Tasha has been in psychotherapy for just over a year. Lately she has started to express a strong sexual desire for her therapist. Unconsciously she is acting toward him the way she wishes she could act toward her own. husband. According to Freud, Tasha's behavior may be a sign of a. transference b. resistance c. free association d. defensive neurosis
a. transference
82. Which of the following is not a criticism of drug therapy? a. The side effects may be worse than the illnesses they are supposed to cure. b. The therapy is typically expensive. c. They temporarily relieve symptoms without addressing the real problem. d. Many drugs are overprescribed and many patients are overmedicated.
b. The therapy is typically expensive.
12. Gilbert just graduated from medical school and has entered a four-year residency at a local hospital. He plans to specialize in the treatment of mental disorders. Gilbert would most likely be classified as a. a psychiatric nurse b. a psychiatrist c. a clinical psychologist d. a counseling psychologist
b. a psychiatrist
After several months of psychoanalysis, Andy begins to feel intensely angry at his therapist, although the therapist has been consistently warm and supportive. Andy's feelings are probably a. due to a misinterpretation of the therapist's behavior b. a result of transference c. a sign of an impending psychosis d. a result of sudden insight about some childhood experience
b. a result of transference
67. Valium is a. an antidepressant drug b. an antianxiety drug c. an antipsychotic drug d. an MAO inhibitor
b. an antianxiety drug
Thorazine is classed as 70. a. an antianxiety drug b. an antipsychotic drug c. an antidepressant drug d. a mood-altering drug
b. an antipsychotic drug
The tricyclics and the MAO inhibitors 77. a. are both classified as antipsychotic drugs b. are the two principal classes of antidepressants c. have an immediate mood-elevating effect d. are the two main classes of antianxiety drugs
b. are the two principal classes of antidepressants
58. A therapist cures a man of his sexual attraction to children by pairing pictures of children with painful electric shocks. The procedure being used here is a. systematic desensitization b. aversion therapy c. extinction d. social skills training
b. aversion therapy
Which of the following is not a component of social skills training? 60. a. modeling b. aversive stimuli c. behavioral rehearsal d. shaping
b. aversive stimuli
Cognitive therapy borrows many techniques from therapy. 41. a. group b. behavior c. client-centered d. psychodynamic
b. behavior
A critical component associated with social skills training is 61. a. transference b. behavioral rehearsal c. biofeedback d. classical conditioning
b. behavioral rehearsal
73. Colton has been taking a drug to control a psychological disorder. Some of the side effects that he has been experiencing include drowsiness, constipation, and tardive dyskinesia. In this case, Colton is most likely being treated for a. depression b. bipolar disorder c. an anxiety disorder d. schizophrenia
b. bipolar disorder
51. Systematic desensitization is a technique based on a. instrumental conditioning b. classical conditioning c. operant conditioning d. aversive conditioning
b. classical conditioning
The therapeutic technique that focuses on providing a supportive emotional climate for clients, who in turn playa major role in determining the pace and direction of therapy, is referred to as a. rational-emotive therapy b. client-centered therapy c. psychoanalytic therapy d. Gestalt therapy
b. client-centered therapy
32. Dr. Benz always tries to be honest with her clients, and she never becomes defensive, even if the clients ridicule her feedback or her methods of therapy. According to Carl Rogers, Dr. Benz is displaying the quality of a. empathy in dealing with her clients b. genuineness in dealing with her clients c. unconditional positive regard in dealing with her clients d. validity in dealing with her clients
b. genuineness in dealing with her clients
49. A behavior therapist's major concern in treating an abnormal behavior would be to discover a. the childhood unconscious conflict that led to the behavior b. how situational factors are evoking the troublesome behavior c. the ways in which the behavior keeps the client from becoming self-actualized d. the inappropriate thought patterns that underlie the behavior
b. how situational factors are evoking the troublesome behavior
75. Tardive dyskinesia a. is a neurological disorder marked by involuntary writhing and tic-like movements b. is a serious side effect of long-term use of antidepressant drugs c. can be cured with the same medication used to treat Parkinson's disease d. can emerge after long-term use of lithium
b. is a serious side effect of long-term use of antidepressant drugs
86. The risks ofECT a. have been completely eliminated by modern improvements in the procedure b. may include both short- and long-term intellectual impairment c. are so severe that the use of ECT has been banned by law d. are negligible, as long as appropriate precautions are taken
b. may include both short- and long-term intellectual impairment
Transference a. occurs when the client makes conscious attempts to hinder the progress of therapy b. refers to the client's redirection toward the therapist of unconscious emotional reactions originally felt toward others c. involves transferring memories of past traumatic experiences to current dreams d. occurs when the therapist treats the client as though the client was an important authority figure
b. refers to the client's redirection toward the therapist of unconscious emotional reactions originally felt toward others
Jimmy has been in psychotherapy for several months, but during the last few sessions he has been distracted and inattentive. When his therapist asks him to describe any dreams he has had recently, Jimmy insists that he doesn't remember any of his dreams. According to Freud, Jimmy's behavior may be a sign of a. defensive neurosis b. resistance c. transference d. insight
b. resistance
The idea that you can't be profoundly relaxed and fearful at the same time is basic to 56. a. behavior modification b. systematic desensitization c. successive goal approximations d. psychodynamic activation
b. systematic desensitization
9. The theoretical difference between a clinical psychologist and a counseling psychologist is that a. the clinical psychologist has a doctorate; the counseling psychologist has a master's degree b. the clinical psychologist specializes in the treatment of mental disorders; the counseling psychologist specializes in the treatment of everyday adjustment problems c. only the clinical psychologist can prescribe drugs d. clinical psychologists are trained to provide behavior therapy; counseling psychologists are trained to provide insight therapy
b. the clinical psychologist specializes in the treatment of mental disorders; the counseling psychologist specializes in the treatment of everyday adjustment problems
19. Which of the following would Freud consider to be the most direct means of access to the unconscious mind? a. transference b. the content of dreams c. the client's feelings toward the therapist d. the client's attempts to hinder the progress of therapy
b. the content of dreams
Eysenck's theory of personality
based on personality traits, physiological functioning, ease of conditioning
103. Mackenzie was in a car accident, and when she hit her head the ascending fibers in her reticular activating system were damaged. With this type of injury it is likely that Mackenzie will
be in a continuous sleep state
61. Peggy smells a very strong odor; Harry smells an odor that is barely detectable. Based on what is known about neural transmission you could predict that the action potentials will
be the same in both individuals due to the all-or-none principle
A disadvantage or limitation of the experimental research method is
because of practical or ethical reasons it cannot be used to study some research questions
96. Therapists who tend to see symptoms as the problem rather than as signs of more internal, underlying problems are
behavior therapists.
John believes that if he can learn to calm himself down when he finds himself in anxiety-producing situations (like taking a psychology exam) he will be better able to cope. Based on John's beliefs, he is most likely to seek a therapist that emphasizes the ____ approach.
behavior therapy
Aversion therapy
behavior therapy in which an aversive stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response (drinking/drugs)
artin Seligman asserts that obsessive-compulsive disorder responds best to
behavior therapy or medication.
Systematic desensitization
behavior therapy used to reduce phobic clients' anxiety responses through counter conditioning
"What has been learned can be unlearned" is a central assumption of
behavior therapy.
139. Cognitive therapy borrows many techniques from
behavior therapy.
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
behavioral deficits such as flattened emotion, apathy, and poverty of speech
138. The school of psychology that suggests psychologists should study only what can be objectively observed is
behaviorism
In the 1950s Skinner argued that psychology should return to a strict interpretation of the principles of
behaviorism
In the 1950s, Skinner argued that psychology should return to a strict interpretation of the principles of
behaviorism
Janet trained her dog to sit on command by following this behavior with a reward of a dog biscuit and praise. Janet used the principal of
behaviorism
Janet trained her dog to sit on command by following this behavior with a reward of a dog biscuit and praise. Janet used the principles of
behaviorism
Lisa taught her son to buckle his seatbelt in the car by allowing him to play one of his CDs on the car stereo after he was buckled up. Lisa taught him by applying the principles of
behaviorism
The dominant school of thought in psychology during the 1950s and the 1960s was
behaviorism
The fact that behavior can be observed and thoughts and feelings cannot is the basis of
behaviorism
The fact that behaviors can be observed and thoughts and feelings cannot is the basis of
behaviorism
The notion that all behavior is fully governed by external stimuli is MOST consistent with
behaviorism
The notion that all behavior is the fully governed by external stimuli is MOST consistent with
behaviorism
The school of psychology that suggests that psychologists should only study what can be objectively observed
behaviorism
The school of psychology that was MOST responsible for the rise of animal research in psychology
behaviorism
The school of psychology that was most responsible for the rise of animal research in psychology was
behaviorism
The theoretical orientation that insisted on verifiability of observations was
behaviorism
The theoretical orientation that insisted on verifiablitity of observation was
behaviorism
Which psychological approach is often referred to as stimulus-response (S-R) psychology?
behaviorism
Although functionalism faded away as a theoretical force in psychology, historians credit it with two important contributions to the discipline that includes the development of
behaviorism and applied psychology
Although functionalism faded away as a theoretical force in psychology, historians credit it with two important contributions to the discipline:
behaviorism and applied psychology.
Janet trained her dog to sit on command by following this behavior with a reward of a dog biscuit and praise. Janet used the principles of
behaviorism.
The fact that behaviors can be observed and thoughts and feelings cannot is the basis of
behaviorism.
The notion that all behavior is fully governed by external stimuli is MOST consistent with
behaviorism.
135. Cognitive therapy originally developed as a treatment approach to
depression
53. When Brett was only six years old, his older sister hid in his closet, then unexpectedly jumped out and scared him when he came into his dark bedroom. As an adult, Brett is still terrified of the dark. Based on principles of classical conditioning, Brett's current fear of the dark is a. an unconditioned response b. a result of observational learning c. a conditioned response d. a result of counterconditioning
c. a conditioned response
16. Mario recently started seeing a therapist. At the start of each session Mario lies down and starts talking about anything that comes to mind. He often rambles, and he sometimes thinks that the things he describes seem trivial or silly, but his therapist encourages him to say whatever comes into his mind. This therapeutic technique is common among therapists who use a. a client-centered approach in therapy b. a cognitive approach in therapy c. a psychoanalytic approach in therapy d. a holistic approach to therapy
c. a psychoanalytic approach in therapy
35. The characteristics of client-centered therapy that are necessary to encourage client growth include all but which of the following? a. empathy b. genuineness c. directedness d. unconditional positive regard
c. directedness
exposure therapies
clients are confronted with situations that they fear so that they learn that these situations are really harmless
10. Psychiatrists a. have essentially the same education as clinical psychologists b. are less likely to use psychoanalytic methods than psychologists c. are physicians who specialize in the treatment of mental disorders d. focus exclusively on biomedical therapies in treating psychological disorders
c. are physicians who specialize in the treatment of mental disorders
Bryant loves rich deserts, but he knows that eating high-fat, calorie-laden deserts is bad for his heart. However, he was unable to control his desire for these tasty treats until he read an atiicle in a magazine. The article suggested that every time a person looked at a tempting, but forbidden food, he or she should form a mental image of something disgusting. Bryant has been doing this for the past month and he finds deserts no longer have pleasant associations for him. In this case, Bryant used a. systematic desensitization to overcome his desire for rich deserts b. observational learning to overcome his desire for rich deserts c. aversion therapy to overcome his desire for rich deserts
c. aversion therapy to overcome his desire for rich deserts
5. Leslie has been feeling depressed for a number of weeks. She thinks she may need to see a therapist to help her overcome her depression, but she doesn't want to see anyone who is going to dwell on her childhood and try to work through any problems she experienced years ago. She wants to see someone who will focus on her current symptoms. In this example, it appears that Leslie is looking for a therapist whose approach to treatment would be classified as a. insight therapy b. non-invasive therapy c. biomedical therapy d. hypnotherapy
c. biomedical therapy
48. According to behavior therapists, pathological behaviors a. are signs of an underlying emotional or cognitive problem b. should be viewed as the expression of an unconscious sexual or aggressive conflict c. can be modified directly, through the application of established principles of conditioning d. are the product of irrational thinking
c. can be modified directly, through the application of established principles of conditioning
18. In free association a. clients relate the events of their dreams as they remember them b. clients are restricted to talking about their sexual conflicts only c. clients spontaneously express their thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur d. therapists openly express their interpretations of clients' thoughts and feelings
c. clients spontaneously express their thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur
52. Viewing a phobia for snakes in classical conditioning terms, the snake is a(n)_____ and the fear is a(n)_______ a. unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response b. unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response c. conditioned stimulus; conditioned response d. conditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
c. conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
According to Beck, which types of thought processes tend to produce depression? 39. a. blaming setbacks on circumstantial factors b. focusing selectively on positive experiences c. drawing negative conclusions about one's personal worth based on insignificant events d. failing to accept responsibility for one's own actions
c. drawing negative conclusions about one's personal worth based on insignificant events
34. Client: "I've had a bad week. I'm really down." Therapist: "You've had some unpleasant experiences lately and are feeling quite depressed as a result." The therapist's statement in this interaction is intended to communicate to the client a. genuineness b. unconditional positive regard c. empathy d. disapproval -----
c. empathy
Carl Rogers' client-centered therapy grew from the tradition. a. psychoanalytic b. behaviorist c. humanistic d. cognitive
c. humanistic
21. Resistance a. consists primarily of conscious efforts to hinder the progress of therapy b. refers to the client's reaction to sexual advances from the therapist c. involves largely unconscious defensive maneuvers intended to hinder the progress of therapy d. refers to the subtle, primarily unconscious ways in which young children rebel against their parents' demands
c. involves largely unconscious defensive maneuvers intended to hinder the progress of therapy
81. Price has had several episodes of severe depression, but for the past week he has been euphoric and hyperactive, and he hasn't slept for the past four nights. His family is concerned, and they have brought him to a mental health clinic for treatment. If the doctor who sees him prescribes medication to reduce Price's current symptoms, the medication that will most likely be prescribed is a. a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor b. a tricyclic drug c. lithium d. a drug from the benzodiazepine family
c. lithium
66. Psychopharmacotherapy involves the treatment of mental disorders with a. electroconvulsive shock b. insight therapy c. medication d. surgery
c. medication
Transference in psychoanalytic therapy may reveal itself when the patient a. transfers from one stage of analysis to another b. changes the way the patient feels about people close to the patient c. responds to the therapist as though he or she were the patient's parent d. shifts social roles during the course of therapy
c. responds to the therapist as though he or she were the patient's parent
79. The newest antidepressant drugs, such as Prozac a. increase levels of dopamine in the brain h. act as MAO inhibitors c. slow the reuptake process at serotonin synapses d. also reduce the manic symptoms associated with bipolar disorder
c. slow the reuptake process at serotonin synapses
46. The recovery from a disorder without formal treatment is referred to as a. a placebo effect b. reified recovery c. spontaneous remission d. countertransference
c. spontaneous remission
30. According to Rogers, personal distress occurs when a. unconscious conflicts threaten to rise to the surface of conscious awareness b. a person engages in negative thinking c. there is incongruence between a person's self-concept and reality d. a person is lacking in self-control
c. there is incongruence between a person's self-concept and reality
33. Charlene is talking with her father, and she confesses that she lied about where she had been on the weekend. Her father tells Charlene that he loves her, but that he doesn't approve of her lying. According to Carl Rogers, Charlene's father is displaying the quality of a. empathy b. validity c. unconditional positive regard d. selective abstraction
c. unconditional positive regard
according to behavior therapists, pathological behaviors
can be modified directly, through the application of established principles of conditioning
95. According to behavior therapists, pathological behaviors
can be modified directly, through the application of established principles of conditioning.
Trevor plans to study the relationship between people's responses to highly stressful situations and their overall health. He decides he must use correlational research, rather than experimental research, to investigate this problem. Trevor most likely chose a correlational method because correlational studies
can be used to investigate factors that would be unethical to manipulate in an experimental study
Auditory nerve
carries neural messages regarding sound from the cochlea to the thalamus, which then sends it to the auditory cortex
Optic Nerve
carries visual information to the brain; is made up of the axons of ganglion cells
Dr. Kincaid was interested in the topic of autistic savants (individuals with limited abilities in many areas, but with an exceptional talent in one specific area). In the initial part of the investigation, Dr. Kincaid carefully observed and compiled detailed files on three individuals who were autistic savants. Dr. Kincaid is conducting
case study research
when you tell yourself that you will never be happy again now that your significant other has ended the relationship, you are engaging in what Albert Ellis calls
catastrophic thinking
Sub type of schizophrenia marked by a striking impairment of psycho-motor activity ranging from muscular rigidity to random motor activity
catonic
81. The basic parts of a neuron are
cell body, axon, dendrites
The two most basic divisions of the nervous system are the
central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
7. Greg was a world-class diver until he hit his head on the diving board during one of his dives. He now has difficulty coordinating the movements required for various tucks and rotations. It is likely that when he hit his head on the diving board, Greg damaged his
cerebellum
132. The goal of cognitive therapy is to
change the clients negative thought and maladaptive beliefs.
Auditory canal
channels sound waves from the pinna to the eardrum and produces wax
In treating an abnormal behavior, the main concern of a psychoanalyst would be to discover the
childhood unconscious conflict that led to the behavior
40.Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic tastes?
citrus
67. In client-centered therapy, the therapist's key task is
clarification.
115. When a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus, the process is
classical conditioning
when advertisers use attractive models to demonstrate products they are relying in part on the power of ____ to change the consumers' attitudes
classical conditioning
101. Systematic desensitization is a technique based on
classical conditioning.
Cornea
clear protective membrane that covers the eye
Exposure therapies
clients are confronted with situations that they fear so that they learn that these situations are really harmless
which personality characteristic is correlated with good physical health?
conscientiousness
According to Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of psychology was on the scientific study of
conscious experience
According to Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of psychology was on the scientific study of
conscious experience.
While functionalism emphasizes the adaptive purpose of ____, evolutionary psychology emphasizes the adaptive purpose of ____.
consciousness; behavior
60. The experimental group
consists of the subjects who receive some special treatment with regard to the independent variable
Which of the following is not one of the three goals of science?
construction and revision
Skinner would suggest that if you study "extra hard" for your first psychology midterm and earn an "A," for your next psychology midterm, you would
continue to study "extra hard."
231. Researchers can try to control for regression toward the mean and placebo effects through the use of
control groups, random assignment, and statistical adjustment.
defensive coping
coping technique that involves self-deception to distort reality in order to make a situation appear less threatening
112. The structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres is the
corpus callosum
The structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres is the
corpus callosum
141. Cognitive therapy is designed to
correct habitual thinking errors and maladaptive beliefs.
A numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables is the
correlation coefficient
Clinical vs Counseling
counseling focuses more on work, career, and adjustment problems
An area of specialization in applied psychology that is primarily involved in the treatment of less severe problems of everyday life (such as marriage counseling) is
counseling psychology.
107. The basic learning principle used in Wolpe's systematic desensitization is
counterconditioning.
Which of the following is NOT one of the three conditions Rogers believed was important to help create a supportive emotional climate for therapy?
d. Friendship
The idea that interactions designed to help a client develop self-knowledge and thus progress to healthy changes in personality and behavior is the basis for
d. insight therapy.
The basic learning principle(s) used in social skills training is
d. operant conditioning.
Bryson was surprised by his first psychotherapy session. When the session was over the therapist gave Bryson a homework assignment. She asked Bryson to record any thoughts that came to his mind when he experienced a setback at home or in his job. In this case, it appears that Bryson is seeing a therapist who uses a. client-centered therapy b. a psychoanalytic approach to therapy c. social skills training d. Beck's cognitive therapy
d. Beck's cognitive therapy
Nelson, a schizophrenic patient, has just begun taking antipsychotic medication. He took his first dose about 12 hours ago, but so far his family sees no change in his condition. What advice should they be given? a. If he doesn't show improvement in another 12 hours, a different kind of medication should be tried. b. Patients usually don't begin responding to antipsychotic drugs for at least a couple of days. c. He may have been misdiagnosed as schizophrenic. d. Early changes due to antipsychotic medication are usually not apparent to nonprofessionals, who are unfamiliar with the signs of improvement.
d. Early changes due to antipsychotic medication are usually not apparent to nonprofessionals, who are unfamiliar with the signs of improvement.
Which of the following statements about group therapy is false? 43. a. Therapy groups typically consist of 4 to 15 participants. b. The therapist may share his or her personal experiences and feelings with the group. c. Group participants essentially function as therapists for each other. d. Group therapy is typically more expensive than individual therapy.
d. Group therapy is typically more expensive than individual therapy.
Dr. Varsho is a psychotherapist who often argues openly with her clients. She is very assertive, and tries to persuade her clients to alter their patterns of thinking. Dr. Varsho is a. using a client-centered approach to therapy b. probably not very successful as a therapist c. using a modern psychodynamic approach to therapy d. a therapist who uses Beck's cognitive approach
d. a therapist who uses Beck's cognitive approach
The psychoanalytic therapist deals with transference by a. modeling new behavior for the client b. moving to a new topic for discussion c. ignoring it and recentering on the real problem d. allowing the patient to work through the feelings associated with transference
d. allowing the patient to work through the feelings associated with transference
6. The two most common problems among those who seek psychotherapy are a. marital conflicts and a sense of emptiness b. loneliness and boredom c. low self-esteem and irrational thinking d. anxiety and depression
d. anxiety and depression
4. Claude has been seeing a therapist in an attempt to finally stop smoking. The therapist has described a number of techniques that they might try to eliminate Claude's behavior of smoking. In this case, his therapist's approach to treatment would most likely be classified as . a. insight therapy b. biomedical therapy c. homeopathic therapy d. behavior therapy
d. behavior therapy
80. Lithium is a chemical used to treat a. major depression b. schizophrenia c. multiple-personality disorders d. bipolar mood disorders
d. bipolar mood disorders
17. All of the following are Freudian techniques to bring unconscious material to consciousness except a. free association b. analysis of transference c. dream analysis d. directed confrontation
d. directed confrontation
13. The idea that interactions designed to help a client develop self-knowledge and thus progress to healthy changes in personality and behavior is the basis for a. psychopharmacological therapy b. emotive therapy c. behavioral therapy d. insight therapy
d. insight therapy
11. Which ofthe following disorders would be least apt to be treated by psychiatrists? a. schizophrenia b. mood disorder c. anxiety disorder d. marital problems
d. marital problems
84. The most accurate statement about why ECT works to the degree that it does is that a. it acts as a form of aversion therapy b. it alters neural circuits in the brain c. it alters neurotransmitter activity in the brain d. no one is really certain why it works
d. no one is really certain why it works
Aversion therapy is designed to remove unwanted 57. a. negative associations using classical conditioning techniques b. pleasant associations using observational learning techniques c. negative associations using operant learning techniques d. pleasant associations using classical conditioning techniques
d. pleasant associations using classical conditioning techniques
Gil has a psychological disorder, and his doctor has prescribed an antipsychotic drug to reduce the severity of Gil's symptoms. In this case, Gil's therapist is most likely treating him for a. panic disorder b. mild depression c. generalized anxiety disorder d. schizophrenia
d. schizophrenia
92. The amplitude of sound waves is measured in ____; the frequency of sound waves is measured in ____.
decibels; hertz
111. The "behavior" that is incompatible with anxiety, and that systematic desensitization tries to recondition to phobic cues is
deep muscle relaxation.
100. In Parkinsonism the tremors, muscular rigidity and reduced control over voluntary movements appears to be a function of
degeneration of neurons that use dopamine as a neurotransmitter
The transferring of treatment of mental illness from inpatient institutions to community-based facilities is referred to as
deinstitutionalization
212. The transferring of treatment of mental illness from inpatient institutions to community-based facilities is referred to as
deinstitutionalization.
The policy of transferring the treatment of mental illness from inpatient institutions to community-based facilities that emphasize outpatient care is called
deinstitutionalization.
43. Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures through which information flows in a neuron?
dendrites to soma to axon
Information is received by a neuron through the ____ and is transmitted toward other neurons through the ____.
dendrites; axon
Loudness
depends on the amplitude of a sound wave and is measured in decibels
97. Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called
flashbulb memories
Core features of psychodynamic therapies
focus on emotional experience exploration of efforts to avoid distressing thoughts and feelings identification of recurring patterns in patients' lives discussion of past experience analysis of interpersonal relationships focus on the therapeutic relationship exploration of fantasy life
Client-centered therapists
focus on providing a supportive climate, who in turn play a major role in determining the pace and direction of therapy
Psychoanalytic theory attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by
focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior
Psychoanalytic theory attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disturbances by
focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior
127. Some researchers have suggested that our 24-hour sleep/wake cycle may partially be a response to a world where the sun rises and sets on a 24-hour cycle. Imagine that the earth is gradually slowing down, and in 10,000 years the sun rises and sets on a 26-hour cycle instead. If you came to this future world you might expect that people would tend to
follow the extended cycle set by the sun and fall asleep once every 26 hours
Dr. Dobbins wants to study attachment patterns in single-parent families. The first step in her scientific investigation would be to
formulate a testable hypothesis
Psychoanalysis uses the techniques of _____ to uncover the unconscious conflicts causing an individual's behavior.
free association and dream analysis
Laura is encouraged by her therapist to talk about absolutely anything that comes to her mind. Over the course of each session as her train of thought wanders she usually talks about a variety of topics. From time to time her therapist comments on her statements; Laura's therapist can be BEST described as using the technique of
free association.
69. The theory of hearing that views the basilar membrane as being like a drumhead is
frequency theory
74. Your grandmother recently had a small stoke that left her unable to move her right side. In which lobe of the cerebrum did the stroke most likely cause damage?
frontal lobe
38. Which of the following was NOT a level of processing associated with verbal information as suggested by Craik and Lockhart (1972)?
functional
Stressing that psychology should study the purpose of consciousness rather than its structure is associated with the school of psychology known as
functionalism
The early approach in psychology that fostered the development of modern-day applied psychology was
functionalism
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior was
functionalism
Darwin's theory of natural selection had a significant influence on the development of
functionalism.
Imagine two scientists from another planet visit Earth and attempt to study our computers. In his studies Poz focuses on how the computer is used for conducting business, accessing research, communicating with others, and playing games, while Zog concentrates on the construction of the hard drive, monitor, keyboard, and mouse. Poz's approach is most similar to ____ while Zog's is most similar to ____.
functionalism; structuralism
The ____ believed that consciousness developed in humans because it serves a useful purpose.
functionalists
The _____ believed that consciousness developed in humans because it serves a useful purpose.
functionalists
Dr. Escher believes that individuals may inherit a predisposition for some psychological disorders, but that the disorders will not actually develop unless there is some stressful event that acts as a trigger. Dr. Escher's views reflect the underlying theme that
genetic factors and experience interact to shape behavior
Dr. Escher believes that individuals may inherit a predisposition for some psychological disorders, but that the disorders will not actually develop unless there is some stressful event that acts as a trigger. Dr. Escher's views reflect the underlying theme that
genetic factors and experience interact to shape behavior.
62. Dr. Benz always tries to be honest with her clients and she never becomes defensive, even if the clients ridicule her feedback or her methods of therapy. According to Carl Rogers, Dr. Benz is displaying the quality of
genuineness in dealing with her clients.
lowball technique
getting someone to commit to an attractive proposition before revealing the hidden costs
93. Cells found in the nervous system that insulate, nourish and direct the growth of neurons as well as remove dead neurons and waste products are known as
glia
109. The use of the anxiety hierarchy in systematic desensitization allows for the
gradual approach to the feared object.
172. William has just been to a therapist who prescribed an antidepressant medication. William should expect to experience a noticeable reduction in his symptoms of depression
gradually after 1-2 weeks of taking the prescribed amount of the drug.
Antidepressant drugs
gradually elevate mood and help bring people out of a depression
157. Antipsychotic drugs
gradually reduce psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions.
243. Which therapists are likely to play the least active (most subtle) role in conducting therapy?
group therapists
Papillae
groups into which taste buds are organized
Clive is a clinical psychologist and his sister Grace is a psychiatrist. The main difference between these two professionals degree wise is?
have a degree in psychology, while Grace would have a medical degree.
218. The different approaches to psychotherapy
have developed due to tension between competing theories.
171. Compared to traditional antipsychotic drugs, atypical antipsychotics
have less risk for tardive dyskinesia.
Amplitude
height
Important goal of client centered therapy
help clients realize they don't have to worry constantly about approval from others
60. An important goal of client-centered therapy is to
help clients realize they don't have to worry constantly about approval from others.
Oliver is studying motivation in chimpanzees. His roommate doesn't think that Oliver's research will produce must useful information about human motivation because he believes that information from animal studies will not provide meaningful information about human experiences. Oliver's roommate apparently has a
humanistic perspective
Which of the following groups of psychologists would be MOST likely to focus on individual uniqueness, freedom, and potential for growth as a person
humanists
34. Much of the endocrine system is controlled by the nervous system through the
hypothalamus
64. The brain structure that appears to play a vital role in the regulation of temperature regulation, hunger, thirst, and sexual motivation is the
hypothalamus
Mrs. Smith, an elementary school teacher, believes that girls are smarter than boys. She predicts that the girls in her class will learn more than the boys during the school year. Her prediction is a
hypothesis
Mrs. Smith, an elementary school teacher, believes that girls are smarter than boys. She predicts that the girls in her class will learn more than the boys during the school year. Her prediction is a(n)
hypothesis
Which of the following statements concerning the sex of a therapist is MOST accurate?
if a client believes the sex of the therapist is important, it is important
Dr. Lee is studying pain perception using a functionalist perspective. It is MOST likely that Dr. Lee would suggest that we can only understand the conscious experience of pain
if we first understand the role of pain in human survival and adaptation
American/Asian social support preference?
implicit; explicit
Social skills training is a therapy designed to
improve interpersonal skills.
Research findings suggest that attentive note-taking is associated with
improved learning and performance in class.
A psychologist who works on trying to increase job satisfaction and productivity in a large company would MOST likely have received training in
industrial and organizational psychology.
As the result of a breakdown in communication, morale is low among employees in a local factory. A(n) ____ would be the MOST likely to be helpful in restoring communication and improving morale.
industrial/organizational psychologist
66. If you were to compare adult speech with the speech of infants under 6 months of age you should expect to find that
infants produce more phonemes than adults do
attribution
inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behavior and the behavior of others
26. Therapies that involve verbal interactions intended to enhance clients self-knowledge, and thus promote healthful changes in personality and behavior, are known as
insight therapy
John suffers from chronic anxiety.y. John believes that if he learns why he is so anxious he will be better able to cope. Based on John's beliefs, he is most likely to seek a therapist that emphasizes the ____ approach.
insight therapy
The idea that verbal interactions help a client to develop self-knowledge and thus progress to healthy changes in personality and behavior is the basis for
insight therapy
Client centered therapy
insight therapy that emphasizes providing a supportive emotional climate for clients, who play a major role in determining the pace and direction of their therapy
Pyschoanalysis
insight therapy that emphasizes the recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives, and defenses through techniques such as free association and transference
83. Faster neural impulses occur in
insulated or myelinated axons
56. Dr. Van Der Horn believes that both an innate predisposition and a supportive environment contribute to language development. Dr. Van Der Horn's views are most consistent with those of
interactionist theories
According to the notion of defensive attribution, we explain the setbacks that befall other people in terms of
internal causes
A researcher plans to study the relationship between people's smoking behavior and their tendency to have minor physical illnesses (such as colds or the flu). Most likely he will use correlational research for the study because
it is not practical or ethical to manipulate people's smoking behavior
resistance
largely unconscious defensive maneuvers intended to hinder the progress of therapy
Cognitive needs
learning all you can about phiolosphy and understanding the inner workings of our political system
122. For most people, the production of language resides in the
left cerebral hemisphere
Retina
light sensitive membrane located in the back of the eye where transduction occurs; contains photoreceptors
52. Pleasure centers in the brain appear to be concentrated most heavily in the
limbic system
96. Which of the following brain structures is most closely associated with the regulation of emotion?
limbic system
125. Which of the following principles does the Ponzo illusion use to achieve its effect?
linear perspective
Basiliar membrane
lines the cochlea and contains cilia (hair cells) that carry out transduction in response to vibrations in the inner ear fluid
73. Elaboration involves
linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding
Bipolar disorder is frequently treated with
lithium or valproate.
Carly was in favor of a proposed convention center; Colin was against the project. When Carly surveyed people, she found that 70% of those she questioned were in favor of the project. Colin's survey found that 75% of those he surveyed were against building the convention center. These differing survey results show that
motives and expectations can color our experiences.
Psychokinesis
moving objects with your mind
167. Common side effects associated with antianxiety drugs include all of the following EXCEPT
muscle tremors.
The insulation that covers some axons and increases the speed of transmission of the neural impulse is the
myelin sheath
86. Recording all instances of an event for a particular time period (such as how many times an older brother strikes his younger brother) without the subjects' awareness is an example of
naturalistic observation
You are sitting on a park bench in a major metropolitan area from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. and you note the number of people who walk by, whether or not they litter, and their gender. You are engaging in
naturalistic observation
The text's unifying theme that "heredity and environment jointly influence behavior" is often referred to as describing the
nature Vs. nurture issue
The text's unifying theme that "heredity and environment jointly influence behavior" is often referred to as describing the
nature versus nurture issue.
34. According to Freud, the events in dreams
need to be analyzed by the therapist and interpreted for the client.
As the number of bystanders increases, people are less likely to help someone who is in distress. This suggests that the size of a crowd and helping behavior are
negatively correlated
As the number of bystanders' increases, people are less likely to help someone who is in distress. This suggests that the size of a crowd and helping behavior are
negatively correlated
tardive dyskinesia
neurological disorder marked by involuntary writhing and tic like movements of the mouth, tongue, face, hands, or feet
Tardive dyskinesia
neurological disorder marked by involuntary writhing and tic-like movements of the mouth, tongue, face, hands, or feet
87. The cells of the nervous system that do the work of receiving, integrating, and transmitting information are the
neurons
Feature Detectors
neurons in the primary visual cortex that repond to specific stimulus features like shape, size, or angle; use parallel processingre to process multiple features at same time
Feature Detectors
neurons that respond selectively to very specific features of more complex stimuli
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is now primarily used to treat patients suffering from
severe mood disorders.
68. Jerome is training to be a vacuum cleaner sales person. Initially, he got paid for each customer he called on, even if the customer did not ask for a demonstration. Currently, he only gets paid for actually demonstrating the product. Eventually, he will only get paid for actually closing a sale. In this example, Jerome's sales skills are being developed through the use of
shaping
Which of the following would be LEAST likely to be studied by a cognitive psychologist?
shaping behavior by reinforcement
Suppose a researcher discovered a +.87 correlation between the length of a person's toes and the number of shoes the person owns. In general, people who own the fewest number of shoes would have
small toes
Suppose a researcher discovered a +.87 correlation between the length of a person's toes and the number of shoes the person owns. In general, people who own the fewest number of shoes would have
small toes.
Absolute Threshold
smallest amount of stimulus energy necessary for sensation to take place 50% of the time
Difference threshold
smallest change in physical stimulus that can be detected between two stimuli; aka JND
Dr. Somers studies psychological topics such as attitude formation and change and how groups influence people's behavior. Which of the following BEST categorizes Dr. Somers' research specialization?
social psychology
All of the following are insight therapies EXCEPT
social skills therapy.
235. The techniques of modeling and behavioral rehearsal are employed in both
social skills training and cognitive therapy.
125. Modeling, behavioral rehearsal, and shaping are the major tools of
social skills training.
Modeling, behavioral rehearsal, and shaping are the major tools of
social skills training.
107. Diaz conducts a decision-making experiment to determine if people reason more logically when they have more time to decide. All the participants who are under 40 are allowed 15 minutes to reach a decision about a problem; all the participants who are over 40 are allowed 20 minutes to reach a decision about the same problem. Diaz has a problem with his experimental design because
the age of the participants is confounded with the independent variable
Auditory Canal
the area that sound waves pass through to reach the eardrum
A group of psychologists are conducting conducting research to determine whether people ear more when they are in the presence of environmental stimuli that increase anxiety, such as loud noises or flashlights. These scientists MOST likely follow
the behavioral perspective
Marissa wants to study people's emotional reactions to increases in temperature. Her classmate, Bernard, tells her that she should focus on observable behaviors, rather than internal states in her study. Bernard's views are MOST similar to those found in
the behavioral perspective
A group of psychologists are conducting research to determine whether people eat more when they are in the presence of environmental stimuli that increase anxiety, such as loud noises or flashing lights. These scientists MOST likely follow
the behavioral perspective.
Marissa wants to study people's emotional reactions to increases in temperature. Her classmate, Bernard, tells her that she should focus on observable behaviors, rather than internal states in her study. Bernard's views are MOST similar to those found in
the behavioral perspective.
Lynelle is crying because her brother just punched her in the arm. Lynelle's mother asks her what she did just before she was punched. In looking for a link between her daughter's actions and her son's response to those actions, Lynelle's mother is using the type of analysis that would be typical in
the behaviorist approach to the study of psychology.
20. The theoretical difference between a clinical psychologist and a counseling psychologist is that
the clinical psychologist specializes in the treatment of mental disorders; the counseling psychologist specializes in the treatment of everyday adjustment problems.
The theoretical difference between a clinical psychologist and a counseling psychologist is that
the clinical psychologist specializes in the treatment of mental disorders; the counseling psychologist specializes in the treatment of everyday adjustment problems.
59. The receptive field of a visual cell refers to the
the collection of rod and cone receptors that funnel signals to a particular visual cell in the retina
A group of researchers wanted to determine if people will eat more food in a room with red paint and red decorations than in a room that is decorated blue. Half the participants in this study ate in a red room and half ate in a blue room. The researchers then measured how much food was consumed in each of the two rooms. In this study, the independent variable was
the color of the decorations in the room
Stroop interference effect
the difficulty of naming the colors in which words are written instead of reading the words themselves; is caused by competing sensory messages
Wavelength
the distance between peaks
77. The idea of multifactorial causation in drug effects suggests that
the effects of a drug depend on the dosage and the user's personal makeup and experience
142. Which of the following is likely to be of most interest to a developmental psychologist?
the effects on children of being raised in a single-parent home
98. According to John Watson, behavior is governed primarily by
the environment
According to John Watson, behavior is governed primarily by
the environment
According to John Watson, behavior is governed primarily by
the environment.
An experimenter tests the hypothesis that physical exercise improves mood. Subjects in the experimental group exercise Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays and both those in the experimental and those in the control group have their mood tested on Tuesdays and Thursdays. What is the independent variable?
the exercise
22. One possible theory as to the reason humans need REM and slow wave sleep focuses on the possibility that they contribute to
the firming up of the learning that took place during that day
Dr. Smythe believes that in order to fully understand complex processes, such as taste, it is necessary to understand the purpose that taste play in human adaptation, not the elementary components that combine to produce taste sensations. Dr. Smythe's views are MOST consistent with
the functionalist approach to psychology
Dr. Smythe believes that in order to fully understand complex processes, such as taste, it is necessary to understand the purpose that taste plays in survival, not the elementary components that combine to produce taste sensations. Dr. Smythe's views are most consistent with
the functionalist approach to psychology
Dr. Smythe believes that in order to fully understand complex processes, such as taste, it is necessary to understand the purpose that taste plays in survival, not the elementary components that combine to produce taste sensations. Dr. Smythe's views are MOST consistent with
the functionalist approach to psychology.
145. The ability of language to allow a person to express new ideas refers to
the generative quality of language
In a study designed to test the effects of a new drug developed to treat Alzheimer's disease, half the patients were given the actual drug while the other half of the patients were given a placebo (sugar pill). In this study, the experimental group is
the group who received the actual drug
Humanists believe that people's behavior is governed by
their self-concepts.
Imagine that the editor of your local newspaper writes a column supporting a reduction in government intervention with a transfer of more rights to individual citizen. The editor bases this argument on the assumption that people are rational being who will fulfill their maximum potential as long as others do not infringe on their basic human needs. This editor's views reflect those seen in
the humanistic perspective
Imagine that the editor of your local newspaper writes a column supporting a reduction in government intervention with a transfer of more rights to individual citizens. The editor bases this argument on the assumption that people are rational beings who will fulfill their maximum potential as long as others do not infringe on their basic human needs. This editor's views reflect those seen in
the humanistic perspective.
99. Imagine that you have stumbled across a secret laboratory where an evil scientist is conducting unauthorized brain research. By altering brain structures he has created superheroes that have specialized powers or abilities. One of these superheroes seldom feels hungry or thirsty and can go for days without feeling the need to eat or drink. In this case, the brain structure that the scientist most likely altered would be
the hypothalamus
Phi Phenomenon
the illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid succession
Inattentional blindness
the inability to see objects due to distraction
31. Researchers who were studying memory had participants learn a list of words after consuming a soft drink with caffeine or a decaffeinated version of the same soft drink. The researchers then counted the number of words that were recalled from the list. In this study, the type of beverage (caffeinated or decaffeinated) would be
the independent variable
Marie is a graduate student whose major area of interest is personality psychology. You should expect that Marie is MOST interested in
the internal factors that lead people to act consistently across a variety of situations.
While the term psychology has existed since at LEAST the early 1700s, psychology did not come to be considered a science until
the late 1800s
140. Courtney wears glasses to correct the far-sightedness in her left eye. If she were not wearing her glasses
the lens would focus images behind the retina in her left eye
82. When sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to flow into a neuron, it causes
the likelihood of an action potential to increase.
136. When the scores for a recent Chemistry exam were calculated, the mean was 60 and the median was 65. Later the professor discovered that one score had been recorded incorrectly; it had been entered into the computer as a 5, instead of as a 50. When this correction is made
the mean for the exam will change, but the median will stay the same
Precept
the meaningful product of perception; an image that has been associated with concepts, memories of events, emotions, and movies
Difference Threshold
the minimum amount of difference that can be detected between two stimuli
Retina
the neural tissue lining the inside back surface of the eyes; it absorbs light, processes images, and sends visual information to the brain
Frequency
the number of complete waves that pass through a medium every second; is measured in Hertz (cycles per second)
117. A group of researchers wants to determine if people are more likely to follow directions if the person giving the directions is in a uniform. Half the participants are directed to a parking spot by a uniformed security guard, the other half are directed to a parking spot by an individual wearing blue jeans and a t-shirt. In this study, the dependent variable would be
the number of participants who park in the spot they are directed to
Pupil
the opening in the center of the iris that permits light to pass into the rear chamber of the eye
You are watching a television documentary that shows a patient who is undergoing electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). If this documentary is depicting psychotherapy in the late 1930s or early 1940s, you should conclude that
the patient is being treated for schizophrenia.
Shape constancy
the perception that the shape of an object stays the same despite a change in the angle for which it is viewed
Optic Chiasm
the point at which the optic nerves from the inside half of each eye cross over then project to the opposite half of the brain
Optic Chiasm
the point where the nerves from each visual field meet and cross over to the opposite side of the brain; info from the right half of each eye goes to the left hemisphere, and vice versa
people with schizophrenic disorders show greater responsiveness to treatment when
the predominant symptoms include behavioral excess or peculiarities
Weber's Law
the principle that the difference threshold depends on the strength of the stimulus; the larger a stimulus, the larger the change needed to make a difference
Sensation
the process by which stimulation of a sensory receptor results in neural impulses that the brain interprets as a sensory image
Dark Adaptation
the process in which the eyes become more sensitive to light in love illumination
Accomodation
the process of how the lens focuses in and out on images; problems with this result in near or far sightedness
Light Adaptation
the process whereby the eyes become less sensitive to light in high illumination
Parallel Processing
the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision
a patient with schizophrenia tends to have the most favorable prognosis when
the proportion of negative symptoms is relatively low
Liserel is a graduated student who believes that the best approach to the study of psychology is to focus exclusively on the unconscious determinants of behavior. Liserel's views toward the study of psychology match those
the psychoanalytic perspective
Perception
the psychological process through which we interpret sensory stimulation. the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input
Subliminal Perception
the registration of sensory input without conscious awareness
Which of the following did NOT have a significant influenced on the development of Freud's theory?
the results of his experimental research
Receptive Field
the retinal area that, when stimulated, affects the firing of that cell
If the left hemisphere of the brain were damaged, which part of the body would be MOST directly affected?
the right half
Psychology is
the scientific study of behavior and experience and their physiological and cognitive underpinnings
Watson defined psychology as
the scientific study of behavior.
Wundt defined psychology as
the scientific study of conscious experience
Wundt's defined psychology as
the scientific study of conscious experience
Olfactory System
the sensory system for smell
Gustatory System
the sensory system for taste
Sensation
the stimulation of sense receptors and the transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system
Watson described psychology as
the study of behavior
Psychophysis
the study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience
Psychophysics
the study of how physical stimuli from the environment are perceived by the brain
Lens
the transparent eye structure that focuses the light rays falling on the retina
anxiety and depression.
the two MOST common problems among those who seek psychotherapy are
One psychologist explains a phobia in terms of learning principles whereas another looks to the unconscious for an explanation. Given this scenario, which of the following conclusions is MOST accurate?
the two psychologists are using different theoretical perspectives
Dr. Kalmagura plans on introducing a new exam review procedure in his chemistry classes. To check the effectiveness of the new procedure, he is going to have half his students try the new technique for one semester, while the remaining students review in the way they have always done in the past. He asks each student to decide which of the techniques they would like to use, the new technique or the standard technique. In this example, Dr. Kalmagura's procedure illustrates
the use of non-random assignment
Humanists believe that people's behavior is governed by
their self concepts
Humanists believe that people's behavior is governed by
their self-concepts
The civil rights movement and the women's movement raised concerns about whether basic psychological principles could be applied to groups other than white males. Consequently, psychologists began to select samples of subjects that were more diverse for research studies. This change in practice illustrates the idea that
theoretical diversity is an important component in science
what is a strength of the behavioral theory of personalty?
theories are based on extensive empirical research
A scientist uses _____ to explain a set of observations.
theory
Positive psychology
theory and research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence
Interpretation
therapist's attempt to explain the inner significance of the client's thoughts, feelings, memories, and behaviors
dream analysis
therapists interprets the symbolic meaning of a client's dreams
The text's unifying theme that "psychology is theoretically diverse" implies that
there are often several ways to interpret a set of observations
A high correlation coefficient (either positive or negative) indicates that
there is a high level of consistency in the relationship between the two variables
59. According to Rogers, personal distress occurs when
there is incongruence between a person's self-concept and reality.
223. In terms of the relationship between therapists' professional background and therapeutic efficacy, researchers have found that
there is no reliable connection between therapists' professional background and therapeutic efficacy.
In terms of the relationship between therapists' professional background and therapeutic efficacy, researchers have found that
there is no reliable connection between therapists' professional background and therapeutic efficacy.
108. Dr. Prutherow believes that people who are under stress will develop more colds than people who are not under stress. When he randomly selects 10 participants and exposes them to high levels of stress, he finds that 9 of the participants develop colds. Based on these results he concludes that stress causes an increase in colds. Dr. Prutherow's reasoning may be flawed because in this study
there was no control group for comparison
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
these drugs slow the reuptake process of serotonin synapses, thus increasing serotonin activation. (Ex. prozac)
Naturalistic observation, case studies, and surveys all have in common that
they do not manipulate the variables under study
Naturalistic observations, case studies, and surveys all have in common that
they involve describing behavior
169. Which of the following statements concerning antipsychotic drugs is false?
they reduce symptoms in approximately 95% of patients
85. The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on
top-down processing
113. Systematic desensitization involves
training to relax when confronted with anxiety-arousing stimuli.
Fundamental attribution error
when an observer is biased in favor of making internal attributions in explaining other's behavior
Transference
when clients unconsciously start relating to their therapists in ways that mimic critical relationships in their lives
group polarization
when group discussion strengthens a group's dominant point of view and produces a shift toward a more extreme decision in that dierection
Aversion therapy
when someones like addicted to something so they associate it with a bad thing
Based on Harold Kelley's research, if you are led to believe that you are going to hear a lecture given by a warm and friendly instructor, you
will probably perceive the instructor as being warm and friendly.
1. An industrial/organizational psychologist would be most likely to be involved in
working to improve employee morale and attitudes REF: p. 20
220. With regard to a therapist's sex,
you should feel free to look for a therapist of one sex or the other if it is personally important to you.
Lancaster has been feeling worthless and unmotivated since he lost his job six months ago. What medicine should he take
zoloft
