phys exam 3 pre-class assignments

Someone comes into the doctor's office and we find out they don't have adenylate cyclase, how would that affect slow EPSP?

the second messenger would not be produced

If you stepped on a nail with your bare foot what division of the peripheral nervous system would signal the CNS?

afferent

What structure of a neuron generates/initiates action potentials?

axon hillock

Which of the following are found in the white matter of the CNS or PNS?

axon, axon hillock, myelin sheath

If spatial summation occurred where an EPSP and IPSP were generated:

both PSPs would take place at the same time

What type of reflexes are learned- we are not born with them?

conditioned

Fused ossicles would cause ___

conduction deafness

During accommodation the lens bulges because the ciliary muscles are _ which __ the zonular fibers and __ the focal length

contracted; loosens; decreases

Which of the following are found in the gray matter of the CNS?

dendrites, cell body, axon terminal

If you stepped on a nail with your bare foot what division of the peripheral nervous system would cause you to lift your leg (and therefore foot up) away from the nail?

efferent

If a calcium channel is unable to open in the presynaptic neuron, what would not be able to occur?

exocytosis of the NT

What would happen to phototransduction if rhodopsin cannot disassociate?

graded potential in bipolar cell gets smaller.

The greater the intensity of the sound, the ____ the deflection of the basilar membrane and the __ bending of the kinocilium.

greater, greater

When the rod is ____ the bipolar cell creates a EPSP.

hyperpolarized

There is a person who has had some trouble hearing over the last couple of days. After some tests, they have determined that he has suddenly developed some type of conductive deafness. A possible cause for his ailment could be:

A June bug stuck in his ear.

What would happen if a toxin blocked cholinergic receptors on the postsynaptic cell?

ACH would not bind and there would not be an action potential

You do not like to eat eggs, liver, beef, salmon, cauliflower, nor Brussel sprouts. Therefore, you do not consume the optimal level of choline. What could be a result of choline deficiency?

Acetylcholine cannot bind to muscarinic receptors which closes potassium channels via a slow response.

Sue went hiking and was bitten by a venomous spider. If the venom affected her voltage-gated potassium channels and caused them to always remain open. Which of the following is most likely to occur?

An action potential will not be reached

are nuclei in the CNS or PNS

CNS

are tracts in the CNS or PNS

CNS

Exogenously administered dopamine cannot cross the blood brain barrier. Why?

Dopamine is an amine and therefore a large macromolecule that requires transcytosis which does not occur across the blood brain barrier.

If the sodium channels in a rod were unable to open, how would this affect graded potentials and action potentials in the bipolar and ganglion cells?

EPSP in bipolar cell; AP in ganglion cell

Joe has a problem in his photoreceptors that causes the sodium channels to stay open. What will the result of this malfunction be?

Joe will be unable to perceive light.

Frequencies associated with lower pitches terminate where on the basilar membrane?

Near the helicotrema

A patient has a complication in the bipolar cells of the retina, causing the signal to not be sent through the phototransduction pathway. Which of the following would occur?

No AP generated on the ganglion cell

Billy Bob has a disease that prevents his voltage-gated sodium channels from opening. What would happen to the action potential?

No action potential can be generated

A patient has a complication in their bipolar cells of the retina causing the signal to not be sent through the phototransduction pathway. Which of the following would occur?

No action potential generated

are ganglion in the CNS or PNS

PNS

are nerves in the CNS or PNS

PNS

If Bob takes a drug causing his voltage-gated potassium channels to remain closed, how would this affect the rate of action potential?

The cell will not be to create any more action potentials

Eric came into his house complaining of having fuzzy vision when trying to read road signs. His mom took him to the eye doctor and the doctor said his lenses were too strong for the length of his eye. This could result in what?

The lens is too convex.

When little Tommy returned to his room from getting a glass of water in the middle of the night, he turned his bedroom light off but couldn't see at all to find his way back to his bed. What has occurred to cause his vision to momentarily decline?

The opsin and retinal have not disassociated yet to lower cGMP levels in the photoreceptor.

Joe Doe was involved in a car accident where his head went through the windshield. This impact caused a shock to his nervous system, causing his sodium inactivation gates to re-open during repolarization. How would this affect action potentials?

The repolarization phase will be longer than normal.

In the presence of light, if the sodium channels on a rod cell were incapable of closing:

The subject will be incapable of perceiving the stimulus

Joe Smith went to the doctor and found out his voltage-gated calcium channels were blocked. What will this affect?

The synaptic vesicles would not fuse with the surface of the axon terminal membrane to release neurotransmitters.

If the circular muscle of the iris is paralyzed, what issue is the eye faced with?

There would be no pupil constriction.

What nerve does not transmit signals from taste buds to the gustatory cortex?

Vestibulocochlear nerve

In a sympathetic response, ______________ is exocytosed from preganglionic fibers in the autonomic ganglia. In the autonomic ganglion, this neurotransmitter binds to _______________ receptors on the postganglionic fibers. Finally, the postganglionic fibers exocytose __________________.

acetylcholine; nicotinic; norepinephrine/epinephrine

Near the end of the repolarization phase of the action potential, the majority of the voltage-gated potassium channels are

open

If you are eating dinner with your dog what type of autonomic response would you be having?

parasympathetic

Which of the following is true regarding a fast IPSP

potassium efflux occurs and the MP can be stabilized at -70mV

If a patient's zonular fibers are weakened and therefore unable to contract, the lens will become ____ and the patient will be diagnosed with ______.

round; myopia

Name the type of glial cell that makes up the myelin sheath of the peripheral nervous system? Central nervous system?

schwann; oligodendrocytes

Dr Ketchum is driving down the road on a bright sunny day. She enters a tunnel, thinking this is an ordinary tunnel. However, this is really a dark tunnel that takes her to an alternative world filled with light. In this world, there are no calcium channels on the photoreceptors. How will this affect her vision?

she will produce a large graded potential in the bipolar cell.

An influx of hydrogen ions into the taste receptors will signal to the brain that you are consuming what type of food?

sour

what autonomic response would you have if you were running from jason from Friday the 13th movie

sympathetic

The saying goes that your pupils expand by as much as 45% when looking at someone you love. Hence, the __ division of the ANS would be dominating.

sympathetic only

What part of the limbic system relays (undertakes some processing) for all information between the peripheral nervous and the cerebral cortex except smell?

thalamus

somatic nervous system

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles (voluntary)

If the calcium channels are blocked in a presynaptic neuron:

there will be little or no response in the postsynaptic neuron

T/F: Each gustatory taste receptor senses only one type of taste sensation (e.g. salty, sweet, etc).

true

T/F: Graded potentials can either be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing.

true

T/F: The function of the white matter is to propagate action potentials.

true