Physcology
Marvin is reading a textbook on the history of mental illnesses, and he is relieved to find that as times shifted from the Middle Ages into the Renaissance, an enlightenment took place. Which of the following statements is Marvin most likely to read in this section of his book? "As the Middle Ages ended, so too did reliance on the medical model." "Kinder methods of treating mental illness, including exorcism, were introduced as the era of the Renaissance began." "As the Renaissance emerged, mental illness came to be viewed through the medical model." "When the Renaissance began, the primary reference that guided the way in which mental illness was viewed was called the Malleus Malleficarum."
"As the Renaissance emerged, mental illness came to be viewed through the medical model."
Question 9 One evening, when he couldn't sleep, Mr. Bradley turned on the television and saw an infomercial for a new sleep aid. As a critical thinker, Mr. Bradley should be most cautious about this new product if -the product had been subjected to an experimental study and the scrutiny of a peer-review process. -its makers discuss the scientific investigations that have compared it to other effective sleep aids rather than relying on testimonials of those with insomnia. -its makers claim it has been "proven" to induce sleep in 80 percent of test participants. -the results of research connect the efficacy of the sleep-aid to other widely accepted scientific findings.
-its makers claim it has been "proven" to induce sleep in 80 percent of test participants.
"Look, Mom, she is not really happy; you can see it in her eyes!" cries Amelia's little sister. What might this sharp little 4-year-old have spotted? A forced smile A masked reaction A Pan Am smile A Duchenne smile
A Pan Am smile
What is a case study?
A detailed study of a single object of interest
Dr. Longbottom is researching personality traits in pairs of identical twins. He believes that genetics play a large role in personality development. Which of the following traits is LEAST likely to support his position? Achievement orientation Anxiousness Traditionalism Impulse control
Achievement orientation
According to terror management theory, what is a mechanism used by many people around the world to deal with the fear caused by our awareness of our own mortality? -Focusing on the "here and now" rather than waiting for what might not ever occur. -Remembering that the greatest accomplishment that we can possibly have is to raise children as well as we can. -Adopting a broad worldview that associates our lives with a broader purpose or meaning. -Reconciling our past with our future so that we are always "ready' for death, should it occur.
Adopting a broad worldview that associates our lives with a broader purpose or meaning.
Which of the following drugs is categorized as a depressant? Cocaine Marijuana LSD Alcohol
Alcohol
What is an important limitation of anecdotal evidence in developing scientifically sound treatments or procedures? Anecdotes effectively address the issue of representativeness of the cases Anecdotes cannot help to establish cause-effect relationships Anecdotes are generalizable to the population from which the individual giving the anecdote came. Anecdotes are extremely too easy for others to falsify
Anecdotes cannot help to establish cause-effect relationships
What is the nature of the relationship between autism and Asperger's disorder? Autism is diagnosed between birth and 5 years of age, and then the diagnosis changes to Asperger's disorder Asperger's disorder is the diagnostic label for girls, while autism is the diagnostic label for boys. Other than that, however, they are the same condition. Autism is diagnosed when there is a chromosomal precursor to the symptoms, while Asperger's disorder is diagnosed when there is no chromosomal abnormality. The two illnesses have identical symptoms, however. Asperger's disorder is a less severe form of autism
Asperger's disorder is a less severe form of autism
Which of the following is one definition of abnormal behavior? Behavior that does not create distress Behavior that is statistically rare Behavior that is adaptive Behavior that is consistent with the norms of society
Behavior that is statistically rare
What is the biggest difference between the different stages of the sleep cycle? Changes in muscle tone Changes in respiratory effort Changes in brain-wave activity Changes in physical activity
Changes in brain-wave activity
Which of the following is reflective of Seligman's research on conditioned taste aversion? -Repeated pairings of the CS with the UCS are needed to produce a taste aversion. -If a taste aversion to mayonnaise has emerged, it is likely that an aversion to other creamy sauces will emerge. -Contrary to most classically conditioned reactions, only one pairing of the CS with the UCS is needed to produce a taste aversion. -Once a taste aversion has been conditioned it is relatively easily to extinguish.
Contrary to most classically conditioned reactions, only one pairing of the CS with the UCS is needed to produce a taste aversion.
What do psychologists call disorders that are found only in particular cultures? Sociocultural disorders Naturalistic syndromes Restricted syndromes Culture-bound syndromes
Culture-bound syndromes
1.Which of the following terms suggests that it is possible to condition all conditioned stimuli equally well to all unconditioned stimuli? Stimulus discrimination Stimulus generalization Equipotentiality Shaping of successive approximations
Equipotentiality
Although the idiographic approach to studying personality might give a very rich and detailed accounting of a person's life, the findings are often based on post-hoc explanations of events that have already occurred. This makes the findings difficult to contest. This is a problem for which principle of critical thinking? Correlation vs. causation Falsifiability Occam's Razor Ruling out rival hypotheses
Falsifiability
Of the following, which would NOT be an example of a secondary reinforcer? Food Praise Tokens Stickers
Food
According to the authors, which of the following statements is TRUE? Gender differences in depression are found throughout all cultures. Men are more likely than women to be diagnosed with depression. Men in the United States are more likely than women to be diagnosed with depression. Gender differences in depression are not universal.
Gender differences in depression are not universal.
In examining the research of Stanley Milgram, who explored factors related to obedience in research participants, which of the following areas of ethics seems to be the most salient issue in determining if his research was or was not a violation of reasonable ethical standards? Pain and suffering in non-human participants Informed consent The right to withdraw from research Debriefing
Informed consent
Which of the following statements is true about the DSM-5? It is used to diagnose all kinds of medical conditions. It contains 12 specific "classifications" of mental illnesses. It is used to diagnose medical conditions that may have an impact on mental health. It describes symptoms and includes information regarding the prevalence of specific disorders.
It describes symptoms and includes information regarding the prevalence of specific disorders.
________ was the first person to describe learning as acquired through classical conditioning while studying the digestive process of dogs. Ivan Pavlov Albert Bandura John Watson B. F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
Franky is at the fair. He is inside the house of mirrors. Which drug may duplicate the images he is seeing? LSD Crystal meth Amphetamines Cocaine
LSD
Your friend Megan is suffering from sleep apnea. What might you suggest she try first?
Losing some weight
Which of the following believes humans have a natural motivation to reach their highest potential? Adler Skinner Maslow Jung
Maslow
The brain is divided into several different structures on the bottom part of the brain referred to as the "hindbrain." Which of the parts of the brain listed below is located in the hindbrain? Medulla Reticular activating system Amygdala Thalamus
Medulla
Which type of neuron becomes active when we engage in observational learning? Sensory neuron Mirror neuron Motor neuron Receiving neuron
Mirror neuron
Your friend Kate is a new mom. She is constantly worried that she is going to ruin her child by doing or saying the wrong thing. What advice might you give her? Most of her parenting will have minimal impact on her child's adult personality. Although she can afford to make a few mistakes, if she isn't careful her child may have lifelong problems. Often children's personalities are shaped initially by genetics, but environmental influences take over in adolescence, so she has plenty of time. As long as her child has enough shared environmental influences with his siblings, the child will be fine.
Most of her parenting will have minimal impact on her child's adult personality.
1.LaKeisha stepped on a piece of glass and quickly pulled her foot away from that sharp object. Which of the following are responsible for sending a message to the muscles in LaKeisha's foot, resulting in her pulling her foot away from the piece of glass? Reflex nerves Motor nerves Interneurons Sensory nerves
Motor nerves
In recent years, the diagnostic frequency of autistic disorder has exploded in an epidemic-like fashion. One explanation for this increase is that the diagnostic practices have simply changed in ways that allow for more frequent diagnoses. This demonstrates which of the six principles mentioned in your chapter? Correlation vs. causation Ruling out rival hypotheses Replicability Occam's Razor
Occam's Razor
Which of the following is the section of the brain located at the rear of each cerebral hemisphere and contains the visual centers of the brain? Temporal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Frontal lobe
Occipital lobe
Which order is correct for Freud's psychosexual stages of development? Genital, anal, oral, phallic, latency Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital Oral, phallic, genital, latency, anal Anal, oral, genital, latency, phallic
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Dr. McDonald uses only the testimonies of parents and teachers as support for his treatment of ADHD; this illustrates which warning sign of pseudoscience? Overreliance on anecdotes Lack of self-correction Exaggerated claims Evasion of peer review
Overreliance on anecdotes
The fact that a general statement can be seen by five different individuals as being an insightful analysis of their personality is most likely due to the skills of the assessor. P. T. Barnum effect. reliability and validity of personality assessment tools. information given by the individuals.
P. T. Barnum effect.
Which of the following lobes of the cerebral cortex contains the primary sensory cortex? Temporal Parietal Frontal Occipital
Parietal
Which of the following is true concerning the treatment of phobias using classical conditioning? -Persons fearful of flying will first need to address their childhood conflicts that are contributing this phobia in order to eliminate this fear of flying. -Persons fearful of flying will need to avoid flying as a way to reduce this fear. -Persons fearful of flying will need to associate flying with something pleasurable to reduce this fear. -Persons fearful of flying will first need to address the unresolved conflicts in their lives that are contributing to this phobia in order to eliminate the fear of flying.
Persons fearful of flying will need to associate flying with something pleasurable to reduce this fear.
Which of the following statements would your authors probably find the most worrisome? Being open-minded about topics associated with pseudoscience is no big deal. Science cannot answer all of the questions I am interested in, such as "Why am I here?" or "What is my life's purpose?" The majority of Americans do not believe in the existence of ghosts or witches. Pseudoscience seems to be so much more interesting and engaging than science.
Pseudoscience seems to be so much more interesting and engaging than science.
Jackie has not slept for several days. When she finally dozes off, we can expect her to spend a lot of time dreaming. What process of sleep is being illustrated? Paradoxical sleep Hypnic myoclonia Middle ear muscle activity REM rebound
REM rebound
Which of the following has research found hypnosis to be effective at treating or helping to treat? Reducing habit disorders Reducing insomnia Recovering memories Reducing depression
Reducing habit disorders
Dr. Sparks is concerned because he gave Julie a new intelligence test that he personally designed and her scores do not seem very consistent. With which aspect of psychological testing is Dr. Sparks concerned? Falsibility Reliability Self-report measures Validity
Reliability
Researchers exploring the concept of biological preparedness have not been able to consistently find that fear is acquired faster to a prepared stimulus than it is to an unprepared stimulus. This lack of research consistency is a problem for which of the six principles of scientific thinking? Ruling out rival hypotheses Occam's Razor Falsifiability Replicability
Replicability
Some research has shown that classical conditioning and/or observational learning has been noted in animals with very small cerebra, including honeybees and starfish. Other research has failed to consistently support these findings. This is a problem for which principle of critical thinking? Extraordinary claims Correlation vs. causation Replicability Occam's Razor
Replicability
Gordon is concerned that his parenting will lead his son and two daughters to feel that they are only loved and accepted when they do things that he approves of and values. This is most similar to Skinner's notion of reinforcers and punishers. Rogers's notion of conditions of worth. Freud's notion of the id, ego, and superego. Bandura's notion of reciprocal determinism.
Rogers's notion of conditions of worth.
Which theorist is responsible for suggesting that the distribution of phobias in the human population can be explained by biological preparedness? Seligman Garcia Tolman Breland
Seligman
E. B. Titchener founded which perspective of psychology? Structuralism Functionalism Cognitivism Psychoanalysis
Structuralism
Mr. Colbert is meeting with his doctor to discuss treatments for his recently diagnosed narcolepsy. Which of the following is likely to be a part of his treatment regimen? Sleeping pills to promote deeper sleep Maintaining a consistent sleep schedule Exercise to promote weight loss Taking a medication to replace the hormone orexin in his brain.
Taking a medication to replace the hormone orexin in his brain.
Which of the following may contribute to insomnia? The clock on the wall The air conditioner The fatigue you are feeling Soft music playing
The clock on the wall
Dr. Wilkins randomly assigns subjects to one of three groups. He is interested in the effects of caffeine on anxiety levels. He gives subjects in the first group an extra two cups of coffee a day for six months. The second group receives an extra two cups of decaffeinated coffee a day for the same time period, while the control group is not given either regular or decaffeinated coffee. By providing one group with decaffeinated coffee, Dr. Wilkins is trying to account for which potential element of the experiment? The Rosenthal effect The artificial condition The placebo effect A control condition
The placebo effect
Lisa, a college student, had a great time at the party last night. She danced, sang karaoke, and even played the "rock band" video game—all behaviors that she had never exhibited in public before. She had been drinking the "punch" all night long, which she was told contained high levels of alcohol. Lisa was quite surprised to find out the next morning that the punch did NOT contain any alcohol. What concept may explain Lisa's behavior? The placebo effect The Rosenthal effect Illusory correlations The nocebo effect
The placebo effect
Although their intent was noble, there was a major problem with the asylums that existed to help the mentally ill in the 15th century. What was that problem? The use of barbaric treatments that were little better than those of the demonic era. Too many physicians trying to implement their own views on the best ways to provide treatment No religious guidance to help the patients find a spiritual center. A lack of "customers" caused by the massive drop in mental illness
The use of barbaric treatments that were little better than those of the demonic era.
Which theorist believed that most of learning occurred by trial and error? Watson Skinner Thorndike Pavlov
Thorndike
"I don't know what is wrong with me," says Lucy. "It used to take just a couple of drinks to get me 'going,' but now it takes four or five." What is Lucy exhibiting? Resistance Withdrawal Delirium Tolerance
Tolerance
Mary suffered a head injury in a car accident last week. Since that time she is able to speak fluently but has difficulty understanding what is being said to her. Mary may be exhibiting problems associated with ________ area. Broca's Gall's Korsakoff's Wernicke's
Wernicke's
Although he knows that it is wrong, Sean has a crush on his new stepmom. He dreams of the two of them running away together and living happily ever after. What aspect of dreaming does this represent? Repressed desires Wish fulfillment Activation-synthesis Dream-work
Wish fulfillment
People sometimes bite their fingernails when they are anxious. This is one example of ________. a manipulator an illustrator nonverbal communication an emblem
a manipulator
John has such an intense fear of flying that he has turned down lucrative job offers that involved travelling to other cities and has been unable to join his family for vacations that required air travel. He is probably suffering from ______. social anxiety disorder a specific phobia a generalized phobia agoraphobia
a specific phobia
Professor Clark gives her students an assignment to develop hypotheses on global warming. To be consistent with a scientific method, students should develop their hypotheses based on untestable predictions. -reports discussed on television. -their own existing beliefs about the issue. =a well-supported scientific theory.
a well-supported scientific theory.
Owantu let out an ear-piercing scream when he became frightened. He was unable to stimulate those neurons for a brief time after their firing because of the potential gradation. relative refractory period. absolute refractory period. regenerative timeout.
absolute refractory period.
The Freudian idea of "psychic determinism" implies that childhood experiences determine adult adjustment. unconscious desires and urges drive human behavior. no action is ever meaningless. all psychological events have an underlying cause.
all psychological events have an underlying cause.
Evidence of a biological influence in bipolar disorder comes from brain imaging studies, which have found that activity is increased in the ________ and decreased in the ________. -amygdala and emotion-related structures; occipital cortex -hippocampus and thalamus; temporal lobes -amygdala and emotion-related structures; prefrontal cortex -amygdala and emotion-related structures; temporal lobes
amygdala and emotion-related structures; prefrontal cortex
Brandon is an industrial-organizational psychologist who has been hired by a large hotel chain to determine why their turnover rate is so high for their maids. This is an example of ________ research. -applied -experiential -laboratory -basic
applied
Psychologists are most frequently found working at universities and 4-year colleges. in self-employed, clinical practice. in K-12 schools. for a governmental agency.
at universities and 4-year colleges.
When you see someone you have a crush on and your heart pounds, your hands get sweaty, and your cheeks feel hot, your __________________ is/are active. spinal reflexes skeletal nervous system autonomic nervous system somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
Because none of us wants to believe we are wrong, we are usually reluctant to give up cherished notions. This phenomenon is known as the availability heuristic. belief perseverance. the fundamental attribution. the confirmation bias.
belief perseverance.
Despite the fact that scientific research has found no support or basis for the belief of "the hot hand" in baseball, basketball, or golf, the idea still persists among athletes, sports commentators, and fans. This is a classic example of the hindsight bias. gullibility. scientific illiteracy. belief perseverance.
belief perseverance.
A __________ examines the physiological bases of behavior in animals and humans. biological psychologist forensic psychologist school psychologist clinical psychologist
biological psychologist
A functional MRI indirectly indicates shows promise as a treatment for depression. applies magnetic fields to the brain. measures tiny magnetic fields. changes in neural activity???????
changes in neural activity
As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of __________. instrumental learning habituation classical conditioning observational learning
classical conditioning
In an experiment, the __________ group receives no manipulation. independent experimental dependent control
control
In opening her new private preschool, Mrs. Alvarez plans to only accept students who come from upper-middle income families, because she read that students who perform well come from higher socioeconomic families. Mrs. Alvarez is making the ________ error of critical thinking. extraordinary claims. correlation vs. causation Occam's Razor. confirmation bias.
correlation vs. causation
According to Freud, the ego is the decision maker. primitive instinct. moral component. collective unconscious.
decision maker.
The strategy of anticipating failure and then compensating for this expectation by mentally overpreparing for negative outcomes is known as ________. defensive pessimism positive psychology pessimistic psychology negative adaptation
defensive pessimism
If the heritability of a particular trait is found to be 60 percent, then by definition the other 40 percent is due to the effect of gene mutation. differences in the individual's environment. prenatal environmental influences, such as toxins or viruses. random chance that impacts every organism.
differences in the individual's environment
According to the research of David Klahr, what type of instruction/learning results in the greatest and most immediate ability to solve problems? direct instruction discovery learning accelerated learning vicarious learning
direct instruction
After a day when all of his students complained about the way he graded their papers, his boss doubled his workload, and he got a speeding ticket on his way home, Nick yelled at his wife for leaving her toothbrush on the bathroom counter. This is an example of displacement. regression. projection. sublimation.
displacement.
Cultural guidelines that can regulate expression of emotion are called emotional cues. polygraphs. covert observation. display rules.
display rules.
Russell needs more of the drug he has been using to get the normal high he got when he first started. Russell is experiencing __________. overdrawal withdrawal drug detoxification drug tolerance
drug tolerance
Recently, ads have appeared on the radio for some natural herbs that will calm you, increase your sense of well-being, and make you happier in a month's time. You are sure this is a pseudoscientific claim because it is hypothetical. anecdotal. exaggerated. psychobabble.
exaggerated.
and manipulation of an independent variable is called a(n) experiment naturalistic observation. survey. case study.
experiment
The group that receives the manipulation is called the independent group. control group. experimental group. dependent group.
experimental group.
An astute observer of human nature should state research questions in a manner that leads either to their being supported or refuted by the available evidence. This is the critical thinking principle of -replicability. -Occam's Razor. -falsifiability. -ruling out rival hypotheses.
falsifiability.
For a scientific claim to be meaningful, it must be capable of being disproven. This is the critical thinking principle of -empirical investigation. -constructive alternativism. -falsifiability. -skepticism.
falsifiability.
In her autobiography, It Ain't About Cookin', Paula Deen discusses her battle with agoraphobia, which caused her to fear being in a place where escape was difficult or embarrassing. have sleep difficulties and other intense fear responses after experiencing a severely stressful event. experience unexpected panic attacks. engage in repetitive behaviors to make anxiety provoking thoughts disappear.
fear being in a place where escape was difficult or embarrassing.
According to the James-Lange theory, the conscious experience of emotion __________ physiological arousal. precedes follows coincides with causes
follows
A major difference between the humanists and both the behaviorists and psychodynamic theorists is the humanists' focus on unconscious information processing. free will. the scientific method. the destructive side of human nature.
free will.
The diathesis-stress model suggests that schizophrenia develops from exposure to stress. environmental influences entirely. genetic influences entirely. a combination of a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia and exposure to significant stressors in their life.
genetic influences entirely.
According to Freud, mature romantic relationships are only possible when an individual has attained the ________ stage of psychosexual development. oral phallic genital anal
genital
A mental shortcut that helps us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world is called a heuristic. theory. mental reference. schema.
heuristic
At its most basic level, __________ is an exercise in suggestion. hypnosis meditation lucidity dreaming
hypnosis
According to family, twin, and adoption studies, a person is at greatest risk for developing schizophrenia if he or she has a(n) _________. identical twin diagnosed with the disorder adoptive parent diagnosed with the disorder nonidentical twin diagnosed with the disorder biological parent diagnosed with the disorder
identical twin diagnosed with the disorder
A psychologist or a psychiatrist is likely to diagnose one's difficulty in attaining adequate nightly sleep as a psychological disorder even if it occurs relatively infrequently. if it interferes with daily activities such as work and negatively impacts a person's health. only if the person feels that the lack of sleep is causing problems in other areas. when it results from a deliberate choice, such as studying all night for an exam.
if it interferes with daily activities such as work and negatively impacts a person's health.
A person who has been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder is most likely to exhibit a strong need to be the center of attention in all social situations. a charming, self-centered, and manipulative interpersonal style. intense discomfort in most social situations and odd thinking and behavior patterns. impulsivity and unpredictability in his or her interactions with others.
impulsivity and unpredictability in his or her interactions with others.
A researcher wishes to generalize his findings beyond the people at the organization he is studying in Florida. He wants to attempt to show that the findings apply to all people who work in a similar type of organization throughout the United States. He should use ________ to analyze his data. correlational statistics inferential statistics descriptive statistics logical statistics
inferential statistics
nursing facilities in her home state. In order for her to use this research to influence larger political policies regarding the care of the elderly on a state and federal level, she will have to generalize her findings to the larger population of elderly nursing home residents. What sort of statistics should she use to accomplish this goal? inferential statistics descriptive statistics logical statistics correlational statistics
inferential statistics
1.The difference between insomnia and sleep apnea is that __________. -sleep apnea affects primarily the elderly, whereas insomnia is characteristic of children -insomnia is often characterized by sleeplessness, whereas sleep apnea is characterized by breathing difficulties -sleep apnea is a precursor to narcolepsy, whereas insomnia is not -insomnia is treatable but sleep apnea is not
insomnia is often characterized by sleeplessness, whereas sleep apnea is characterized by breathing difficulties
The most commonly experienced sleep disorder is night terrors. narcolepsy. sleep apnea. insomnia.
insomnia.
Many companies, including the McDonald's chain of restaurants, administer ________ tests to prospective employees to find out if this person would cheat or steal on the job. Such tests may be unfairly biased against innocent applicants. personality guilty knowledge integrity projective
integrity
Geoffrey is a clinical psychologist who is separated from his wife and is in the process of filing for divorce. Whenever his friends or colleagues ask Geoffrey to talk about it or attempt to cheer him up, he focuses on the statistical evidence about the likelihood of divorce, clinical experience he has had, and anything but his emotions and the pain of the marriage ending. Freud would say that Geoffrey is displaying a living, breathing example of -displacement. -projection. -intellectualization. -repression
intellectualization.
After dinner, Sophia started to read a cookbook that is full of colorful pictures of desserts. She decided to make a cake. After the cake was ready she felt hungry again, so she ate the whole cake! This phenomenon can best be explained by the ________ theory. eating disorder internal-external genetic reason glucostatic
internal-external
If Darren's brain is like that of most people, then fine-tuned language skills will be handled by his ________. left cerebral hemisphere corpus callosum right cerebral hemisphere occipital lobe
left cerebral hemisphere
Which hormone is produced by fat cells in the body and serves to relay information about nutrition to the hypothalamus? glucose leptin insulin cholecystokinin
leptin
According to the biological perspective, obsessive-compulsive disorder is_________. the result of illogical, irrational thought processes a danger signal that repressed conflicts are threatening to surface linked to an imbalance in the neurotransmitters serotonin and glutamate. a learned reaction
linked to an imbalance in the neurotransmitters serotonin and glutamate.
The extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside of their control refers to humanism. self-actualization. archetypes. locus of control.
locus of control.
Traps in thinking that can lead to mistaken conclusions are called logical fallacies. systematic information biases. confirmation biases. experiential thought patterns.
logical fallacies.
While Debbie was in the hospital, she received glucose continuously through an intravenous line. When her blood glucose levels started to rise, it is likely that she felt hungry. experienced decreased autonomic arousal. lost interest in food. became agitated.
lost interest in food.
A brain-imaging method using magnetic fields to measure the release of energy from water in biological tissues is called ______________. computed tomography (CT) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) electroencephalography (EEG) positron emission tomography (PET)
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Research into demographic differences in the rates of major depressive disorder, or clinical depression as it is often called, suggests that there are no age, gender, or racial differences in the prevalence of the disorder in the United States. men are more likely than women to be diagnosed with the disorder in the United States. men are less likely than women to be diagnosed with the disorder in the United States. adults are less likely than children to be diagnosed with the disorder in the United States.
men are less likely than women to be diagnosed with the disorder in the United States.
Psychologists believe that personality is largely the result of parental and peer influences. multiple factors. genetics. responses to life stressors.
multiple factors.
A researcher is interested in determining how frequently bullying behavior occurs in real-life settings. This researcher would best be advised to use the experimental design. case study design. correlational design. naturalistic observation design.
naturalistic observation design.
As the average daily temperature in Des Moines, Iowa, decreases the number of persons who are observed wearing sweaters in the workplace increases. This is an example of a ________ correlation. positive zero negative causal
negative
Which of the following theories of dreaming emphasizes the dreams are a meaningful product of our cognitive capacities, which shape what we dream about? dream-protection theory neurocognitive theory neodissociationist theory meta-linguistic theory
neurocognitive theory
The functioning of the human brain depends upon cross-talk among ________. reuptake vesicles. neurons. nodes of Ranvier. glial cells.
neurons.
After a head injury a person reports that she is unable to see, although her eyes are uninjured. A doctor would suspect an injury in the ______ lobe. frontal parietal occipital temporal
occipital
A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on __________. classical conditioning cognitive learning vicarious learning operant conditioning
operant conditioning
The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called __________________. classical conditioning effective based learning operant conditioning discovery learning
operant conditioning
The pituitary hormone that aids milk flow in nursing mothers and that plays an essential function in both maternal and romantic love is ________. oxytocin melatonin progesterone estrogen
oxytocin
Calm is to aroused as _______ is to _______. sympathetic; parasympathetic central; peripheral parasympathetic; sympathetic autonomic; motor
parasympathetic; sympathetic
According to Maslow, ________ are the most fundamental and must get satisfied first. safety needs esteem needs belonging needs physiological needs
physiological needs
A stimulus presented to a person or animal that weakens the probability of a particular response is known as __________. negative reinforcement vicarious punishment positive punishment negative punishment
positive punishment
A __________ reinforcer is any reward that naturally increases the frequency of a target behavior. secondary negative primary positive
primary
When Bobby is hungry, tired, and thirsty, he resolves this by getting food, water, and sleep. These are examples of __________ partial reinforcement secondary reinforcement primary reinforcement intermittent reinforcement
primary reinforcement
Ward notices that as his supply of marijuana decreases he starts thinking more and more about where he can get another supply as well as feeling nervous and anxious. This is an example of __________. psychological dependence withdrawal tolerance physical dependence
psychological dependence
Serial killers Ted Bundy and Aileen Wuornos each are prototypical examples of a borderline personality. schizotypal personality. histrionic personality. psychopathic personality.
psychopathic personality.
A major limitation in reading about the results of psychological research in the newspaper is that reporters do not know how to identify experts to interview for many of their stories and end up unintentionally misleading the public. reporters provide too much detailed information about the research study that the general public cannot comprehend in their articles. reporters are so well trained to discuss research that they cannot easily communicate about it with the average lay person. reporters create controversy where none exists by treating scientific evidence and dissenter's biased opinions as equally compelling.
reporters create controversy where none exists by treating scientific evidence and dissenter's biased opinions as equally compelling
Question 9 What do we call the state of a neuron when there are no neurotransmitters acting on it? transmission dormancy myelination countersignal resting potential action potential
resting potential
According to the myths surrounding being right-brained or left-brained, __________ are supposed to be artistic, creative, and emotional. those who have undergone a split-brain procedure right-brained individuals those who have undergone a frontal lobotomy left-brained individuals
right-brained individuals
An overwhelming number of research studies that examine non-human participants involve the use of monkeys and chimpanzees fish and insects dogs and cats rodents and birds
rodents and birds
While it is well-understood in neuroscience research that a deficit of dopamine activity contributes to the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, other research has found that damage to the basal ganglia is also a contributor to this very serious illness. The fact that there is more than one explanation for the condition demonstrates the critical thinking concept of falsifiability ruling out rival hypotheses Occam's Razor correlation versus causation
ruling out rival hypotheses
We experience the phenomenon of patternicity when we -see a connection between related events. -accept anecdotal evidence in place of scientific evidence. -fall victim to erroneous information given to us by others. -see a pattern where none really exists.
see a pattern where none really exists.
The pathways emanating from the RAS activate the cortex by increasing the ________ among neurons in the brain. signal-to-noise ratio cerebral ventricles long-term potentiation cortical membrane
signal-to-noise ratio
Eric had a sleep-related experience where he reported feeling strapped down and unable to move or examine much of his surroundings. This inability to move that occurs just after falling asleep or just before waking up is called sleep paralysis. an out-of-body experience. dissociation. hypnosis.
sleep paralysis.
The application of mathematics to describe and analyze data is known as data reduction. statistics. dispersion. psychometrics
statistics
Even though many assume that alcohol is primarily a ________, it is, in fact, primarily a(n) ________.
stimulant; depressant
According to ________ management theory, an awareness of the inevitability of our own death leaves many people with an underlying sense of fear. thanatos discontinuity terror mortality
terror
Acquisition can be described as the process in which reinforcers are distinguished from punishers. conditioned response diminish over time. stimulus discrimination occurs. the conditioned response is established.
the conditioned response is established.
A major issue that many people have with Freud's theory is that our awareness of the causes for our behaviors is quite good. he overemphasized the importance of the conscious mind. he underemphasized the importance of shared environmental influences in personality development. the generalization of his ideas from an unrepresentative sample.
the generalization of his ideas from an unrepresentative sample
One difficulty in conducting medical research is that participants often assume that any treatment will be effective in alleviating their symptoms. Therefore, a researcher has to design an experiment that measures the influence of the placebo effect. medical confounds. random selection. the Rosenthal effect.
the placebo effect.
When Keller and Marian Breland, two psychologists who became animal trainers, decided to train raccoons to drop tokens into a piggy bank, they found that __________. -when given edible roots as reinforcers, the raccoons learned the task in less than ten trials -the raccoons displayed instinctive drift by rubbing the coins together, dropping them, and rubbing them together again. -food was not an effective reinforcer for the raccoons and so learning didn't occur -the raccoons showed intrinsic interest in the task and so reinforcement was unnecessary
the raccoons displayed instinctive drift by rubbing the coins together, dropping them, and rubbing them together again.
All types of psychology involve -interactions between patients and therapists. the use of scientific methods. treating people's behavioral and emotional problems. replicating what is already known via common sense.
the use of scientific methods.
Although the relationship between the some vaccines and the development of autism has received virtually no support in the scientific community, many continue to believe that a relationship exists. What is the ingredient in these vaccines that is thought to be the culprit behind autistic disorder? ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) doxycycline thalidomide thimerosol
thimerosol
B. F. Skinner's approach is most open to criticism about its neglect of the importance of ________ in personality development. other people's behavior environmental contingencies thoughts the self
thoughts
The abbreviation UCR stands for __________. uniform conditioned rule unconditioned response unconditional reinforcement unconventional response
unconditioned response
Salivation in response to food being placed in the mouth and an eyeblink response to a puff of air, are both examples of__________ unconditioned stimuli conditioned stimuli unconditioned responses conditioned responses
unconditioned responses
Miranda is a psychoanalytic theorist who uses this perspective to guide her therapeutic treatment of psychological disorders. As a result, she is most likely to improve her understanding of their unconscious motivations. desire for personal growth. different personality traits. patterns of thinking and behaving.
unconscious motivations.
Once controlled research studies were conducted on the effectiveness of prefrontal lobotomies, they were discovered to be sometimes effective, sometimes not. slightly effective. virtually useless. universally effective.
virtually useless.