Physics: Chapters 12-15 Quizzes

Which of the following nuclear equations correctly describes alpha emission? a. 238/92 U --> 238/92 U + 4/2 He b. 238/92 U --> 234/90 Th + 4/2 He c. 238/92 U --> 242/94 Th + 4/2 He d. 238/92 U --> 4/2 He e. none of the above

238/92 U --> 234/90 Th + 4/2 He

If the concentration of gold in seawater is 2.0 milligram per ton of sea water and the mass of the ocean is 1.5 x 10^18 tons, how much gold is in the ocean? a. 36 mg b. 3.0 x 10^12 kg c. 3000 lb d. 300 g e. 3.0 kg

3.0 x 10^12 kg

Does a shell have to contain electrons in order to exist? a. a shell is a form of energy that requires electrons in order to exist b. a shell is just a conceptual model, hence, it doesn't really exist with or without the electron c. a shell is just a region of space which may or may not contain electrons d. two of the above are reasonable answers

two of the above are reasonable answers

In what sense can you truthfully say that you are a part of every person around you? a. there are more people alive now than have ever lived b. we all share the same genetic code c. we are continually exchanging our atoms d. we all live on the same planet and share the same resources

we are continually exchanging our atoms

How does the wave model of electrons orbiting the nucleus account for the fact that the electrons can have only discrete energy values? a. the wave model accounts for the types of orbitals an electron may occupy, not it's energy levels b. the energy values of an electron only occur where its wave properties and probability clouds are mutually reinforcing c. when an electron wave is confined, it is reinforced only at particular frequencies d. electrons are only able to vibrate at particular frequencies

when an electron wave is confined, it is reinforced only at particular frequencies

Just after an alpha particle leaves the nucleus, would you expect it to speed up? Why? a. no. once the alpha particle leaves the nucleus it is slowed by the repulsion of the next closest atom's nucleus b. yes. once the alpha particle leaves the nucleus there are no more forces acting on it and it therefore accelerates c. no. as the alpha particle leaves the nucleus it is slowed by the constant attraction of the electrons surrounding the nucleus d. yes. once the alpha particle leaves the nucleus it accelerates because of mutual electric repulsion with the nucleus from which it escaped

yes. once the alpha particle leaves the nucleus it accelerates because of mutual electric repulsion with the nucleus from which it escaped

If a nucleus of 232/90 Th absorbs a neutron and the resulting nucleus undergoes two successive beta decays (emitting electrons), what nucleus results? a. Uranium-233 b. Plutonium-232 c. Thorium-233 d. Americium-232

Uranium-233

The boiling point of 1, 4-butanediol is 230 degrees Celsius. Would you expect this compound to be soluble or insoluble in room-temperature water? a. A high boiling point means that the substance interacts with itself quite strongly. Therefore this molecule is not soluble in water. b. Since there are no polar areas on this molecule, it is insoluble in water at room temperature c. Water would be attracted to both ends of 1, 4 butanediol, and it is infinitely soluble in water d. Since there are polar areas on this molecule, it is insoluble in water at room temperature

Water would be attracted to both ends of 1, 4 butanediol, and it is infinitely soluble in water

What property of alloys make them ideal for developing new materials? a. Alloys are very rigid and are extremely resistant to chemical decomposition b. The characteristics of the material change depending on how much of each component is present c. The size of the atoms involved is directly related the electrical conductivity d. all of the above e. none of the above

The characteristics of the material change depending on how much of each component is present

Classify the following bonds as ionic, covalent, or neither (O, atomic number 8; F, atomic number 9; Na, atomic number 11; Cl, atomic number 17; U, atomic number 92) O with F, Ca with Cl, Na with Na a. covalent, ionic, neither b. neither, ionic, covalent c. ionic, covalent, neither d. covalent, ionic, covalent

covalent, ionic, neither

Nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen tetroxide are really a. best represented as NO b. different compounds c. not possible as compounds d. the same compound

different compounds

Radioactivity is a tendency for an element or a material to ____________. a. radiate heat b. emit radiation c. emit light d. emit electrons e. glow in the dark

emit radiation

An electron de-excites from the fourth quantum level to the third and then directly to the first. Two frequencies of light are emitted. How do their combined energies compare to the energy of the single frequency that would be emitted by de-excitation from the fourth level directly to the first level? Answer: The combined energies of the two frequencies emitted by the one electrons is a. less than the energy of the single frequency b. greater than the energy of the single frequency c. equal to the energy of the single frequency d. not predictable because other factors, such as the temperature of the surroundings must also be considered

equal to the energy of the single frequency

Ordinary hydrogen is sometimes called a perfect fuel, because of its almost unlimited supply on Earth, and when it burns, harmless water is the product of the combustion. So why don't we abandon fission energy and fusion energy, not to mention fossil-fuel energy, and just use hydrogen? a. the conversion of current energy consuming vehicles and other machinery to hydrogen, although simple, is going to be very costly to the consumer and difficult to legislate b. the oil companies have lobbied the federal government to continue fossil fuel usage because it would mean huge profit losses for all the major oil conglomerates c. the political, economic, and corporate pressures being exerted to oppose abandoning the other energy sources are the only obstacles to moving to the use of hydrogen as the nation's primary energy source d. hydrogen represents a viable solution for stored energy but not as a general energy source since obtaining the hydrogen from water requires more energy than is produced when you burn it

hydrogen represents a viable solution for stored energy but not as a general energy source since obtaining the hydrogen from water requires more energy than is produced when you burn it

Which of the following statements about radiation is true? a. radiation is new: it is a man-made phenomenon b. radiation has no beneficial health applications c. radiation can be a useful tool. like fire, it is only dangerous when misused d. all of the above e. only A or B

radiation can be a useful tool. like fire, it is only dangerous when misused

Which of the following would be considered a chemical property? a. reactivity towards water b. conductivity c. flexibility d. melting temperature e. boiling temperature

reactivity towards water

What is the name of the following compound? SF3 a. sulfur fluoride b. sulfur trifluoride c. fluorine sulphide d. trifluorosulphide e. none of the above

sulfur trifluoride

About how many elements do you have access to as a consumer of market goods. a. none b. one c. one hundred d. ten

ten

Why are the atomic masses listed in the periodic table not whole numbers? a. scientists have yet to make the precise measurements b. today's instruments are able to measure the atomic masses to many decimal places c. the atomic masses are average atomic masses d. that would be too much of a coincidence

the atomic masses are average atomic masses

An element has two different isotopes: one that weighs 65 amu and another that weighs 67 amu. If the average atomic mass of all the isotopes is 66.5 amu, what can be said about the relative abundance of the isotopes? a. the isotope with the mass of 65 is more abundant than the isotope with the mass of 67. b. the isotope with the mass of 66.5 is more abundant than the isotope with the mass of 65. c. the isotope with the mass of 66.5 is more abundant than the isotope with the mass of 67. d. the isotope with the mass of 67 is more abundant than the isotope with the mass of 65. e. all the isotopes have the same relative abundances

the isotope with the mass of 67 is more abundant than the isotope with the mass of 65.

Which of the following is a major advantage of nuclear-fission-based power plants? a. the amount of energy per kg of fuel is greater than any other fuel source b. the byproducts of the fission process are radioactive and have very long half-lives c. the reactors can be used to produce their own fuel d. the power plants are complex and there are many safety requirements to prevent contamination of the environment e. A and C

A and C

Which of the following elements has two valence electrons? a. H b. Ne c. Mg d. Na e. Li

Mg

List the following bonds in order of increasing polarity a. N-N < N-O < N-F < H-F b. N-N < N-O < H-F < N-F c. H-F < N-F < N-O < N-N d. N-O < N-N < N-F < H-F

N-N < N-O < N-F < H-F

If a neutral atom loses one electron, what is the electrical charge of the atom? a. -2 b. -1 c. neutral d. +1 e. +2

+1

There are about a. 100 different types of atoms b. 10 different types of atoms c. an unlimited number of different types of atoms d. a thousand different types of atoms

100 different types of atoms

Compared to microtechnology, nanotechnology focuses on a scale that is about a. 100 times smaller b. 1000 times smaller c. 10 times smaller d. a million times smaller

1000 times smaller

If you have two molecules of TiO2, how many oxygen atoms would you have? a. 4 b. 2 c. 3 d. 6 e. none

4

If a material has a half-life of 24 hours, how long do you have to wait until the amount of radioisotope is 1/4 its original amount? a. 24 hours b. 48 hours c. 72 hours d. 12 hours e. practically forever, but it may be safe by then

48 hours

How many atoms of Oxygen (O) are in H3OClO4? a. 1 b. 3 c. 5 d. 7 e. 2

5

The isotope lithium-7 has a mass of 7.0160 atomic mass units, and the isotope lithium-6 has a mass of 6.0151 atomic mass units. Given the information that 92.58 percent of all lithium atoms found in nature are lithium-7 and 7.42 percent are lithium-6, calculate the atomic mass of lithium, Li (atomic number 3). a. 6.495 amu b. 7.0160 amu c. 6.942 amu d. 13.031 amu

6.942 amu

Which of the following substances contains F- ions? a. CF4 b. CaF2 c. F2 d. PF3 e. all of the above

CaF2

Which of the following molecules contains a polar bond? a. H-F b. F-F c. Cl-Cl d. H-H e. all of the above

H-F

Which of the following molecules is most likely to show a dipole-dipole interaction? a. H2S b. H-C=C-H c. CO2 d. CH4 e. none of the above

H2S

Which of the following molecules is the most polar? a. Br2 b. CO c. BrF d. HCl

HCl

Given the following diagram, describe what happens electronically between these two molecules O=O H-O-H a b w a. Oxygen B becomes slightly positively charged due to the protons on the water molecule b. Oxygen A becomes slightly positively charged due to the protons on the water molecule c. Oxygen A becomes slightly negatively charged due to the oxygen molecule d. Hydrogens on oxygen W becomes slightly positively charged due to the oxygen molecule e. none of the above

Oxygen A becomes slightly positively charged due to the protons on the water molecule

The following image describes what type of change? a. no change b. an elemental change c. a physical change d. a chemical change e. a change in state

a chemical change

Which of the following emits more radiation? a. a coal-fired power plant b. a nuclear power plant c. a computer monitor d. fallout from nuclear tests in the '50s and '60s e. a television set

a coal-fired power plant

Germanium, Ge (number 32), computer chips operate faster than silicon, Si (number 14), computer chips. So how might a gallium, Ga (number 31), chip compare with a germanium chip? a. a gallium chip would be even faster because the gallium is more metallic b. gallium is more nonmetallic and so it does not conduct electrons very well c. a gallium chip would be slower because its electrons are more loosely held d. gallium is located just below aluminum, which is widely known to be an electrical insulator

a gallium chip would be even faster because the gallium is more metallic

The following image describes which type of change? a. a physical change b. a chemical change c. an elemental change d. a change in reactivity e. no change

a physical change

Water and ethanol can be separated by heating the ethanol until it boils away from the water. What type of change is this? a. a chemical change b. a physical change c. a molecular change d. a decomposition e. none of the above

a physical change

If three samples have the half-lives listed below, which is the most radioactive? a. a sample with a half-life of 20 years b. a sample with a half-life of 20 million years c. a sample with a half-life of 20 hours d. a sample with a half-life of 20 minutes e. none of the above

a sample with a half-life of 20 minutes

What does the following element description actually mean? 238 U 92 a. a uranium atom with 92 neutrons and 238 protons b. a uranium atom with 92 neutrons and 146 protons c. a uranium atom with 238 neutrons and 92 protons d. a uranium atom with 92 protons and 146 neutrons e. none of the above

a uranium atom with 92 protons and 146 neutrons

Microtechnology began a. at the close of World War II b. about 60 years ago with the invention of solid state transistors c. with the development of micron chemistry in the early 1800s d. in the 1900s with the use of computers

about 60 years ago with the invention of solid state transistors

What needs to be done to convert a neutral nitrogen atom into an N-3 species? a. add three nitrogens b. remove three protons c. add three protons d. remove three electrons e. add three electrons

add three electrons

Nanotechnology may play an important role in the development of a. bullet proof clothing b. a storage medium for hydrogen fuel c. space elevators d. windfarms e. all of the above

all of the above

The systematic names for water, ammonia, and methane are dihydrogen monoxide, H2O; trihydrogen nitride, NH3; and tetrahydrogen carbide, CH4. Why do most people, including chemists, prefer to use the common names for these compounds? a. the common names are more widely known b. these compounds are encountered frequently c. the common names are shorter and easier to pronounce d. all of the above

all of the above

In the winter Vermonters make a tasty treat called "sugar on snow" in which they pour boiled-down maple syrup onto a scoop of clean fresh snow. As the syrup hits the snow it forms a delicate taffy. Which of the following changes are involved in the making of sugar on snow? a. as the maple syrup is boiled the sugar within the syrup begins to caramelize, which is an example of a chemical change b. the syrup warms the snow causing it to melt while the syrup becomes more viscous c. boiling down the maple syrup involves the evaporation of water d. all of the above changes are involved in the making of sugar on snow

all of the above changes are involved in the making of sugar on snow

Which of the following would be an ion with a double positive charge? a. an Mg atom that loses two electrons b. an Mg atom that loses one electron c. an Mg atom that gains one electron d. an Mg atom that gains two electrons e. none of the above

an Mg atom that loses two electrons

The following statement describes which subatomic particle best? It is located outside of the nucleus. a. an electron b. a proton c. a neutron d. A and B e. B and C

an electron

What does the following element description actually mean? 18 O 6 a. an oxygen atom with 6 protons and 12 neutrons b. 6 oxygen atoms with 18 neutrons c. an oxygen atom with 6 neutrons and 12 protons d. 18 oxygen molecules with 6 neutrons each e. none of the above

an oxygen atom with 6 protons and 12 neutrons

Metals are often used for making designer jewelry because they a. conduct electricity b. do not conduct heat well c. are shiny d. are strong but can be bent e. are shiny and strong but can be bent

are shiny and strong but can be bent

Which of the following elements is a gas at room temperature? a. cesium (Cs) b. lithium (Li) c. lead (Pb) d. indium (In) e. argon (Ar)

argon (Ar)

The boiling point of methanol is 65 degrees Celsius and the boiling point of ethanol is 78 degrees Celsius. Which of the following statements is true? a. at 90 degrees Celsius, you would have methanol and ethanol as solids b. at 70 degrees Celsius, you would have methanol gas and liquid ethanol c. at 40 degrees Celsius, the methanol reacts with the ethanol d. at 50 degrees Celsius, you would have methanol and ethanol as gases e. none of the above

at 70 degrees Celsius, you would have methanol gas and liquid ethanol

When 226/88 Ra decays by emitting an alpha particle, what is the atomic number of the resulting nucleus? What is the resulting atomic mass? a. atomic number = 87; atomic mass = 226 b. atomic number = 86; atomic mass = 222 c. atomic number = 87; atomic mass = 224 d. atomic number = 86; atomic mass = 224

atomic number = 86; atomic mass = 222

The color of a firework comes from the glowing of a. gun powder b. laser light c. atoms d. molecules

atoms

In bombarding atomic nuclei with proton "bullets," the protons must be accelerated to high energies to make contact with the target nuclei a. because the target nuclei are so small b. because the target nuclei are negatively charged c. in order to penetrate through the electrons that surround each target nucleus d. because the target nuclei are positively charged

because the target nuclei are positively charged

Of all three sciences, physics, chemistry, and biology, the most complex is a. physics because it involves many mathematical equations b. biology because it is based upon both the laws of chemistry and physics c. chemistry because there are so many possible combinations of atoms d. all three because sciences are equally complex

biology because it is based upon both the laws of chemistry and physics

Chlorine, Cl2, is a gas at room temperature, but bromine, Br2, is a liquid. Explain. a. the bromine ions are held together by ionic bonds b. bromine atoms are larger and this makes the formation of induced dipole-induced dipole attractions more favorable c. the smaller chlorine molecules are able to pack together in a tighter physical orientation d. chlorine atoms are larger and this makes the formation of induced dipole-induced dipole attractions more favorable

bromine atoms are larger and this makes the formation of induced dipole-induced dipole attractions more favorable

What is the name of the following compound? CaCl2 a. carbon chloride b. calcium chloride c. dicalcium chloride d. dichlorocalcium e. calc two

calcium chloride

If two protons and two neutrons are removed from the nucleus of an oxygen atom, a nucleus of which element remains? a. neon-18 b. carbon-12 c. carbon-14 d. nitrogen-12

carbon-12

Which produces more energy, the fissioning of a single uranium nucleus or the fusing of a pair of deuterium nuclei? Why? a. both the fissioning of a single uranium nucleus and the fusing of a pair of deuterium nuclei produces the same amount of energy since the resulting products are the same b. fusing a pair of deuterium nuclei produces more energy because, unlike fission, there is no radioactive waste product c. fissioning a single uranium nucleus produces more energy since its mass is much greater than that of a pair of deuterium nuclei d. neither the fissioning of a single uranium nucleus nor the fusing of a pair of deuterium nuclei produce any net amount of energy. on the contrary, both processes require more energy than they produce

fissioning a single uranium nucleus produces more energy since its mass is much greater than that of a pair of deuterium nuclei

Which of the following statements about fusion is true? a. fusion is easier than fission b. fusion produces no harmful radiation c. fusion reactions have no critical-mass requirement d. fusion reactions can be easily controlled to make energy e. none of the above

fusion reactions have no critical-mass requirement

People who work around radioactivity wear film badges to monitor the amount of radiation that reaches their bodies. these badges consist of small pieces of photographic film enclosed in a light-proof wrapper. what kind of radiation do these devices monitor? a. alpha radiation b. beta radiation c. gamma radiation d. all of the above

gamma radiation

Which of the following does not describe a neutron? a. it has a positive charge equivalent but opposite of an electron's b. it is more difficult to detect than a proton or an electron c. it is much more massive than an electron d. it is a nucleon e. it is often associated with protons

it has a positive charge equivalent but opposite of an electron's

What is the valence shell? a. it is the same as the orbital configuration b. it is the shell of electrons in element V (atomic no. = 23) c. it is the shell of electrons in an atom that is the least reactive d. it is the outermost shell of electrons in an atom e. it is the last partially filled orbital in an atom

it is the outermost shell of electrons in an atom

Is the mass of an atomic nucleus greater or less than the sum of the masses of the nucleons composing it? Why don't the nucleon masses add up to the total nuclear mass? a. greater. we need to add the masses of the surrounding electrons to the masses of the nucleons b. neither. the mass of the atomic nucleus is exactly the sum of the masses of the nucleons. c. greater. the mass of the atomic nucleus also has mass of the "atomic glue" that holds the nucleons together in the nucleus d. less. the individual nucleons have greater mass when separated from the nucleus. this additional mass is a result of the energy of separation.

less. the individual nucleons have greater mass when separated from the nucleus. this additional mass is a result of the energy of separation.

Which of the following would not be considered matter? a. trees b. clouds c. light d. air e. rain

light

A beam of protons and a beam of neutrons of the same energy are both harmful to living tissue. The beam of neutrons, however, is less harmful. Why? a. neutrons are much smaller and lighter than protons and would do less damage b. neutrons travel at reduced speed compared to the speed at which protons travel c. neutrons carry no electric charge and thus have a greater likelihood of passing through the tissue d. all of the above are reasons why neutrons are less harmful

neutrons carry no electric charge and thus have a greater likelihood of passing through the tissue

Is it at all possible for a hydrogen nucleus to emit an alpha particle? a. no, because it does not contain enough nucleons b. yes, because alpha particles are the simplest form of radiation c. no, because it would require the nuclear fission of hydrogen, which is impossible d. yes, but it does not occur very frequently

no, because it does not contain enough nucleons

Oxygen atoms are used to make water molecules. Does this mean that oxygen, O2, and water, H2O, have similar properties? a. no, but their similar properties are only a coincidence b. yes, and this explains how fish are able to breathe water c. no, compounds are uniquely different from the elements from which they're made d. yes, but that their properties are similar is only a coincidence

no, compounds are uniquely different from the elements from which they're made

Which food is irradiated with gamma rays from a cobalt-60 source, does the food become radioactive? Why? a. no. the gamma rays do not have sufficient energy to initiate the nuclear reaction in the atoms of the food b. yes. however, the radioactivity resulting is well below the danger level established by the FDA c. yes. this is why irradiation with cobalt-60 is no longer approved by the FDA d. yes and no. although the gamma rays initiate the nuclear reaction the radioactivity does not show up until the food is ingested

no. the gamma rays do not have sufficient energy to initiate the nuclear reaction in the atoms of the food

Should the periodic table be memorized? Why or why not? a. no. the periodic table changes every year. memorizing it would be a waste of time. b. yes. like the alphabet, we need to memorize the periodic table in order to easily write the language of chemistry. c. no. the periodic table is a reference to be used, not memorized. d. yes. without memorizing the periodic table, one would not have any real understanding of how and why chemical compounds are put together.

no. the periodic table is a reference to be used, not memorized.

A sample of iron weighs more after it rusts because a. rust contains twice as many iron atoms b. it has expanded into a greater volume c. of the additional oxygen it contains d. wrong. iron actually weighs less after it rusts.

of the additional oxygen it contains

Which of the following best describes ionic bonding? a. two atoms exchanging a set of electrons b. one atom giving up some of its electrons to another atom c. two atoms sharing a set of electrons d. when two elements with same charge are held together by electrostatic forces e. none of the above

one atom giving up some of its electrons to another atom

How is the number of unpaired valence electrons in an atom related to the number of bonds that the atom can form? a. there is no defined relationship between the number of unpaired valence electrons and the number of bonds that the atom can form b. the number of unpaired valence electrons in an atom is twice the number of bonds that the atom can form c. the number of unpaired valence electrons in an atom is the same as the number of bonds that the atom can form d. the number of unpaired valence electrons in an atom is one-half the number of bonds that the atom can form

the number of unpaired valence electrons in an atom is the same as the number of bonds that the atom can form

A pair of protons in an atomic nucleus repel each other, but they are also attracted to each other. Why? a. the pair repel each other by nuclear force but attract one another by an electrical force b. although it is known that protons repel each other at short distances because of like charge, it is not known what actually holds protons together in the nucleus because we have never seen the nucleus of an atom c. the pair repel each other since they are both positively charges but they are held together by much stronger forces known as quarks d. the pair attract each other by nuclear force but also repel one another by a weaker electrical force

the pair attract each other by nuclear force but also repel one another by a weaker electrical force

What molecule loses a proton to form the hydroxide ion, OH-? a. the oxygen molecule, O2 b. the hydrogen molecule, H2 c. the water molecule, H2O d. the hydrogen peroxide molecule, H2O2

the water molecule, H2O

Oxygen, O, (number 8), sulfur, S, (number 16), and selenium, Se, (number 34) have such similar chemical properties because a. their outermost shells contain the same number of electrons b. because they are all located close to one another in the periodic table c. they all have the same number of occupied shells d. these elements can't have similar chemical properties because they are in different periods of the periodic table

their outermost shells contain the same number of electrons

In terms of the periodic table, is there an abrupt or gradual change between ionic and covalent bonds? a. there is a gradual change: the farther apart, the more ionic b. whether an element forms one or the other depends on nuclear charge and not the relative positions in the periodic table c. actually, any element of the periodic table can form a covalent bond d. there is an abrupt change that occurs across the metalloids

there is a gradual change: the farther apart, the more ionic

Alpha and beta rays are deflected in opposite directions in a magnetic field because a. alpha particles contain nucleons and beta particles do not b. they have opposite charges c. they spin in opposite directions d. all of the above

they have opposite charges