physio chapter 20
In vitro fertilization involves a technique called A. implantation. B. cleavage. C. ICSI.
ICSI.
What hormone triggers ovulation? A. LH B. FSHC C. progesterone
LH
Tight junctions between ___________ are responsible for the formation of the blood-testis barrier. A. Leydig cells B. Sertoli cells C. spermatogonial cells
Sertoli cells
How many autosomal chromosomes are present in human cells? A. 23 pair B. 46 C. 22 pair
22 pair
For the rhythm method to be successful, coitus (sexual intercourse) must not happen A. during the first 10 days of the menstrual cycle . B. 6 days prior to ovulation through 2 days after ovulation. C. during the last 10 days of the menstrual cycle.
6 days prior to ovulation through 2 days after ovulation.
High progesterone levels during the luteal phase A. causes cervical mucus to thicken. B. suppresses FSH and LH. C. causes thickening of the endometrium. D. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
Male androgens A. stimulate protein synthesis and muscle growth. B. stimulate bone growth. C. stimulate erythropoiesis. D. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
Testosterone, not DHT, stimulates embryonic development of A. seminal vesicles. B. ductus deferens. C. ejaculatory duct. D. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
What event(s) occur to start puberty? A. GABA release in hypothalamus is reduced. B. Glutamate stimulation of the hypothalamus is increased. C. Increased secretion of GnRH to the anterior pituitary. D. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
What occurs during spermiogenesis? A. chromosomes are compacted by protamines B. flagellum and acrosome form C. cytoplasm removed by Sertoli cells D. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
What type of genes are found on the Y chromosome? A. X-transposed genes B. degenerate genes C. testis-specific genes D. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
How many chromosomes are found in a normal human cell? A. 23 B. 23 pair C. 46 D. Both 23 pair and 46 are correct.
Both 23 pair and 46 are correct.
What ion is released by the fertilized egg that prevents polyspermy? A. Na+ B. K+ C. Cl-- D. Ca2+
Ca2+
Apoptosis of T lymphocytes requires that Sertoli cells produce A. FAS ligand. B. androgen-binding protein. C. testosterone.
FAS ligand.
Sertoli cells are stimulated by __________, while Leydig cells are stimulated by ________. A. FSH, LH B. LH, FSH C. testosterone, LH
FSH, LH
Which of the following would be found in normal somatic cells of women but not men? A. an X chromosome B. a Y chromosome C. a Barr body
a Barr body
The progressive fusion of the acrosomal membrane with the plasma membrane of the sperm is called the A. spermatogenesis. B. acrosomal reaction. C. spermiogenesis.
acrosomal reaction.
The __________ provides enzymes that allows the sperm to digest a pathway through the zona pellucida to the oocyte. A. chorion B. zygote C. acrosome
acrosome
Gonadotropic hormones include all of the following EXCEPT A. adrenocorticotropin. B. follicle-stimulating hormone. C. luteinizing hormone.
adrenocorticotropin.
What is the procedure in which some amnionic fluid is aspired in order to obtain sloughed off fetal cells for examination? A. placentocentesis B. amniocentesis C. chorioncentesis
amniocentesis
Pubic and axillary hair growth at puberty is from increased secretion of A. anterior pituitary gonadotropins. B. estrogen and testosterone from the onads. C. androgens from the adrenal cortex.
anterior pituitary gonadotropins.
What enzyme is needed for the conversion of testosterone into estradiol in the male brain? A. 5-alpha reductase B. aromatase C. ATPase
aromatase
Blood within the umbilical ___________ contain(s) high concentrations of fetal waste products. A. arteries B. veins
arteries
Viagra works by blocking ________________ in order to raise cGMP concentration and promote vasodilation of vascular smooth muscle of the penis to produce an erection. A. 5-alpha reductase B. aromatase C. ATPase D. cGMP phosphodiesterase
cGMP phosphodiesterase
The process of sperm gaining the ability to fertilize an ovum as they pass through the female reproductive tract is called A. capacitation. B. receptiveness. C. spermatogenesis.
capacitation.
Besides chromosomes, what else does the sperm provide to the zygote that is necessary for cell division to occur? A. mitochondria B. centrosome C. enzymes
centrosome
The blastocyst consists of the A. blastocyst and amnion. B. morula and placenta. C. chorion and inner cell mass.
chorion and inner cell mass.
Increased maternal lipolysis is stimulated by the secretion of ___________ by the placenta. A. human chorionic gonadotropin B. chorionic somatomammotropin C. progesterone
chorionic somatomammotropin
Genetic disorders can be detected earliest by A. amniocentesis. B. chorionic villus biopsy. C. newborn screening.
chorionic villus biopsy.
What process occurs as the zygote travels towards the uterus in the fallopian tubes? A. cleavage B. fertilization C. capacitation
cleavage
A lack of testosterone in males will cause the genital tubercle to form a(n) A. penis. B. testis. C. clitoris.
clitoris.
What is formed following ovulation from the empty follicle due to LH influence? A. macula lutea B. corpus luteum C. fibroids
corpus luteum
The chorion frondosum develops from the ___________ layer of the chorion. A. cytotrophoblast B. yolk sac C. syncytiotrophoblast
cytotrophoblast
The maternal contribution to the placenta is the A. decidua basalis. B. chorion frondosum. C. chorionic villi.
decidua basalis.
Gonadotropic hormones from the anterior pituitary will affect the gonads in all of the following ways EXCEPT A. stimulation of spermatogenesis or oogenesis. B. stimulation of gonadal hormone secretion. C. development of internal genital ducts.
development of internal genital ducts.
The first event to occur during development of the reproductive system would be the A. descent of the testes into the scrotum. B. formation of the vagina. C. onset of testosterone production. D. development of the Müllerian ducts.
development of the Müllerian ducts.
Which of the following is NOT a part of the female reproductive system? A. ductus deferens B. uterus C. labia majora
ductus deferens
The movement of semen into the urethra is called A. emission. B. erection. C. ejaculation.
emission.
Nidation is the process of the blastocyst implanting itself into the thick A. myometrium. B. fallopian tubes. C. endometrium.
endometrium.
Sperm are stored and matured in the A. vas deferens. B. seminal vesicles. C. epididymis.
epididymis.
What type of genetic change occurs when an allele is silenced by methylation of cytosine bases? A. genomic B. epigenetic C. mutation
epigenetic
The LH surge is caused by A. estradiol increasing frequency of GnRH pulses. B. more FSH receptors placed in granulosa cells . C. a quick drop in FSH.
estradiol increasing frequency of GnRH pulses.
The Contraceptive Pill contains A. FSH. B. estrogen. C. progesterone. D. estrogen and progesterone.
estrogen and progesterone.
The weak form of estrogen found in the blood of postmenopausal women is termed as A. estrogen. B. progesterone. C. estrone.
estrone.
The correct order of the four phases of sexual response in both sexes would be A. excitation, plateau, orgasm, resolution. B. plateau, excitation, orgasm, resolution. C. orgasm, excitation, resolution, plateau.
excitation, plateau, orgasm, resolution.
Ova are fertilized in the A. cervix. B. fallopian tubes. C. uterus.
fallopian tubes.
How many sperm are produced from one spermatogonium? A. one B. two C. four
four
Women who are thin, athletic, and under prolonged stress which leads to inadequate GnRH release may experience cessation of menstruation or A. dysmenorrhea. B. menorrhea. C. metrorrhea. D. functional amenorrhea.
functional amenorrhea.
The first sign of puberty in females is A. breast development. B. menarche. C. growth spurt.
growth spurt.
The trophoblast cells of the chorion secrete _____ which maintains the corpus luteum thereby preventing menstruation. A. GnRH B. ACTH C. hCG
hCG
What hormone is secreted by the trophoblast cells of the chorion that is used in a pregnancy test to determine if a woman is pregnant? A. LH B. hCG C. estrogen
hCG
Males lacking testosterone receptors would A. develop as genotypic females. B. have testes and female external genitalia. C. lack gonads.
have testes and female external genitalia.
Secretion of LH is inhibited by A. high concentrations of inhibin. B. rapidly rising concentrations of estradiol. C. high concentrations of testosterone.
high concentrations of testosterone.
Luteal regression may be inhibited by A. inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins. B. stimulating the synthesis of progesterone. C. stimulating the synthesis of LH.
inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins.
The embryonic urethral fold becomes the female A. labia minora. B. labia majora. C. glans clitoris.
labia minora.
The secretory phase of the endometrium occurs when the ovary is in the A. follicular phase. B. luteal phase. C. menstrual phase.
luteal phase.
In males androgens are required for A. initiation of spermatogenesis at puberty. B. regression of the wolffian ducts during embryonic development. C. maintenance of accessory sex organs.
maintenance of accessory sex organs.
The last embryonic tissue layer to form is the A. trophoblast. B. endoderm. C. ectoderm. D. mesoderm.
mesoderm.
Spotting between menstrual cycles is termed A. amenorrhea. B. dysmenorrhea. C. menorrhagia. D. metrorrhagia.
metrorrhagia.
A ball of about eight cells formed about 50 to 60 hours after fertilization is called a A. zygote. B. morula. C. blastocyst.
morula.
Those with testicular feminization syndrome have A. an extra X chromosome. B. a missing X chromosome. C. an extra chromosome 23. D. no chromosomal number abnormalities.
no chromosomal number abnormalities.
How many ova are produced by oogenesis of one oogonia? A. one B. two C. four
one
Which of the following is the essential organ of the female reproductive system? A. uterus B. vagina C. ovaries
ovaries
What is it called when a mature follicle ruptures and ejects the oocyte into the uterine tube? A. gestation B. menstruation C. ovulation
ovulation
The LH surge causes A. menses. B. ovulation. C. endometrium build-up.
ovulation.
Regions of DNA that read the same forward as backward are called ______ and include the testis-specific genes on the Y chromosome. A. palindromes B. autosomes C. haploid
palindromes
Nitric oxide released by endothelial cells in vascular smooth muscle is responsible for smooth muscle relaxation and therefore responsible for which of the following? A. reduced blood flow to bronchioles B. increased blood flow in placenta C. increased blood flow to the fetus D. penile erection
penile erection
The __________ is an "incomplete endocrine gland" because it cannot produce estrogen and progesterone without the aid of precursors supplied to it by both the mother and the fetus. A. ovary B. uterus C. placenta
placenta
A stem cell that can give rise to all tissues except the trophoblast cells of the placenta is called A. totipotent. B. retropotent. C. multipotent. D. pluripotent.
pluripotent.
What are the small cells produced by the uneven cytoplasmic divisions or oogenesis? A. thecal cells B. follicles C. antrum D. polar bodies
polar bodies
The LH surge is caused by a ______ feedback effect of increased estradiol. A. positive B. negative
positive
Which of the following is NOT a function of Sertoli cells? A. production of androgen-binding protein B. FSH stimulation of spermiogenesis C. protection of developing sperm from the male's immune system D. production of testosterone
production of testosterone
What is the major hormone produced during the luteal phase? A. progesterone B. estrogen C. androgen
progesterone
In the female menstrual cycle A. ovulation is stimulated by decreasing concentrations of progesterone. B. menstruation occurs during the last four days of the cycle. C. progesterone secretion is stimulated by LH.
progesterone secretion is stimulated by LH.
Estradiol amounts rise during the ___________ phase of the endometrial menstrual cycle. A. proliferative B. menstrual C. secretory
proliferative
What allows the compaction of chromatin in the process of spermiogenesis? A. histones B. acrosome C. protamines
protamines
After meiosis I in males, ________ are formed. A. primary spermatocytes B. secondary spermatocytes C. spermatids
secondary spermatocytes
The ___________ phase of the endometrium is supported when the ovary is in the luteal phase. A. proliferative B. secretory C. menstrual
secretory
Removal of the ___________ would result in a lack of energy in the semen to support the sperm cells. A. seminal vesicles B. prostate C. testis
seminal vesicles
About 60% of the volume of semen is produced by the A. seminal vesicles. B. prostate gland. C. bulbourethral glands.
seminal vesicles.
The majority of the testis is comprised of A. Leydig cells. B. interstitial cells. C. Sertoli cells. D. seminiferous tubules.
seminiferous tubules.
Estrogen may play a role in spermatogenesis as evidenced by estrogen receptors found on developing A. sperm cells. B. brains. C. uterine.
sperm cells.
Which part of the uterine wall responds to hormone stimulation as part of female cycles? A. stratum functionale of endometrium B. perimetrium C. stratum basale of endometrium
stratum functionale of endometrium
What is the principle sex steroid in males? A. estrogen B. testosterone C. progesterone
testosterone
Spermatogenesis is regulated by A. FSH. B. testosterone and its derivatives. C. growth hormone.
testosterone and its derivatives.
Ovarian granulosa cells synthesize estradiol which is produced by the theca interna cells from A. FSH. B. progesterone. C. testosterone.
testosterone.
Day 1 of the menstrual cycle is A. the day ovulation occurs. B. the first day of the menses. C. the last day of the menses.
the first day of the menses.
Which is NOT characteristic of a graafian follicle? A. has a fluid-filled antrum B. granulosa cells secrete estradiol C. contains a secondary oocyte D. the oocyte has completed meiosis II
the oocyte has completed meiosis II
The calcium wave that prevents polyspermy also causes A. the sperm to lose its tail. B. the secondary oocyte to finish meiosis II. C. mitosis to occur.
the secondary oocyte to finish meiosis II.
The possibility that nuclear transplantation from one cell to another could produce stem cells is referred to as A. totipotent cloning. B. reproductive cloning. C. therapeutic cloning.
therapeutic cloning.
Induced pluripotent stem cells are useful for all of the following EXCEPT A. to test drugs for treatments of diseases. B. to generate cells with genetic diseases for study. C. to produce stem cells to treat diseases. D. to cause cancer.
to cause cancer.
The ability of a cell to give rise to an entire organism if implanted in a uterus is termed as A. totipotent. B. multipotent. C. pluripotent.
totipotent.
Which of the following is a precursor to melatonin synthesis? A. tryptophan B. serotonin C. tyrosine
tryptophan
What is a noninvasive method of determining structural abnormalities in the fetus called? A. ultrasound B. chorionic villi biopsy C. X-ray
ultrasound
A follicle that does not complete development as a graafian follicle will A. rest until the next month. B. continue meiosis. C. become a primordial follicle. D. undergo follicle atresia.
undergo follicle atresia.
The most successful method of contraception is A. vasectomy. B. oral contraceptives. C. the rhythm method.
vasectomy.
What structure of a mature follicle is a barrier to sperm and fertilization? A. zona pellucida B. corona radiata C. antrum
zona pellucida
A fertilized egg is called a(n) A. zygote. B. blastocyst. C. morula.
zygote.
A fertilized egg is called a/an A. autosome. B. zygote. C. ovum.
zygote.
The secretion of gonadotropins (FSH and LH) will ___________ during menopause. A. increase B. decrease C. remain the same
. increase
