Physio: Chp. 14 + 15 Quiz Questions

Endocrine glands secrete neurohormones. A) true B) false

B) false

An alteration within the anterior pituitary that decreases the secretion of thyroid hormone would be termed a ________ disorder. A) primary secretion B) secondary secretion C) tertiary secretion D) TSH hypersecretion E) secreting tumor

B) secondary secretion

Hormones are degraded by enzymes and eliminated in the urine. a) true b) false

a) true

Name the hormone secreted by the β cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, and give its function. a) somatostatin; inhibits growth b) growth hormone; promotes growth c) insulin; decreases blood sugar levels d) glucagon; increases blood sugar levels

c) insulin; decreases blood sugar levels

Thyroid hormones alter the transcription of mRNA in the target cell. A) true B) false

A) true

A person with a pheochromocytoma (a functioning adenoma) is experiencing symptoms created by its hypersecretion of epinephrine, including high blood pressure, elevated heart rate, excessive sweating, anxiety, and weight loss. Where would this neuroendocrine tumor be located? A) adrenal medulla B) adrenal cortex C) hypothalamus D) adenohypophysis of pituitary gland E) neurohypophysis of pituitary gland

A) adrenal medulla

Which of the following hormones is NOT released from the adrenal gland? A) adrenocorticotropic hormone B) aldosterone C) cortisol D) androgens E) epinephrine

A) adrenocorticotropic hormone

Androgens are precursor molecules for the synthesis of A) estradiol. B) cortisol. C) progesterone. D) aldosterone. E) cholesterol.

A) estradiol

Hormones acting through signal transduction pathways elicit a ________ response compared to hormones that produce genomic effects. A) faster B) slower C) equal

A) faster

Once a steroid hormone is synthesized, it is A) immediately capable of diffusing across the membrane. B) stored in a vesicle until released. C) bound to albumin until released from the cell. D) stored in a unique protein structure that maintains steroids in the cell. E) bound to the mitochondria until released.

A) immediately capable of diffusing across the membrane.

The majority of hormones in the body are A) peptide hormones. B) steroid hormones. C) amino acid-derived hormones. D) neurohormones. E) All of the hormones are present in equal amounts in the body.

A) peptide hormones

Abnormal hormone secretions from an endocrine gland due to altered tropic hormone release are called A) primary secretion disorders. B) hypersecretions. C) secondary secretion disorders. D) hyposecretions. E) tertiary secretion disorders.

A) primary secretion disorders.

Which of the following is NOT a hormone released from the anterior pituitary? A) prolactin inhibiting hormone B) luteinizing hormone C) follicle stimulating hormone D) growth hormone E) adrenocorticotropic hormone

A) prolactin inhibiting hormone

Secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary is stimulated by ________ released from the ________. A) tropic hormones : hypothalamus B) neurotransmitters : hypothalamus C) oxytocin : hypothalamus D) stimulating hormones : posterior pituitary E) releasing hormones : thalamus

A) tropic hormones : hypothalamus

Hormones transported in blood bound to proteins are metabolized more slowly than those traveling dissolved in plasma. A) true b) false

A) true

Is the following statement true regarding the posterior pituitary? Releases two different amine hormones A) True B) False

A) true

Which of the following is a CORRECT example of long-loop negative feedback? A) TSH inhibits the release of TRH. B) TSH stimulates the release of TRH. C) Glucocorticoids inhibit the release of CRH. D) FSH inhibits the release of GnRH. E) GH stimulates the release of GHIH.

C) Glucocorticoids inhibit the release of CRH.

Each of the following statements concerning peptide hormones is true except one. Identify the exception. A) Peptide hormones are first synthesized as prohormones. B) Peptide hormones remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time. C) Peptide hormones in the bloodstream are always bound to carrier proteins. D) Peptide hormones interact with receptors on the surface of their target cells.

C) Peptide hormones in the bloodstream are always bound to carrier proteins.

What hormone is secreted by the zona glomerulosa layer of the adrenal gland? A) cortisol B) androgens C) aldosterone D) epinephrine E) progesterone

C) aldosterone

Which of the following changes in plasma levels would be observed in a primary hyposecretion of cortisol? A) increased CRH, increased ACTH, and increased cortisol B) decreased CRH, decreased ACTH, and decreased cortisol C) increased CRH, increased ACTH, and decreased cortisol D) decreased CRH, decreased ACTH, and increased cortisol E) increased CRH, decreased ACTH, and decreased cortisol

C) increased CRH, increased ACTH, and decreased cortisol

After a hormone has exerted its effects, it typically A) continues to act until an opposing hormone is secreted. B) spontaneously degrades. C) is inactivated or removed from the blood. D) is absorbed by its target cell. E) is absorbed by the gland that secreted it.

C) is inactivated or removed from the blood

The release of ________ from the pineal gland is important for establishing ________. A) melatonin : thirst B) prolactin : circadian rhythm C) melatonin : circadian rhythm D) prolactin : breast milk production E) melanin : thirst

C) melatonin : circadian rhythm

Hormones that are dissolved in blood typically exhibit a half-life on the order of ________, whereas hormones that are bound to carrier proteins can remain undegraded for ________. A) seconds : hours B) seconds : minutes C) minutes : hours D) hours : minutes E) minutes : seconds

C) minutes: hours

Thyroid hormones are synthesized from what amino acid? A) glutamate B) tryptophan C) tyrosine D) histidine E) glycine

C) tyrosine

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually A) cAMP. B) cGMP. C) adenylyl cyclase. D) a G protein. E) calcium.

D) a G protein.

Lipophilic hormones are transported in blood ________ and bind to receptors located ________. A) dissolved in the plasma : on the plasma membrane of the target cell B) dissolved in the plasma : inside the target cell C) bound to carrier proteins : on the plasma membrane of the target cell D) bound to carrier proteins : inside the target cell E) inside red blood cells : inside the target cell

D) bound to carrier proteins : inside the target cell

Which tropic hormone is responsible for controlling the release of follicle stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary? A) growth hormone releasing hormone B) corticotropin releasing hormone C) follicle releasing hormone D) gonadotropin releasing hormone E) follicle stimulating releasing hormone

D) gonadotropin releasing hormone

What ensures that blood levels of a specific releasing hormone are locally high in order to stimulate the pituitary? A) degradation rates of tropic hormones B) affinity of the tropic hormones C) hepatic portal system D) hypothalamic-pituitary portal system E) pulsatility of tropic hormone release

D) hypothalamic-pituitary portal system

The pituitary hormone that controls hormone synthesis and release from the thyroid gland is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) STH.

a) TSH

Which of the following organs secretes neurohormones? a) posterior pituitary b) anterior pituitary c) adrenal cortex d) A and C e) B and C

a) posterior pituitary

All hormones of the adrenal cortex are steroid hormones. a) true b) false

a) true

The "stress hormones" of the adrenal cortex, such as cortisol, are useful in fight-or-flight situations, such as being chased by a bear. a) true b) false

a) true

The adrenal cortex produces a steroid hormone called ________ that controls Na+ and K+ homeostasis and another steroid hormone called ________ that controls blood glucose levels.

aldosterone; cortisol

Two hormones that have opposing effects are called ________.

antagonists

Why are hydrophobic hormones such as steroids metabolized more slowly than hydrophilic ones? a) They are all inherently larger molecules. b) They are transported in blood bound to carrier proteins and can be stored in fatty tissues. c) There are no specific enzymes to break them down. d) They have protective coatings.

b) They are transported in blood bound to carrier proteins and can be stored in fatty tissues.

Which of the following is NOT one of the common signals that alter hormone secretion from endocrine glands? a) neural stimulation b) contractions in muscles surrounding the gland c) tropic hormones d) blood levels of metabolites

b) contractions in muscles surrounding the gland

Which of the following hormones is released in direct response to neural stimulation? a) insulin b) epinephrine c) parathyroid hormone d) calcitonin

b) epinephrine

The hypothalamus is connected to the posterior pituitary by the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system. a) true b) false

b) false

Which of the hormones below is secreted by the posterior pituitary, and what is its function? a) glucagon; lowers blood glucose levels b) oxytocin; stimulates uterine contraction c) growth hormone, stimulates bone and soft tissue growth d) melatonin; helps regulate the diurnal cycle

b) oxytocin; stimulates uterine contraction

What is the primary function of the thyroid hormones? a) decreasing blood calcium levels b) regulating the body's metabolic rate c) stimulating the hunger sensation d) regulating sodium reabsorption in the kidney

b) regulating the body's metabolic rate

In Graves' disease, the body makes antibodies (TSI) that are agonists of endogenous TSH. You would expect someone with Graves' disease to exhibit a) no symptoms. b) symptoms of hyperthyroidism. c) symptoms of hypothyroidism.

b) symptoms of hyperthyroidism

Epinephrine on its own elevates blood glucose by 5mg/100mL and glucagon alone by 8mg/100mL. If both hormones are present, blood glucose increases by 17mg/100mL. This is an example of a(n) ________ hormone interaction. a) permissive b) synergistic c) long-loop d) short-loop e) antagonistic

b) synergistic

Which of the following regarding hormones is NOT true? a) Hormones are a form of long distance communication. b) Hormones can be secreted by neurons and by endocrine cells. c) Hormones exert effects only at very high concentrations. d) Different tissues may respond differently to the same hormone.

c) Hormones exert effects only at very high concentrations.

Which hormone's release is ultimately affected by CRH? A) sex hormones B) insulin-like growth factors C) cortisol D) glucagon E) thyroid hormone

c) cortisol

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system is a(n) a) extensive network of neurons that provides short-loop negative feedback. b) extensive network of neurons that provides long-loop negative feedback. c) modified capillary bed that transports hormones directly from the hypothalamus to the pituitary. d) modified capillary bed that transports hormones directly from the pituitary to the hypothalamus.

c) modified capillary bed that transports hormones directly from the hypothalamus to the pituitary.

Tropic (trophic) hormones are hormones released from one endocrine gland that regulate secretion of hormones from another endocrine gland. Which of the following hormones is NOT a tropic hormone? a) ACTH b) luteinizing hormone c) oxytocin d) TSH

c) oxytocin

ACTH from the pituitary triggers secretion of cortisol. In this pathway, ACTH is a(n) a) agonist. b) antagonist. c) trophic hormone. d) positive feedback signal. e) negative feedback signal.

c) trophic hormone

Some pituitary hormones exhibit short-loop feedback. This means that a) a hormone released by the end-target inhibits further hypothalamic release of hormone. b) a hormone released by the end-target inhibits further pituitary release of hormone. c) a hormone released by the hypothalamus acts as an autocrine signal to inhibit further hypothalamic release of hormone. d) a hormone released by the pituitary inhibits further hypothalamic release of hormone.

d) a hormone released by the pituitary inhibits further hypothalamic release of hormone.

The effects of two antagonistic hormones oppose each other. Which of the following hormones is an antagonist to parathyroid hormone? a) thyroid hormone b) somatostatin c) aldosterone d) calcitonin

d) calcitonin

Which of the hormones below is produced by the kidneys, and what is its function? a) calcitonin; decreases blood calcium levels b) vasopressin; decreases urine output c) epinephrine; stimulates fight-or-flight response d) erythropoietin; stimulates red blood cellproduction

d) erythropoietin; stimulates red blood cellproduction

Hormones act on their target cells by a) controlling the rates of enzymatic reactions. b) controlling the transport of ions or molecules across cell membranes. c) controlling gene expression and the synthesis of proteins. d) A and C e) A, B, and C

e) A, B, and C

Which of these hormones is (are) secreted by the adrenal medulla? a) thymosin b) aldosterone c) epinephrine d) norepinephrine e) C and D

e) C and D

Hormones can be classified as based on chemical class as peptide, steroid, or amino acid-derived. Which of the following is (are) true for steroid hormones only? a) noticeable effects are seen in about 90 minutes b) require a carrier molecule to be transported in blood c) travel to a distant target d) A and B e) All of the above

e) all of the above

The term for two hormones that have additive effects is ________.

synergism

Progesterone is a potential precursor for the synthesis of A) estradiol. B) cortisol. C) testosterone. D) dehydroepiandrosterone. E) androstenedione.

B) cortisol

Steroid hormones are derived from the hormone testosterone. A) true B) false

B) false

Peptide hormones are made________, stored and released via ________. A) in advance : pinocytosis B) in advance : exocytosis C) in advance : receptor-mediated endocytosis D) on demand : simple diffusion E) on demand : active transport

B) in advance: exocytosis

Oxytocin is produced by neurons of the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus, but is released into the bloodstream where? A) uterus and breast tissue B) neurohypophysis C) anterior pituitary D) hypothalamic-pituitary portal system E) capillary beds of the median eminence

B) neurohypophysis

Which of the following tropic hormones is also known as the catecholamine, dopamine? A) prolactin releasing hormone B) prolactin inhibiting hormone C) growth hormone inhibiting hormone D) growth hormone E) luteinizing hormone

B) prolactin inhibiting hormone