Physio fun!
Receptors that respond when a stimulus is first applied, but quickly stop responding to continual stimulation, are the (p. 240) A) phasic receptors B) nocioreceptors C) exteroceptors D) tonic receptors
A
What is one of the main roles of thyroxin? A. increase the basal metabolic rate B. to decrease the basal metabolic rate C. to increase glucose uptake by skeletal muscle cells
A
Which is not a symptom of an overactive thyroid? a. weight gain b. weight loss c. muscle weakness
A
Which of the following does not stimulate the release of renin from the kidneys? A. parasympathetic stimulation B. sympathetic stimulation C. a decline in renal blood flow D. none of the above
A
Which of these substances is actively transported into the filtrate in the proximal and distal tubule? A) H+ ions B) Na+ ions C) glucose D) amino acids E) Cl- ions
A
Which of these substances normally cannot pass through the filtration membrane? A) hemoglobin B) water C) sodium ions D) bicarbonate ions E) glucose
A
Which of the following is not considered one of the special senses? (p. 240) A) pain B) vision C) hearing D) taste
A (it's a cutaneous sense)
A pituitary endocrine cell that is stimulated by a releasing hormone is usually: A. inhibited by the peripheral hormone it controls B. not affected by the peripheral hormone it controls C. also stimulated by the peripheral hormone it controls D. stimulated or inhibited by the peripheral hormone it controls
A (negative feedback)
Which of the following does not belong with the rest? (p. 269) A) rod cells B) amacrine cells C) bipolar cells D) ganglion cells
A (the other ones are all nerve cells)
Reabsorption of Na+ : a) takes place in association with Cl- & HCO3 - b) occurs only in proximal tubule c) is under control of parathormone hormone d) is a passive process .
A (things are transported along with it--symports and antiports)
The effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the kidney is to : a) increase the permeability of the distal nephron to water. b) increase the excretion of Na+ c) increase the excretion of water d) increase the diameter of the renal artery
A
The endocrine functions of the kidney and the heart include the production and secretion of the hormones: A. erythropoietin and atrial natriuretic peptic B. epinephrine and norepinephrine C. renin and angiotensinogen D. insulin and glucagons
A
The optic nerve is composed of one axon fiber extending from each ___ cell in the retina.(p. 272) A) ganglion B) bipolar C) cone D) amacrine
A
The posterior chamber of the eye is filled with (p. 262) A) aqueous humor B) the vitreous chamber C) endolymph D) perilymph
A
The primary renal site for the secretion of organic ions e.g urate, creatinine is : a) proximal tubule b) loop of Henle c) distal tubule d) collecting duct .
A
The sense of taste depends on stimulatory molecules binding with (p. 246) A) microvilli of receptor cells B) hair cells of the taste buds C) nerve endings in the tongue D) neurotransmitter receptor sites
A
The sensory hair cells of the cochlea organ of Corti are anchored on the (p. 257) A) basilar membrane B) vestibular membrane C) tectorial membrane D) tympanic membrane
A
In controlling the synthesis and secretion of aldosterone , which of the following factors is least important ? a) renin b) angiotensin II c) concentration of plasma Na+ d) concentration of plasma K+ e) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
E
In kidney nephron epithelial cells, __________ are moved by counter transport through the basal membrane in exchange for K+ ions. A) Ca2+ ions B) Cl- ions C) H+ ions D) Mg2+ ions E) Na+ ions
E
In kidney nephron epithelial cells, solutes are cotransported with A) Ca2+ ions. B) Cl- ions. C) K+ ions. D) Mg2+ ions. E) Na+ ions.
E
The hypothalamus will effect the release of ADH in response to all the following stimuli except : a) dehydration b) severe hemorrhage c) decreased blood osmolarity d) pain , anxiety , or surgical stress e) nicotine
E (nicotine doesn't affect ADH)
In males which hormone stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone?
LH (Luteinizing hormone)=produces sex hormones
Which if the following statements regarding normal urine are correct? Please select all that apply. a) The concentration of potassium in the urine is greater than that in plasma. b) The plasma concentration of calcium is greater than that of urine. c) Urine normally contains about 2 mmol l-1 of bicarbonate. d) Urine pH is normally greater than that of plasma. e) Urine normally contains no measurable quantity of protein.
A, B, E. If plasma pH is elevated (alkalaemia) then the kidneys will excrete bicarbonate so that urine pH rises. Urine pH is normally much lower than that of plasma and contains no bicarbonate.
Which of the following statements about renal function are correct? Please select all that apply. a) Following the intake of a large volume of water, a normal person can produce urine with an osmolality of less than 100 mosmol.kg-1. b) The renal medulla has an osmotic gradient that increases from the border with the cortex to the renal papilla. c) ADH is secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to a decrease in the osmolality of the blood. d) ADH acts on the collecting ducts to decrease their permeability to water.
A, B. ADH is secreted by the posterior pituitary in response to an increase in plasma osmolality. It acts on the collecting ducts to increase their permeability to water
The permeability (to water) of the distal tubule and the collecting duct is controlled by
ADH (vasopressin)
Short-loop negative feedback
AP hormone feeding back onto the hypothalamus
What gland is located just superior to the kidneys?
Adrenal
Which hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?
Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH), FSH, LH, TSH, GH, Prolactin
From which type of cell in the pancreas is glucagon secreted?
Alpha cells of islets of Langerhans
Angular acceleration of the body is detected primarily by the (p. 251) A) utricle B) semicircular canals C) organ of Corti D) saccule
B
Antidiuretic hormone is secreted in response to ... A. decreased blood glucose levels B. reduced plasma volume (dehydration) C. increased plasma volume (over hydration)
B
As blood passes along the glomerular capillaries from the afferent to efferent arteriole, the net filtration pressure (DP - Dp) A. increases B. decreases C. first decreases, reaches a minimum about half way along the capillary, then increases D. first increases, reaches a maximum about half way along the capillary, then decreases E. remains constant
B
During tubular reabsorption in the proximal tubule of the nephron, most solutes are moved across the apical membrane by __________ , and across the basal membrane by __________ . A) cotransport, cotransport B) cotransport, facilitated diffusion C) counter transport, cotransport D) facilitated diffusion, cotransport E) primary active transport, cotransport
B
Hydrogen ion (H+) is associated with which of the basic taste modalities? (p. 247) A) sweet B) sour C) salty D) bitter
B
Leptin acts to __________ appetite and melatonin acts to __________ the propensity for sleep. a. inhibit - inhibit b. inhibit - stimulate c. stimulate - inhibit d. stimulate - stimulate
B
Major determinants of plasma osmolarity include all the following except: a) sodium b) hemoglobin c) chloride d) albumin e) glucose
B
Olfaction (smell) differs from other sensory modalities because it (p. 248) A) does not transmit to the cerebral cortex but only to lower brain centers. B) does not transmit to the cerebral cortex via the thalamus C) can function as either an interoceptor or exteroceptor D) uses lateral inhibition
B
Receptors for steroid hormones are found _______. A. in the interstitial fluid B. in the cytoplasm of the cells of target tissues C. on nutrient molecules, such as glucose D. in the cell membranes of target tissues
B
Renal tubules are __________ permeable to urea than they are to water, therefore urea concentration in the tubules __________ . A) less, decreases B) less, increases C) more, decreases D) more, increases
B
Select the correct answer about proximal tubules : a) K+ is secreted in exchange with the Na+ which is reabsorbed under the effect of aldosterone b) glucose , amino acids & proteins are completely reabsorbed c) only 10% of the filtered water is reabsorbed d) parathormone increase phosphate reabsorption .
B
The basic purpose of all sense organs is to convert stimulus energy (for example, sound or light) into action potentials. Anything that converts one energy form into another like this is called a(n) ____. (p. 240) A) adapter B) transducer C) generator D) encoder
B
The glomerular filtration barrier is composed of all the following except : a) fenestrated capillary endothelium . b) macula densa . c) basement membrane . d) podocytes . e) mesangial cells .
B
The hormones released by the adrenal medulla are: A. aldosterone and androgens B. epinephrine and norepinephrine C. mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids D. cortisol and corticosterone
B
The major calyces of the kidney converge to form an enlarged channel called the A. renal fascia. B. renal pelvis. C. renal pyramids. D. renal papillae. E. renal sinus.
B
The most important effect of lateral inhibition is to (p. 245) A) enable two points of skin contact to be felt separately rather than as one. B) sharpen perception of the precise location of a stimulus. C) enable the brain to distinguish between one sensory modality and another. D) allow for stimulus intensity to be encoded in the firing frequency of a neuron
B
The release of hormones by endocrine cells alters the: A. anatomical boundary between the nervous and endocrine systems B. metabolic activities of many tissues and organs simultaneously C. rate at which chemical neurotransmitters are released D. very specific responses to environmental stimuli
B
The tuft of capillaries in the renal corpuscle is called the A) podocytes. B) glomerulus. C) calyx. D) renal pyramid. E) renal sinus.
B
The volume of plasma needed each minute to supply a substance at the rate at which it is excreted in the urine is known as the : a) diffusion constant of the substance b) clearance of the substance c) extraction ratio of the substance d) tubular mass of the substance e) filtration rate of the substance .
B
Tonic receptors provide information about the intensity of a stimulus through (p. 242) A) the duration of their response B) the frequency of their action potentials C) the amplitude of their action potentials D) their generator potentials
B
When light is absorbed by rod cells, all of the following events happen except (p. 270) A) retinene is converted form the 11-cis to the all-trans form. B) the rod cells become depolarized. C) the dark current of the rod cells is decreased. D) the bipolar cells are excited.
B
Which of the following statements about the pineal gland is incorrect? A. It is important in maintaining the circadian rhythms, or day-night cycles of an individual. B. It secretes androgens, along with the gonads. C. It produces melatonin. D. It is found in the diencephalon of the brain.
B
Which of the following statements regarding pituitary hormones is FALSE? A. The hypothalamus makes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone, which are transported to the posterior pituitary for storage. B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), released by the posterior pituitary, causes urine volume to increase as blood volume decreases. C. Luteinizing hormone, an anterior pituitary hormone, triggers ovulation of an egg from the ovary and causes the ruptured follicle to produce progesterone and some estrogens. D. Hyposecretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or luteinizing hormone (LH) leads to sterility in both males and females. E. Both the second and third choices are correct.
B
Which of the following does the adrenal cortex produce? (can be multiple) A) adrenaline B) aldosterone C) noradrenaline D) cortisol
B, D (catecholamines secreted by medulla)
How are lipophilic hormones transported
bound to carrier proteins (albumin is a common one)
Ammonia is an affective important urinary buffer for which of the following reasons : a) its production in the kidney decrease during chronic acidosis b) the walls of the renal tubules are impermeable to NH3 c) the walls of the renal tubules are impermeable to NH4 d) its acid base reaction has a low pKa e) none of the above .
C
As filtrate moves through the thin segment of the descending limb of the loop of Henle, water moves __________ the nephron, and solutes move __________ the nephron. A) into, into B) into, out of C) out of, into D) out of, out of
C
At which of these locations is the osmolality of the filtrate the highest? A) Bowman's capsule B) proximal tubule C) bottom of the loop of Henle D) distal tubule E) top of the collecting duct
C
Calcium level in the blood is regulated by the _______. A. testes B. parathyroid and thymus C. parathyroid and thyroid D. adrenal medulla and pancrea
C
The basic histological and functional unit of the kidney is the A) glomerulus. B) filtration membrane. C) nephron. D) podocyte. E) renal corpuscle.
C
The hormone synthesized from molecules of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the pineal gland is: A. melanocyte-stimulating hormone B. oxytocin C. melatonin D. pinealtonin
C
The hypothalamus has a profound effect on endocrine functions through the secretion of: A. neurotransmitters involved in reflex activity B. anterior and posterior pituitary hormones C. releasing and inhibiting hormones D. all of the above
C
The percentage of filtrate volume reabsorbed in the proximal tubule is A) 99%. B) 80%. C) 65%. D) 19%. E) 15%.
C
The term "renal autoregulation" refers in part to the fact that A. the kidney does not require blood flow to sustain its active transport B. the kidney contains baroreceptors (pressure receptors) that contribute to the regulation of cardiac output C. renal blood flow is relatively constant over a wide range of systemic arterial pressures D. renal blood flow is not affected by activation of the sympathetic nerves that innervate the kidney E. a combination of both C and D above
C
The two pairs of parathyroid glands are embedded in the: A. anterior surfaces of the thyroid glands B. anterior surfaces of the thyroid cartilage C. posterior surfaces of the thyroid glands D. lateral surfaces of the thyroid cartilage
C
The visible spectrum consists of wavelengths of light limited to the range of about (p. 261) A) 1010 to 1014 nanometers (nm) B) 104 to 106 nanometers (nm) C) 400 to 700 nanometers (nm) D) 100 to 300 nanometers (nm)
C
Steroid hormones are synthesized from
Cholesterol
The glomerular filtration rate will increase if : a) circulating blood volume increase . b) the afferent arteriolar resistance increases . c) the efferent arteriolar resistance decreases . d) the plasma protein concentration decreases .
D
What is used to make steroid hormones?
cholesterol
The greatest amount of hydrogen ion secreted by the proximal tubule is associated with : a) excretion of potassium ion b) excretion of hydrogen ion c) reabsorption of calcium ion d) reabsorption of bicarbonate ion e) reabsorption of phosphate ion
D
The hypothalamus is a major coordinating and control center because: A. it stimulates appropriate responses by peripheral target cells B. it stimulates responses to restore homeostasis C. it initiates endocrine and neural reflexes D. it contains autonomic centers and acts as an endocrine organ
D
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is formed where the __________ projects between the afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole next to Bowman's capsule. A) glomerulus B) arcuate arteries C) proximal tubule D) distal tubule E) collecting duct
D
The optic nerve and blood vessels exits the eye, and arteries enter it, at the (p. 263) A) optic chiasma B) macula C) fovea centralis D) optic disc
D
The protein hormone prolactin is involved with the: A. production of testosterone B. melanin synthesis C. labor contractions and milk ejection D. production of milk
D
The reason Braille can be read by blind people is that the raised dots are (p. 245) A) high enough to stimulate the pacinian corpuscles of the skin. B) close enough to cause lateral inhibition. C) close enough to come within the two-point touch threshold. D) sufficiently far apart to exceed the two-point touch threshold.
D
The two-point touch threshold test serves as a demonstration of (p. 245) A) lateral inhibition. B) the law of specific nerve energies. C) sensory adaptation. D) receptive fields.
D
Two terms that are paired incorrectly are _______. A. cortisol-adrenal cortex B. tetany-parathyroids C. calcitonin-thyroid D. corticosteroid-adrenal medulla
D
Which of the following is the stimulus for increased secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)? A. increase blood plasma osmolality above normal B. decrease blood plasma osmolality below normal C. increase systemic arterial pressure D. increase venous blood volume and atrial pressure E. increase cardiac contractility (force of contraction)
D
Meissner corpuscle
flutter, stroking movement
Accessory visual functions
functions of the eye that can occur without rods and cones (pupillary reflex, masking etc)
AP made of ________
glandular tissue
An enlargement of the thyroid gland is the condition known as _______.
goiter
Where are ADH and oxytocin produced?
hypothalamus (stored and released from posterior pituitary)
The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is __________ to water.
impermeable
Where are posterior pituitary hormones made?
in the hypothalamus (in the cell bodies of magnoneurons--axons project down to PP)
Aldosterone in kidney
increases number of Na/K ATPase pumps in the membrane=more sodium reabsorption
Beta 2 catecholamine receptor
inhibitory effect on smooth muscle (dilates)
The beta cells in the pancreas secrete which hormone?
insulin
What element is a necessary part of thyroid hormone structure?
iodine (T3=3 iodines vs T4=4 iodines)
PP made of _________
nervous tissue
When is melatonin released?
night
How does alkalosis affect the nervous system
overexcitability of nervous system
The hormone that stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle in the uterus is _______.
oxytocin
What is made in paraventricular nucleus
oxytocin
The posterior pituitary stores and releases _______.
oxytocin, vasopressin (ADH)
Where is leptin produced
peptide hormone produced in WHITE ADIPOSE tissue
The part of a nephron between Bowman's capsule and the loop of Henle is the
proximal tubule
What does leptin do?
reduce appetite
The hormones produced by the pancreatic islets that regulate blood glucose concentrations are: A. leptin and resistin B. cortisol and androgens C. calcitonin and calcitriol D. insulin and glucagon
D (insulin=beta cells, glucagon=alpha cells)
The bone attached to the medial side of the tympanic membrane, is the (p. 254) A) stapes B) incubus C) incus D) malleus
D (stapes attached to oval window, so it goes malleus, incus, stapes)
Cortisol acts to __________ glycogenesis and __________ gluconeogenesis (creation of glucose from smaller molecules). a. inhibit, inhibit b. inhibit, stimulate c. stimulate, inhibit d. stimulate, stimulate
D. Cortisol=preparing body. so u want to increase blood sugar immediately but also increase ur stores (glycogenesis)
Ruffini corpuscle
skin stretch
Delta cells in pancreas produce ________, F cells in pancreas produce _________
somatostatin, polypeptide (go into GUT)
Merkel receptor
steady pressure, texture
What does hormone-target specificity depend on?
the RECEPTORS
What does leptin monitor?
the amount of energy stored in body as fat
2 portal systems in body
the one in the kidney, hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
Name the gland that is located at the base of the throat, just inferior to the laryngeal prominence ("Adam's apple").
thyroid
Which gland controls basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
thyroid
T3 and T4 are secreted from
thyroid follicles
Circadian clock is reset on daily basis. how?
triggered by light going into the retina, glutamate released as neurotransmitter
What is made in supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus
vasopressin (ADH)
Pacinian corpuscle
vibration
When does a goiter occur
when there is no iodine in the diet
MRFG SGA
zones of kidney cortex (inside to out): reticularis produces sex hormones, fasciculata produces glucocorticoids, glomerulosa produces aldosterone
Which two groups of hormones are lipophilic?
Steroids, thyroid hormones
Given these parts of a nephron: 1. renal corpuscle 2. collecting duct 3. loop of Henle 4. distal tubule 5. proximal tubule Arrange the parts in order as fluid flows from the filtration membrane through the nephron.
1, 5, 3, 4, 2
Given these vessels: 1. arcuate vein 2. afferent arteriole 3. efferent arteriole 4. interlobular vein 5. peritubular capillaries Arrange the vessels in the order in which a drop of blood from the interlobular artery passes through them.
2, 3, 5, 4, 1
Most of the glucose that is filtered through the glomerulus undergoes reabsorption in the : a) proximal tubule b) descending limp of the loop of Henle c) ascending limb of the loop of Henle d) distal tubule e) collecting duct
A
Of the filtrate that enters the nephron, about what percent is reabsorbed during urine formation?
99%
A decrease in plasma proteins results in A) decreased colloid osmotic pressure. B) increased colloid osmotic pressure. C) increased glomerular capillary pressure. D) decreased filtration pressure. E) increased tubular reabsorption.
A
A zone of the skin where stimulation generates action potentials in a particular sensory neuron is called that neuron's ____. (p. 244) A) receptive field B) sensory domain C) stimulus modality D) projection area
A
All the following statements are true of the H+ secreted into the lumen of the distal nephron except : a)can combine with NH4+ b) can combine with HCO3 c) can combine with HPO d) can remains as free H e) is secreted by an H+ ATPase pump
A
Amino acids are almost completely reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate via active transport in the: a) proximal tubule b) loop of Henle c) distal tubule d) collecting duct e) renal pelvis
A
Collectively, the capillary epithelium, basement membrane, and podocytes form the A) filtration membrane. B) glomerulus. C) juxtamedullary nephron. D) nephron. E) renal corpuscle.
A
Endocrine secretions from which of the following adrenal regions would increase levels of sodium ions retained at the kidney? A. zona glomerulosa B. adrenal medulla C. zona fasciculata D. zona reticularis
A
In the proximal tubule, penicillin is A. actively secreted into the tubule B. actively reabsorbed from the tubule C. passively reabsorbed from the tubule D. metabolized by the tubule cells E. neither secreted nor reabsorbed nor metabolized
A
K+ excretion is markedly influenced by : a) aldosterone b) amount of Na+ delivered to tubules c) rate of tubular secretion of H+ d) all of the above .
A
Louder sounds are discriminated from quieter sounds on the basis of (p. 258) A) how much the stereocilia of the hair cells are bent. B) how often the stereocilia of the hair cells are bent. C) which region of the organ of Corti vibrates the most. D) how many hair cells respond to the stimulus.
A
Regarding the regulation of plasma sodium: a) Macula densa cells secrete renin when plasma sodium is low b) Angiotensin II is formed from renin by the action of an enzyme found on the endothelium of the pulmonary blood vessels c) The uptake of sodium ions is regulated by the proximal tubule d) Sodium transport by the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle occurs by the same mechanism as that of the proximal tubule
A. Renin is secreted by the cells of the macula densa in response to low sodium in the fluid of the distal tubules. Renin is an enzyme that converts circulating angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is converted to angiotensin II in the lungs by angiotensin converting enzyme. Sodium balance is regulated by the distal tubules. Sodium uptake by the proximal tubules is obligatory. Sodium transport by the thick limb of the loop of Henle occurs via an electroneutral symporter that transports sodium, potassium and chloride.
Which two groups of hormones are hydrophilic?
Peptides, catecholamines
In which of the following fluids is the pH highest (most alkaline)? (Assume the person is normal.) A. systemic arterial blood plasma B. systemic venous blood plasma C. urine D. all of the above, since pH is normally of the same for all E. A and B above, since blood plasma pH is relatively uniform
A. Systemic arterial blood has a higher (more alkaline) pH than systemic venous blood because of the CO2 added by metabolizing cells as blood passes through the systemic vascular beds. Urine is generally more acid than plasma because of the necessity of excreting the excess fixed (non-volatile) acids created by metabolism
Regarding the glomerular filtration rate (GFR): a) The GFR depends on the pressure in the afferent arterioles b) A substance that has a clearance less than the GFR must have been secreted by the renal tubules c) The glomerular filtration rate can be determined by measuring the clearance of insulin d) The glomerular filtrate has the same composition as plasma
A. The GFR can be determined by measuring the clearance of the plant polysaccharide inulin or by the creatinine clearance. For a healthy young adult it is around 120 ml min-1. A clearance lower than the GFR implies that the substance must have been reabsorbed by the renal tubules. The glomerular filtrate differs in composition from the plasma because it has little or no protein.
Which is a more sensitive measure of thyroid function? A. thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) B. Free T4 C. Free T3
A. The adequate amount of free T3 and T4 in the blood varies significantly between patients. As a result the TSH value provides a sensitive indicator of whether a patients individual thyroid hormone levels are adequate for them. If a patient has the correct amount of T3 & T4, their TSH value will be normal. However if the TSH is high or low it suggests that the level of thyroid hormones is not currently at the correct level for that patient. TSH is therefore an incredibly useful indicator when a patient has hypothyroidism and requires thyroxine. By monitoring the TSH value you can adjust the dose until TSH normalises, at which point you can be confident you are providing the patient with the correct amount of thyroid hormones.
The rate of water reabsorption from the proximal tubule is determined primarily by the A. rate of dissolved particle (solute) reabsorption from the proximal tubule B. concentration of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) in the blood C. osmotic pressure developed by plasma proteins in the proximal tubule D. active transport of water molecules by the proximal tubule cells E. passive filtration due to the high hydrostatic pressure in the proximal tubule
A. The proximal tubule is very permeable to water, so water reabsorption follows solute (dissolved particle) reabsorption
The ability of the kidney to excrete a concentrated urine will increase if: a) the permeability of the proximal tubule to water decreases . b) the rate of blood flow through the medulla decreases . c) the rate of flow through the loop of Henle increases . d) the activity of the Na-K pump in the loop of Henle decreases e) the permeability of the collecting duct to water decreases .
B (Conditions that decrease medullary blood flow, such as volume depletion, improve urine concentrating ability and the efficiency of countercurrent exchange by allowing more time for blood in the ascending vasa recta to lose solute and achieve osmotic equilibration)
Renal correction of acute hyperkalemia will result in : a) alkalosis b) acidosis c) increased secretion of HCO3- d) increased secretion of H+ e) increased secretion of Na+
B (Explanation given: 1) more K+is being excreted while H+ is being conserved in the DCT 2)Involves the aldosterone-mediated K+/H+ pump, so the body would not pull back K+ and would therefore hold onto H+...it would not be able to regenerate HCO3- and would develop acidosis.)
Which one of the following statements about aldosterone is correct? a) it produces its effect by activating C-AMP . b) it produces its effect by increasing membrane permeability to potassium c) it causes an increased reabsorption of hydrogen ion. d) it has its main effect on the proximal tubule . e) it is secreted in response to an increase in blood pressure .
B (aldosterone makes more sodium-potassium pumps)
An increase in the concentration of plasma potassium causes increase in: a) release of renin b) secretion of aldosterone c) secretion of ADH d) release of natriuretic hormone e) production of angiotensin II
B (bc u want more sodium reabsorption, potassium is a good tracker for this bc of sodium-potassium pump)
Three of the following are structural components of the fourth, which is the (p. 250) A) cochlea B) inner ear C) organ of Corti D) otolith organs
B (inner ear contains the other 3)
The function of the lens of the eye is to (p. 263) A) serve as the major site of refraction of light rays. B) make minor adjustments to the refraction of light rays. C) control the amount of light entering the eye. D) All of these are functions of the lens.
B (major refraction is in cornea)
About urea , all are true except : a) concentration rises in tubular fluid as the glomerular filtrate passes down the nephron. b) is actively secreted by the renal tubular cells c) concentration in the blood rises slightly after a high protein diet d) causes osmotic diuresis when its blood concentration is increased .
B (not actively secreted)
The ammonium (NH4+) ion that may be present in urine is produced by A. breakdown of urea in the liver B. metabolism of amino acid in the renal tubule and collecting duct C. aerobic carbohydrate metabolism D. glycolytic pathways during anaerobic metabolism E. gluconeogenesis during starvation
B (this probably won't be on the test, but i know we did mention ammonium!)
Which of the following does not belong with the rest? (p. 254) A) malleus B) utricle C) stapes D) incus
B (utricle is not in middle ear)
Drinking which of the following would lead to the highest rate of ADH secretion and release? A. two liters of distilled water B. two liters of sea water (mainly hyperosmotic saline) C. two liters of iso-osmotic (isotonic) saline D. two liters of human blood plasma E. none of the above, since drinking two liters of any liquid leads to inhibition of ADH release
B. Drinking two liters of sea water would increase extracellular osmolality, thus stimulating hypothalamic osmoreceptors and leading to a greater increase of ADH release than drinking two liters of the other solutions indicated
Concerning the excretion of acid by the kidneys: a) The filtered bicarbonate is absorbed by anion transport b) The intercalated cells of the distal tubule secrete hydrogen ions to reabsorb bicarbonate from the tubular fluid c) All of the filtered bicarbonate is normally reabsorbed in the first half of the distal tubule. d) Urine pH is normally greater than that of plasma
B. Filtered bicarbonate is reabsorbed following hydrogen ion secretion by the renal tubules. This converts the bicarbonate to carbonic acid, which dissociates to form water and CO2, both of which pass across the apical membrane of the tubular cells before reforming bicarbonate ions. Most of the filtered bicarbonate is reabsorbed in the first half of the proximal tubule. Urine pH is normally less than that of plasma.
Which of these conditions increases the amount of urine produced? A) increased ADH secretion B) increased atrial natriuretic hormone secretion C) increased aldosterone secretion D) decreased blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries E) sympathetic stimulation of the renal arteries
B. Increased atrial natriuretic hormone secretion would increase the amount of urine produced as it inhibits ADH secretion and Na+ ion reabsorption at the kidneys.
What kind of light are photoreceptor cells most responsive to?
BLUE light (go royals)
Corticosteroids are hormones produced and secreted by the: A. cortex of the cerebral hemisphere B. somatosensory cortex of the cerebrum C. cortex of the adrenal glands D. medulla of the adrenal glands
C
Drinking vodka (a beverage with a high ethanol content, for those of you unfamiliar with this substance) would be expected to cause excretion of a A. large volume of concentrated urine B. small volume of concentrated urine C. large volume of dilute urine D. small volume of dilute urine E. normal volume of urine of normal osmolality
C
H+ secretion in the distal nephron is enhanced by all the following except : a) an increase in the level of plasma aldosterone b) an increase in the tubular luminal concentration of poorly reabsorbable anions c) hyperkalemia d) metabolic acidosis e) respiratory acidosis
C
Hypothyroidism, myxedema, and goiter may result from an inadequate amount of: A. magnesium and zinc B. sodium and calcium C. dietary iodide D. salt in the diet
C
In the presence of ADH, The distal nephron is least permeable to : a) water . b) ammonia . c) urea . d) sodium . e) carbon dioxide.
C
Juxtaglomerular cells (granular cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus) secrete A) ADH. B) oxytocin. C) renin. D) aldosterone. E) angiotensin
C
Most hormones of the endocrine system are regulated by a _______. A. hormone-receptor complex B. positive feedback mechanism C. negative feedback mechanism D. hormone-gene complex
C
One of the major effects of ANP produced by the heart is that it: A. promotes water retention at the kidneys B. assists with the production of red blood cells C. decreases thirst D. constricts peripheral blood vessels
C
Receptors in the muscles, tendons, and joints that inform the brain of the position and movements of the body parts, are functionally known as (p. 240) A) nocioceptors B) cutaneous receptors C) proprioceptors D) exteroreceptors
C
Significant buffers for hydrogen ions generated in the body from anaerobic metabolism include all the following except : a) extracellular bicarbonate b) plasma proteins c) plasma lactate d) inorganic phosphate e) intracellular proteins
C
Hair cells are involved in all of the following receptors except (p. 247) A) semicircular canals B) the cochlea C) taste buds D) the utricle
C (they have microvilli)
Urea has a higher concentration in the fluid that leaves the proximal tubule (and enters the loop of Henle) than in blood plasma because A. urea is synthesized by proximal tubule cells B. urea is secreted into the proximal tubule C. urea is reabsorbed from the proximal tubule but at a lesser rate that water is reabsorbed D. urea diffuses back into the proximal tubule because of the high urea concentration in the renal medulla E. urea is actively transported into Bowman's capsule from the glomerular capillaries
C
Which of the following is not an effect of thyroid hormones on peripheral tissues? A. elevating levels of oxygen consumption and energy consumption B. stimulation of the formation of red blood cells C. maturation of lymphocytes D. increasing heart rate and force of contraction
C
Which of the following would not be characterized as an endocrine-controlled process? A. puberty B. maintenance of reproductive abilities in a female until menopause C. the constriction of the iris muscles when a bright light is shined in the eye D. pregnancy
C
he reason there are three bones (ossicles) between the tympanic membrane and inner ear is (p. 255) A) three are needed to span the distance across the middle ear cavity. B) the leverage provided by them amplifies the sound to the inner ear. C) when necessary, these bones can reduce sound intensity to the inner ear. D) so they can produce enough force to move the endolymph of the cochlea.
C
Deep pressure on the skin is sensed by (p. 243) A) free nerve endings B) Meissner's corpuscles C) pacinian corpuscles D) Merkel's discs
C (deep pressure and fast vibrations)
The bending of stereocilia away from the direction of the kinocilium of a hair cell causes (p. 250) A) nystagmus B) vertigo C) hyperpolarization D) receptor potentials
C (going towards=depolarization)
Fasting will lead to ____________ growth hormone secretion and ____________ free somatomedin levels a. decreased, decreased b. decreased, increased c. increased, decreased d. increased, increased
C (growth hormone breaks down glycogen--necessary when fasting, but somatomedin just decreases for some reason)
When a person is dehydrated, hypotonic fluid will be found in the: a) glomerular filtrate . b) proximal tubule . c) loop of Henle . d) distal convoluted tubule . e) collecting duct .
C (hypotonic=lower osmotic pressure)
More hydrogen is secreted in : a) alkalosis b) administration of diamox c) hypokalemia d) hyperventilation
C (potassium and acid-base are closely related. Hypokalemia causes potassium to move from cells into the extracellular fluid, and this transcellular potassium flux is accompanied by movement of hydrogen ions from the extracellular fluid into cells to maintain electroneutrality. The movement of hydrogen into the cells increases the plasma bicarbonate concentration and simultaneously lowers the intracellular pH. The ensuing intracellular acidosis in renal tubular cells promotes hydrogen secretion and therefore bicarbonate reabsorption.)
The cutaneous senses would include all of the following except (p. 240) A) pressure B) heat C) odor D) touch
C (special sense)
Which of the following statements regarding the function of the renal tubules are correct? Please select all that apply. a) Plasma potassium is regulated by the sodium pump activity of the proximal tubules. b) Calcium absorption by the distal tubules is decreased by parathyroid hormone. c) Phosphate absorption by the proximal tubule is regulated by parathyroid hormone. d) The intercalated cells of the distal tubule secrete hydrogen ions to reabsorb bicarbonate from the tubular fluid. e) Without the buffering action of phosphate, the kidneys would be able to excrete less than 1 mmole of hydrogen ions each day.
C, D, E. Plasma potassium is regulated by the activity of the cells of the distal tubule. Calcium absorption by the cells of the distal tubule is increased by parathyroid hormone. This hormone also acts on the cells of the proximal tubule to regulate phosphate uptake.
Calcitonin is released from
C-cells between follicles in the thyroid
An increase in secretion of renin would be expected to have what effect on sodium excretion and potassium excretion in urine? A. increase in Na+ excretion and increase K+ excretion B. increase in Na+ excretion and decrease K+ excretion C. decrease in Na+ excretion and increase K+ excretion D. decrease in Na+ excretion and decrease K+ excretion E. decrease in Na+ excretion but no effect on K+ excretion
C. Increased renin will eventually result in a rise in aldosterone, which increases Na-K pumping (antiport) in the renal distal tubule and collecting duct. Thus, Na reabsorption will increase (reduce excretion) and K secretion will increase (increase excretion)
Suppose a person loses the function of half his nephrons because of renal degenerative disease. Assuming the person survives and reaches a new steady state and that body urea production remains normal, which of the following would be expected to decrease below normal? A. plasma urea concentration B. renal urea excretion C. renal urea clearance D. urine urea concentration E. all of the above
C. Less urea would be cleared because less urea is be filtered. The reduced filtration would cause blood urea concentration to rise until the amount of urea excreted was equal to the amount of urea produced by protein metabolism even with the reduced plasma clearance
What happens when there is no iodine
Can't produce thyroid hormone, continual production of TSH which overstimulates thyroid and it gets enlarged=goiter
Regarding the renal circulation a) The kidneys receive about 10% of the resting cardiac output b) As cardiac output increases during exercise renal blood flow rises c) Renal blood flow is maintained within narrow limits despite changes in arterial blood pressure d) Increased activity in the renal sympathetic nerves results in increased blood flow to the kidney
C. The kidneys receive around 20% of the resting cardiac output. In exercise, the blood flow is distributed away from the renal and splanchnic circulations, so renal blood flow falls. The blood flow to the kidneys is maintained within narrow limits despite changes in arterial pressure. This is known as autoregulation. Increased activity in the renal sympathetic nerves decreases renal blood flow (the sympathetic nerves have a vasoconstrictor action).
About the proximal convoluted tubules , all are true except : a) reabsorb most of Na+ ions in glomerular filtrate b) reabsorb most of Cl- ions in glomerular filtrate c) reabsorb most of K+ ions in glomerular filtrate d) contains JGCs which secrete renin
D
All of these compounds are reabsorbed from the filtrate back into the blood EXCEPT A) amino acids. B) fructose. C) Na+ ions.. D) penicillin. E) Ca2+ ions.
D
An increase in the osmolarity of the extracellular compartment will: a) stimulate the volume and osmoreceptors , and inhibit ADH secretion b) inhibit the volume and osmoreceptors , and stimulate ADH secretion . c) inhibit the volume and osmoreceptors , and inhibit ADH secretion d) stimulate the volume and osmoreceptors , and stimulate ADH secretion. e) cause no change in ADH secretion
D
As fluid passes along a juxtamedullary nephron, where is its osmolality (total concentration of dissolved particles) lowest? (Note: assume a normal concentration of circulating ADH.) A. Bowman's capsule (glomerular filtrate) B. fluid leaving the proximal tubule and entering the loop of Henle C. fluid leaving the descending thin limb and entering the ascending thin limb of the loop of Henle D. fluid leaving the thick ascending segment of the loop of Henle and entering the distal tubule E. fluid leaving the collecting ducts (urine)
D
Different groups of cone cells are specialized for absorption in all the following regions of the visible spectrum except (p. 271) A) green B) red C) blue D) yellow
D
One of the two hormones made by the pituitary that help regulate reproductive cells is luteinizing hormone. The other hormone is _______.
FSH
Endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands in that _______. A. endocrine glands are formed by epithelial tissue, but exocrine glands are primarily connective tissue B. endocrine glands are all interconnected, whereas exocrine glands act completely independently C. endocrine glands release hormones, whereas exocrine glands release waste D. endocrine glands are ductless and exocrine glands release secretions at the body's surface or into ducts
D
Extracellular bicarbonate ions serve as effective buffer for all the following except : a) sulfuric acid b) phosphate acid c) lactic acid d) carbonic acid e) ß- hydroxybutyric acid
D
Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds each kidney is the A. cortex. B. hilum. C. medulla. D. renal capsule. E. renal pyramids.
D
Glomerular filtration rate would be increased by : a) constriction of the afferent arteriole b) a decrease in afferent arteriolar pressure c) compression of the renal capsule d) a decrease in the concentration of plasma protein e) a decrease in renal blood flow
D
In the distal tubules, sodium reabsorption is increased directly by increased : a) sympathetic nerve stimulation of the kidney . b) atrial natriuretic hormone secretion . c) antidiuretic hormone secretion . d) aldosterone secretion e) angiotensin secretion .
D
Nerve impulses from the cochlea arrive first in the ____ before projecting to any other part of the brain for interpretation. (p. 259) A) auditory cortex B) thalamus C) inferior colliculus D) medulla oblongata
D
Of the four basic taste modalities, the one most limited to the tip of the tongue is (p. 247) A) bitter B) sour C) salty D) sweet
D
Response patterns in the endocrine system are particularly effective in: A. crisis management B. the release of chemical neurotransmitters C. coordinating cell tissue and organ activities on a sustained long-term basis D. rapid short-term specific responses
D
Rods and cones are sensory cells that respond to light are known functionally, as (p. 240) A) mechanoreceptors B) thermoreceptors C) nocioceptors D) photoreceptors
D
The amino acid derivative hormone epinephrine is responsible for: A. glycogen breakdown B. release of lipids by adipose tissues C. increased cardiac activity D. all of the above
D
The amount of potassium excreted by the kidney will decrease if : a)distal tubular flow increases b)circulating aldosterone level increase c) dietary intake of potassium increase d)Na+ reabsorption by the distal nephron decreases e) the excretion of organic ions increase .
D
The cone photoreceptor neurons serve all of the following functions except (p. 268) A) vision at normal daylight intensities B) sharply detailed vision C) color vision D) a high degree of light sensitivity
D
Regarding the transport of glucose by the renal tubules: a) In a healthy person, the distal tubules reabsorb all of the filtered glucose b) Glucose is secreted into the urine in small quantities c) The transport maximum for glucose is about 36 mg min-1 d) Glucose transport by the renal tubules is linked to sodium transport.
D. Glucose is reabsorbed by the proximal tubule. It is not secreted by the renal tubules. The transport maximum for glucose in a normal healthy young adult is around 360 mg min-1.
An individual hoping for an LSD "acid high" mistakenly gives himself an intravenous injection of hydrochloric acid. The responses of his body which attempt to compensate for this ignorance of physiology include all of the following except A. hyperventilation B. increase in the acid form of the blood fixed buffers C. decrease in blood bicarbonate ion concentration D. increase in urine bicarbonate ion excretion E. increase in urine ammonium ion excretion
D. Renal compensation for acidosis involves bicarbonate reabsorption, not bicarbonate excretion.
Regarding the control of water balance by the kidneys: a) The renal medulla has an osmotic gradient that decreases from the border with the cortex to the renal papilla b) ADH is secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to a decrease in the osmolality of the blood c) A normal person cannot produce urine with an osmolality greater than 300 mOsmol.kg-1 d) ADH acts on the P cells of the collecting ducts to increase their permeability to water
D. The osmotic gradient of the renal medulla increases from the border with the renal cortex to the renal papillae. ADH is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland in response to an increase in plasma osmolality. A normal healthy adult can produce urine with an osmolality in excess of 1000 mOsmol kg-1
Sodium is actively reabsorbed from the renal tubule in which of the following nephron segments? A. proximal tubule B. distal tubule C. thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle D. all of the above E. none of the above
D. not actively reabsorbed in ascending or descending THIN Loop of Henle
Angiotensin II causes A) increased ADH secretion. B) increased thirst. C) increased salt appetite. D) increased peripheral resistance. E) all of these
E
Drinking a large amount of beer results in A) increased aldosterone secretion. B) increased permeability of the collecting ducts of the nephrons. C) decreased urine osmolality. D) increased urine volume. E) both c and d
E
The appearance of large amounts of ammonium ion (NH4+) in the urine is characteristic of the renal response to A. respiratory acidosis B. respiratory alkalosis C. acidosis resulting from pancreatic diabetes D. alkalosis resulting from gastric vomiting E. both A and C above
E. Renal compensation for acidosis, of both respiratory and metabolic origin (assuming the metabolic acidosis is not due to renal pathology), involves synthesis of NH3 and subsequent excretion of NH4+.
The nerves that innervate the kidney are essential for regulating which of the following? A. Na-K-ATPase active transport pump rate B. renal autoregulation of blood flow C. urine volume and tonicity (osmolality) D. all of the above E. none of the above
E. not essential for anything, although they do influence kidney physiology
Which hypothalamic hormone binds to the pituitary and stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)?
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone
Long-loop negative feedback
Hormone from peripheral endocrine gland feeding back onto AP and hypothalamus
Which one of the following is the main function of aldosterone? -Increase blood volume -Decrease blood volume
Increase in blood volume
The countercurrent multiplier mechanism of the nephron is in the _________?
Loop of Henle and vasa recta
are the only photoreceptive cells rods and cones?
NO! 2% of RGCs are also intrinsically photoreceptive
The two regulatory systems of the body are the endocrine system and the _______.
Nervous
Are hormones released continuously?
No, pulsatile and circadian
Which hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?
Oxytocin, vasopressin
Where is somatostatin produced
Pancreas and hypothalamus (also known as growth hormone inhibiting hormone)
Production pathway of a peptide hormone
Rough ER ---> prepropeptide --> propeptide ---> goes in vesicle to Golgi apparatus ---> propeptide is cleaved into peptide within vesicle --> released from cell through exocytosis
2% of RGCs go where?
SCN
How is melatonin synthesis controlled?
SCN in hypothalamus receives light information and then info sent to spinal cord, then to symp nervous system, then to pineal body-->triggers melatonin synthesis
What is the major circadian clock
SCN of hypothalamus
What is the main function of parathyroid hormone?
The regulation of calcium and phosphate
The movement of substances from the filtrate back into the blood of the peritubular capillaries is called
Tubular reabsorption
Active transport of substances from the blood into the nephron is called
Tubular secretion
The __________ are specialized portions of the peritubular capillaries that extend deep into the medulla of the kidney.
Vasa recta
What is melanopsin?
a "new" photopigment, found in 2% RGCs, can convert light into information
Tyrosine is the backbone for:
catecholamines and thyroid hormones
How does acidosis affect the nervous system
depression of CNS
Melatonin functions
encodes night length, helps u sleep, regulates season changes, circadian clock, maternal-fetal cues
Beta 1 catecholamine receptor
excitatory effects on cardiac muscle (increased heart rate)
alpha catecholamine receptor
excitatory effects on smooth muscle (constricts)
The clusters of cells in the pancreas that produce hormones are the _______.
islet of Langerhans
The hormone involved in rhythmic activities, such as day/night and seasonal changes, is _______.
melatonin
