Physio Psych Quiz #3

A diurnal animal will likely feed during the A) daytime B) nighttime. C) period just before dusk. D) daytime and nighttime.

A

A lesion made to the reticular formation will result in a cortical EEG pattern of A) sustained sleep B) intense arousal. C) arousal and sleep in alternating periods. D) intense seizure activity.

A

A patient enters the ER after a near-drowning episode. He was without oxygen for a significant period of time, and an MRI scan showed bilateral damage to the border between the occipital and temporal lobes. Which symptom would you expect this patient to display? A) The inability to name common objects or familiar people B) The inability to follow a laser pointer moving on a screen C) The inability to differentiate between red and green D) The presence of a scotoma in both the right and left visual field

A

Among mammals, color vision is A) weak in some primate species B) trichromatic in some Carnivora. C) usually stronger in nocturnal than in diurnal species of the same family. D) completely lacking in some species.

A

Cones in the retina form synapses with which of the following cell types? A) Bipolar cells B) Amacrine cells C) Ganglion cells D) Horizontal cells

A

Inhibitors of the neurotransmitter _______ cause the pupil of the eye to _______. A) ACh; dilate B) norepinephrine; constrict C) serotonin; constrict D) GABA; dilate

A

Nocturnal animals are usually asleep during the A) daytime B) nighttime. C) period just before dusk. D) period just before dawn.

A

Simple cortical visual cells are most likely to be activated by A) bars of a particular width, orientation, and location in the visual field B) movement of a bar or edge. C) a boundary between two hues. D) biologically relevant information.

A

The _______ is (are) primarily responsible for refracting light to form an image on the retina. A) cornea B) lens C) pupil D) extraocular muscles

A

The characteristic EEG recording obtained from subjects who are relaxed with their eyes closed is called the A) alpha B) beta. C) delta. D) gamma.

A

The cortical EEG pattern of the isolated forebrain animal is characterized by A) sustained SWS. B) ongoing arousal. C) alternating periods of arousal and sleep D) intense seizure activity.

A

The genes for the wavelength-sensitive pigments in visual receptors are found on the _______ chromosome. This is the reason that "color blindness" is more prevalent in _______. A) X; men B) Y; men C) X; women D) Y; women

A

The incidence of insomnia is greatest in _______ in general, and in both men and women in _______. A) women; the later stages of life B) men; the later stages of life C) women; middle age D) men; middle age

A

The pattern of sleep in elderly people is characterized by increases in A) awakenings B) stage 2 sleep. C) stage 3 sleep. D) REM sleep.

A

The phenomenon of adaptation refers to A) the constantly changing sensitivity of photoreceptors to light in order to match illumination levels B) the capacity of many photoreceptor cells to send signals to a single cell. C) the sensitization of photoreceptors to light levels that are constant. D) increases in the number of rods in response to increased length of time in darkness.

A

The process that acts to enhance the boundaries of visual objects is called A) lateral inhibition B) edge detection. C) spatial frequency filtration. D) spectral opponency.

A

The sleep of dolphins and some birds is similar in that both display A) unilateral sleep B) only SWS. C) erratic circadian rhythms. D) only REM sleep.

A

The ventral stream system of visual processing is said to specialize in processing information about A) "what" B) "how." C) "when." D) "where."

A

Visual acuity is best in the region of the retina called the A) fovea B) optic disc. C) lens. D) iris.

A

Which hormone has been especially implicated in informing the brain about daylight? A) Melatonin B) Serotonin C) Melanopsin D) Tryptophan

A

Which statement about color perception is true? A) The trichromatic hypothesis is supported at the level of the retina B) The opponent-process hypothesis is consistent with current research on cones. C) Spectrally opponent cells are found only in the eye. D) Research has largely refuted both the opponent-process and the trichromatic theories of color perception.

A

_______ light and _______ convergence are properties of the scotopic system, whereas _______ light and _______ convergence are properties of the photopic system. A) Dim; high; bright; low B) Dim; low; bright; high C) Bright; high; dim; low D) Bright; low; dim; high

A

A scientist wants to conduct a study in which an animal brain is transected but REM sleep could continue to be measured in the cerebral cortex. Which region must remain connected to the cortex? A) Basal forebrain B) Optic chiasm C) Spinal cord D) Pons

D

If you recall a vivid dream as you wake up, you likely to have been in _______ sleep just before awakening. A) stage 1 B) stage 2 C) stage 3 D) REM

D

In the monkey LGN, 70-80% of the cells are spectrally opponent, while very few spectrally opponent cells are found in the cat LGN. This may be the reason that monkeys A) cannot detect the color of rapidly-moving objects, while cats can. B) cannot distinguish black and white as well as cats can. C) cannot distinguish bright colors as well as cats can. D) can distinguish colors easily, while cats cannot

D

In the typical sleep pattern of healthy adults, the first REM period of the night may last a few minutes while the last REM period may last A) less than a few seconds. B) less than 1 minute. C) up to 15 minutes. D) up to 40 minutes

D

Nightmares are associated with ______ sleep. A) stage 1 B) stage 2 C) stage 3 D) REM

D

Prolonged sleep deprivation (around 8 days) can lead to all of the following except A) hallucinations and disorientation. B) difficulty concentrating. C) increases in irritability. D) a strengthened immune system

D

REM behavior disorder (RBD) may be reduced by drugs that A) relax the body. B) prevent REM sleep. C) prevent stage 3 sleep (SWS) D) reduce anxiety

D

Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is characterized by A) the periodic appearance of spindles. B) low-voltage, high-frequency scalp EEG activity. C) slow waves with a frequency of 10 Hz. D) large-amplitude delta waves

D

The _______ hypothesis proposed that there are separate receptors in the retina sensitive to blue, green, and red. A) opponent-process B) spectrally opponent C) dichromatic D) trichromatic

D

The _______ model of vision proposes that the visual system analyzes the number of cycles of light-dark (or color) patches in any stimulus. A) topographic projection B) lateral inhibition C) grandmother cell D) spatial-frequency

D

The bipolar cells of the retina have contacts with the _______ cells. A) amacrine B) ganglion C) receptor D) all of the above

D

The blind spot in our visual field is created by _______ at the _______. A) densely packed cones; lens B) fewer rods; fovea C) thicker photoreceptors; optic nerve D) a lack of photoreceptors; optic disc

D

The brightest light we can see is about _______ times as intense as the dimmest light we can see. A) 100,000 B) 10 million C) 1 billion D) 10 billion

D

The domestic cat is classified as a(n) A) excellent trichromat. B) robust dichromat. C) feeble trichromat. D) feeble dichromat.

D

The dorsal stream system of visual processing is said to specialize in processing information about A) "what." B) "who." C) "when." D) "where."

D

The human visual system A) can only detect high frequency, short wavelengths. B) can only detect low frequency, long wavelengths. C) detects all wavelengths. D) detects light within a narrow range of the electromagnetic range

D

The large proportion of _______ sleep seen in infancy suggests it is necessary for nervous system maturation. A) stage 1 B) stage 2 C) stage 3 D) REM

D

The process by which an animal slowly shifts its circadian rhythm to synchronize with the time of sunrise each day is called A) period adjustment. B) zeitgeber. C) phase adjustment. D) entrainment

D

The region that appears to be responsible for activating wakefulness is known as the A) basal forebrain. B) optic chiasm. C) locus coeruleus. D) reticular formation

D

To see a distant dim star, it is best to look _______ of your visual field. A) in the center B) nearest the blind spot C) nearest the fovea D) slightly off center

D

Which category does not occur in the continuum of mammalian color vision? A) Excellent trichromatic color vision B) Robust dichromatic color vision C) Feeble dichromatic vision in species that have few cones D) Complete lack of wavelength discrimination

D

Which mechanism has not been identified as a biological function of sleep? A) Energy conservation B) Niche adaptation C) Restoration of brain and body D) Brain rest

D

Which pathway accurately describes the route for the passage of visual information? A) Optic tract, optic nerve, optic radiations B) Optic radiations, optic nerve, optic tract C) Optic nerve, optic radiations, optic tract D) Optic nerve, optic tract, optic radiations

D

Which statement about rod receptors is false? A) In the dark, rod receptors continually release neurotransmitters onto bipolar cells. B) When light hits the photopigment, it triggers a cascade of chemical reactions that hyperpolarize the rod receptor. C) Rods are concentrated outside the fovea. D) Rods contain a special photopigment called S opsin

D

Which statement about the molecular clock is false? A) The proteins Clock and Cycle bind to form a dimer. B) The Clock/Cycle dimer enhances DNA transcription of the genes for Per and Cry. C) Per and Cry inhibit the Clock/Cycle dimer. D) Clock and Cycle proteins eventually break down and the 24 hour cycle begins again

D

The optic disc is the A) area of highest visual acuity in the retina. B) area of the retina through which the axons of the ganglion cells exit C) area of the retina with the highest concentration of rods. D) round opening of the eye through which light enters.

B

The pineal gland of some birds and reptiles is referred to as a primitive "third eye" because A) it feeds light information to the eye. B) the skull over the pineal gland is especially thin, so it can sense light C) it secretes the hormone melatonin, which is a metabolite of a hallucinogen. D) it is the only unilateral structure in the brain.

B

The receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells are A) complex. B) concentric C) hypercomplex. D) columnar.

B

The sudden attacks of sleep that occur in narcolepsy are characterized by A) the immediate onset of deep SWS. B) the immediate onset of REM C) a usual pattern of SWS and REM sleep. D) the lack of REM.

B

Which statement regarding visual fields is true? A) The left visual field projects to the eyes and then to the left cerebral hemisphere. B) The right visual field projects to the eyes and then to the right cerebral hemisphere. C) The left visual field projects to the left eye only, and then to both cerebral hemispheres. D) The right visual field projects to the eyes and then to the left cerebral hemisphere

D

_______ of the pupils is associated with the use of drugs that block acetylcholine transmission, such as belladonna. A) Myopia B) Refraction C) Constriction D) Dilation

D

A child wakes suddenly after sleeping for a couple of hours, is terrified and shows significant autonomic activity, such as a racing heart rate and dilated pupils. When questioned, the child cannot remember what frightened her. It is likely the child has just woken from _______ sleep. A) stage 1 B) stage 2 C) stage 3 D) REM

C

A woman has just celebrated her 100th birthday. Which description of her sleep is most likely to be true? A) She still enjoys sleeping in until 9 AM most days. B) Long periods of REM sleep in her usual sleep cycle. C) An EEG of her brain would reveal the complete absence of stage 3 sleep D) She routinely has a problem with falling asleep, but once asleep she stays asleep until morning

C

An on-center/off-surround cell responds most strongly when A) the entire center and surround are illuminated. B) a spot of light illuminates part of the center. C) the entire center is illuminated D) a spot of light illuminates part of the surround.

C

Cells in the primate LGN have receptive fields that A) are orientation specific. B) are color sensitive. C) are concentric D) show a high rate of spontaneous activity.

C

Cortical region _______ is especially rich in color-sensitive cells. A) V1 B) V2 C) V4 D) V5

C

Disinhibition of spinal cord motoneurons during REM sleep can lead to _______ disorder. A) sleep apnea B) sleep-maintenance insomnia C) REM behavior D) sleep paralysis

C

Dreams experienced during REM sleep are characterized by A) vague visual imagery. B) a lack in intellectual content. C) realistic visual imagery D) complicated storylines.

C

Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation leads to immediate A) SWS. B) REM sleep. C) awakening D) delta waves.

C

Flaccidity in the large muscles of the body is associated most commonly with _______ sleep. A) stage 1 B) stage 3 C) REM D) Both a and b

C

Hawks have much better visual acuity than humans because they have A) specialized cones for detecting detail. B) specialized cones for detecting distance. C) more densely packed cones in the fovea D) larger eyes relative to their body size.

C

If SCN neurons are transplanted from animal A to animal B, and animal B previously had its SCN lesioned, animal B's rhythmicity will A) disappear. B) become abnormally short. C) match the donor's rhythm D) become infradian.

C

If an individual were to experience bilateral damage in the ventral occipitotemporal junction, a likely result would be loss of A) color vision. B) the ability to detect motion. C) the ability to recognize common objects D) the ability to grasp objects by their center of mass.

C

In area V5 of the visual cortex, cells appear to be sensitive to A) form. B) wavelength. C) movement D) orientation.

C

In humans, enhanced serum levels of growth hormone are evident during A) daytime periods of wakefulness. B) an entire night's sleep. C) stage 3 sleep (SWS) D) sleep following periods of stress.

C

In humans, somnambulism usually occurs during _______ sleep. A) stage 1 B) stage 2 C) stage 3 D) REM

C

Most axons of the retinal ganglion cells terminate in the A) optic chiasm. B) superior colliculus. C) lateral geniculate nucleus D) primary visual cortex

C

Newborn infants spend as much as _______% of their sleep time in REM sleep. A) 5 B) 20 C) 50 D) 80

C

People diagnosed with sleep apnea show all of the following symptoms except A) frequent awakenings. B) snoring. C) an abundance of REM sleep D) low oxygen levels during sleep.

C

Quanta of light that enter the eye are captured in rod cells by A) photons. B) rhodan. C) rhodospin D) the iris.

C

Recent research suggests myopia may be caused by A) too much sun. B) too much reading and close-up visual activities. C) too much time indoors D) genetic influences.

C

Sleep enuresis is associated with _______ sleep. A) stage 1 B) stage 2 C) stage 3 D) REM

C

Slow, large-amplitude waves are seen in the EEG records of people who are in _______ sleep. A) stage 1 B) stage 2 C) stage 3 D) REM

C

Studies have shown a correlation between higher rates of _______ and spending too much time indoors. A) scotoma B) amblyopia C) myopia D) optic ataxia

C

The boundaries of visual objects are enhanced through the process of A) visual acuity. B) spatial-frequency. C) lateral inhibition D) extrastriate perception.

C

The cortical EEG pattern of an isolated brain animal is characterized by A) sustained sleep patterns. ? B) intense arousal patterns. C) alternating periods of arousal and sleep D) intense seizure activity.

C

The external cue that animals use to discern the time of day is called a A) period adjuster. B) phase shift. C) zeitgeber D) temporizer.

C

The isolated forebrain preparation involves a cut through the A) spinal cord. B) medulla. C) midbrain D) thalamus.

C

The type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior once a day is called a(n) _______ rhythm. A) infradian B) ultradian C) circadian D) circannual

C

The usual duration of the typical human repeating sleep cycle is A) 1‒2 minutes. B) 10‒20 minutes. C) 90-110 minutes D) 3‒4 hours.

C

When deprived of time cues, people tend to show activity cycles that are A) exactly 24 hours long. B) a little less than 24 hours long. C) a little more than 24 hours long D) completely unpredictable.

C

Which statement about photopic and scotopic vision is false? A) The photopic system uses only cone receptors. B) Rod receptors can be activated by weak light intensity because of their high sensitivity. C) The receptive field of cone receptors outside the fovea is small D) There are more rods than cones in the retina.

C

Which statement describes the spatial-frequency model? A) More complex receptive fields are built up from inputs of simpler ones. B) Spectrally opponent cortical cells contribute to the perception of color. C) The visual system analyzes the number of cycles of light-dark patches in any stimulus D) The tendency of rods and cones to adjust their light sensitivity to match ambient illumination.

C

_______ is a symptom of a mismatch between internal and external time while traveling. A) Entrainment B) Zeitgeber C) Jet lag D) Free-run

C

The lack of photoreceptors at the optic disc creates _______ in our visual field. A) photoreceptor adaptation B) a blind spot C) photopic system D) convergence

B

The most likely effect of damage sustained to the dorsal stream is A) color blindness. B) optic ataxia C) the inability to recognize familiar faces. D) blindsight.

B

Research has shown that in the forebrain system, SWS is promoted through the actions of GABA on the _______, while in the brainstem system, the _______ projects axons to the brain, promoting wakefulness. A) tuberomammillary nucleus; locus coeruleus B) tuberomammillary nucleus; reticular formation C) locus coeruleus; coeruleus D) locus coeruleus; reticular formation

B

Sleep that immediately follows a period of learning has the apparent effect of A) blocking long-term retention. B) improving long-term retention C) undoing the learning. D) impairing retrieval of the learned material.

B

Small lesions near the pontine REM sleep center _______ the loss of motor inhibition during REM sleep. A) increase B) abolish C) diminish D) have no effect on

B

Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is especially prominent during _______ of a night's sleep. A) the latter half B) the initial half C) the last complete cycle D) the first 30 minutes

B

Amblyopia is best treated with A) dark glasses. B) surgical correction and an eye patch C) more time outdoors. D) corrective lenses.

B

At any given time, a photoreceptor operates approximately over a _______-fold range of brightness. A) 10 B) 100 C) 1,000 D) 1 million

B

Because of shifts in circadian rhythms that occur around puberty, students at high schools that begin the school day after 8:30 AM generally experience A) increased levels of depression. B) better academic performance C) lower school attendance. D) faster growth rates.

B

Cones are most densely concentrated in which part of the human retina? A) Optic disc B) Fovea C) Periphery D) No one part; cones are evenly distributed across the retina.

B

Damage to cortical area V5 results in an inability to perceive A) color. B) motion C) orientation. D) form.

B

Destruction of the SCN _______ circadian rhythms of hormone secretion. A) lengthens B) abolishes C) does not affect D) shortens

B

Frightening dreams associated with stage 3 sleep are called A) nightmares. B) night terrors C) vertex spikes. D) night spindles.

B

Hubel and Wiesel's theoretical model has been characterized as a _______ model of cortical visual processing. A) spatial-frequency filter B) hierarchical C) human-recognition D) receptive-field

B

If animals that are normally seasonal are kept in a laboratory and receive no information about changes in day length or temperature (i.e. housed in constant dark), their circannual rhythms will A) persist, with a period of 365 days. B) Become free-running C) disappear. D) persist, but only in females.

B

Illusory contours are responded to by cells located in A) V1. B) V2 C) V3. D) V4.

B

In a person who is sleeping, _______ sleep shows periodic bursts of 12‒14 Hz brain activity in an EEG recording. A) stage 1 B) stage 2 C) stages 3 D) REM

B

In some insects, the _______-wavelength receptors respond to UV wavelengths that humans cannot see. A) ultra B) short C) medium D) long

B

Individuals with blindsight A) are unable to detect trichromatic colors. B) Have no conscious perception of visual stimuli but are still able to discriminate better than would be predicted by chance alone C) have hallucinations within the region of injury. D) perceive objects in space that are not present.

B

Infant sleep is characterized by _______ sleep cycles than those of adults, with proportionally more _______ sleep. A) deeper; stage 1 B) shorter; REM C) longer; stage 2 D) longer; stage 3

B

It has been speculated that sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) may be a consequence of a form of A) sleep paralysis. B) sleep apnea C) insomnia. D) REM behavior disorder.

B

Many people with narcolepsy also exhibit _______, in which muscle tone is suddenly lost without loss of _______. A) atonia; sleep B) cataplexy; consciousness C) sleep-onset insomnia; REM sleep D) sleep apnea; snoring

B

Norepinephrine innervation to the brain comes primarily from the A) tuberomammillary nucleus. B) locus coeruleus C) reticular formation. D) basal forebrain.

B

REM sleep is normally preceded by stage _______ sleep. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

B

The _______ stream of visual processing may be said to process the "what" information in visual inputs. A) dorsal B) ventral C) lateral D) rostral

B