Physiology: Chapter 3

Arrange the following events in protein secretion in the proper sequence. 1. The polypeptide chain enters the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. 2. A secretory vesicle is formed. 3. A transport vesicle is formed. 4. The polypeptide chain enters the lumen of the Golgi complex.

1, 3, 4, 2

Which of the following consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes? A) rough endoplasmic reticulum B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) mitochondria D) nucleoli E) Golgi apparatus

A) rough endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following terms is NOT used to define the structure that separates the contents of a human cell from its surrounding medium? A) a cell wall B) a cell membrane C) plasma membrane D) plasmalemma E) All of the answers are correct.

A.) Cell Wall

The beta cells of the pancreas produce insulin, a protein-based hormone. Which of the following organelles would be found in higher levels in the beta cells? A) mitochondria B) ribosomes C) microvilli D) lysosomes

B) ribosomes

Which does NOT accurately complete the sentence? One of the major functions of BOTH types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the: A) synthesis of biomolecules. B) storage of genetic material for the cell. C) transport of biomolecules. D) storage of biomolecules.

B) storage of genetic material for the cell.

All of the structures listed below are involved in storage, EXCEPT A) lysosomes. B) peroxisomes. C) mitochondrial cristae. D) storage vesicles. E) All are involved in cellular storage.

C) mitochondrial cristae.

Each of the following is a primary tissue type except one. Identify the exception. A) muscle tissue B) neural tissue C) osseous tissue D) connective tissue E) epithelial tissue

C) osseous tissue

Which of the following is NOT a molecule synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)? A) fatty acids B) steroids C) proteins D) lipids E) All are synthesized in the SER.

C) proteins

The types of junction proteins important in nerve growth and development are

CAMs

Loose connective tissue functions in A) supporting small glands. B) supporting epithelia. C) anchoring blood vessels and nerves. D) All of the answers are correct.

D) All of the answers are correct.

All of the following are synthesized along various sites of the endoplasmic reticulum except one. Identify the exception. A) proteins B) fatty acids C) steroids D) RNA E) phospholipids

D) RNA

All but one of the structures listed below are a type of cell junction. Identify the exception. A) desmosomes B) tight junctions C) gap junctions D) loose junctions E) adherens junctions

D) loose junctions

Functions of epithelia include all of the following EXCEPT A) providing physical protection. B) controlling permeability. C) producing specialized secretions. D) storing energy reserves. E) movement.

D) storing energy reserves.

Which of the following is NOT a membrane lipid? A) sphingolipids B) cholesterol C) phospholipids D) All are membrane lipids.

D.) All are membrane lipids

Functions of connective tissue include A) establishing a structural framework for the body. B) transporting fluids and dissolved materials. C) providing protection for delicate organs. D) storing energy reserves. E) All of the answers are correct

E) All of the answers are correct

Microtubules A) are composed of tubulin. B) are hollow, filamentous structures. C) form cilia that aid in cell movement. D) are the largest cytoplasmic fibers. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

The nucleus stores all the information needed to synthesize which of the following molecules? A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) proteins D) phospholipids E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Exocrine glands A) may make either mucous or serous secretions. B) release their secretions into the external environment. C) release their secretions through open tubes, called ducts. D) may work as single cells or as a multicellular organ. E) All of the statements are true.

E) All of the statements are true.

Which type of tissue below has minimal extracellular matrix? A) epithelial only B) connective only C) neural only D) muscle only E) epithelial, neural, and muscle

E) epithelial, neural, and muscle

If the adrenal cortex produces lipid-based hormones such as aldosterone, which organelle would be higher in cells of the adrenal cortex than in the adrenal medulla? A) Golgi apparatus B) mitochondria C) ribosome D) rough endoplasmic reticulum E) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

E) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Intermediate filaments provide the cell with strength. B) stabilize the position of organelles. C) transport materials within the cytoplasm. D) form the neurofilaments in nerve cells. E) All of the answers are correct.

E.) All of the answers are correct

Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins? A) respond to extracellular molecules B) creating junctions between cells C) act as transport molecules for various solutes D) anchor or stabilize the cell membrane E) produce energy

E.) produce energy

This modifies proteins and packages them into secretory vesicles for export from the cell.

Golgi apparatus

The proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are then sent to the

Golgi complex for packaging

Most of the ATP required to power cellular operations is produced in the

Mitochondria

Which cellular organelle is considered the powerhouse of the cell because it produces most of the ATP?

Mitochondria

Each of the following statements concerning mitochondria is true except one. Identify the exception. A) The mitochondrial cristae form the inner membrane forming separate compartments. B) The matrix of the mitochondria contains metabolic enzymes involved in energy production. C) The intermembrane space plays an important role in mitochondrial ATP production. D) The mitochondria contain no DNA or RNA. E) The mitochondria produce most of a cell's ATP.

The mitochondria contain no DNA or RNA

True/False: Due to the fact that they divide frequently, epithelia are prone to the genetic mutations associated with cancer.

True

True/False: Every substance that enters or leaves the internal environment of the body must cross an epithelium.

True

Epithelia are connected to underlying connective tissues by

a basement membrane, protein filaments embedded in proteoglycans, and a basal lamina

What substance is responsible for activating the digestive enzymes inside lysosomes?

acid

Cells that store fat are called

adipocytes

A liposome is

an additive to creams and lotions and a drug-delivery vehicle.

Disappearance of which type of junction most likely contributes to the metastasis of cancer cells throughout the body?

anchoring

These junctions can be cell-matrix junctions

anchoring junction

The loss of these junctions are a characteristic of cancer

anchoring junctions

The term meaning "programmed cell death" is

apoptosis

An immunoliposome is a liposome that

can recognize cancer cells

Chondrocytes secrete a firm but flexible matrix to form what tissue?

cartilage

The type of protein found in gap junctions is the

connexin

Cells are transformed into specialized units during

differentiation

If a cell lacked lysosomes, it would not be able to

digest cellular wastes and bacteria

Function of Centrioles

direct the movement of DNA during cell division.

Glands that secrete hormones into the blood via tissue fluids are

endocrine glands

The lining of the heart is called

endothelium

The simple squamous epithelial lining of blood vessels is called

endothelium

The lumen of a hollow organ such as the stomach is considered to be part of the ________ environment.

external

The watery medium that surrounds a cell is known as

extracellular fluid.

This tissue is made up of adipocytes.

fat

The simplest cell-cell junction is called a(n)

gap junction

The number of mitochondria in skeletal muscle cells is ________ adipose (fat) cells.

greater than

Microvilli are found:

in cells that are actively engaged in absorption.

The function of microvilli, often seen on the apical membrane of transporting epithelia, is to

increase the cell's surface area

Which proteins assist in the movement of vesicles along microtubules?

kinesins

Fibroblasts that secrete collagen-rich matrix dominants this tissue

loose connective tissue

The space that is surrounded by the tissue wall of hollow organs is known as the:

lumen

Which of the following is an example of a membranous organelle? A) lysosome B) cilia C) centriole D) ribosome E) cytoskeleton

lysosome

Tay-Sachs is a disease caused by having ineffective

lysosomes

This is the digestive system of a cell, degrading and/or recycling bacterial or organic components.

lysosomes

When cancer develops in one tissue and spreads to another via the blood or the lymph, the cancer is said to have undergone what process?

metastasis

The thickest protein fibers from the following group are

microtubules

Epithelial cells that are adapted for membrane transport of materials, such as ions and nutrients, usually have ________ on their apical surface

microvilli

This organelle is the site of most ATP synthesis in the cell.

mitochondria

________ is a tissue that is modified to transmit chemical and electrical signals from one cell to another.

neural tissue

The nucleus is surrounded by a(n)

nuclear envelope

Communication between the nucleus and cytosol occurs through

nuclear pores

Ribosomal RNA is formed by

nucleoli

The control center for cellular operations is the

nucleus

Groups of tissues that carry out related functions may form structures known as

organs

Movement of material between cells is known as the ________ pathway.

paracellular

These degrade long chain fatty acids and toxic foreign molecules.

peroxisomes

What structure is a lipid bilayer that controls which objects can leave or enter the cell?

plasma membrane

Cell membranes are said to be ________ because they allow some substances to pass but not others.

selectively permeable

Cell membranes are said to be

selectively permeable barrier.

The heaviest organ in the body is the

skin

In humans, only ________ cells have flagella.

sperm

The term meaning "a mitotic population of cells that persists into adulthood" applies to

stem cells

The esophagus is a tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. It does not secrete any enzymes or absorb any nutrients, but it does need to stand up to significant friction and stress. The type of epithelium most likely lining the esophagus would be

stratified squamous epithelium

What is/are the major role(s) of the phospholipid bilayer in the cellular membrane?

the formation of a barrier that is a selective for lipid-soluble molecules and to provide a framework for membrane proteins

The term secretion refers to

the process by which a cell releases a substance into the extracellular space

This junction contributes to the blood-brain barrier

tight junction

Function of Peroxisomes

use an enzyme to destroy H2O2 that is toxic to the cell.