Physiology Exam

According to research, approximately _ percent of people in North America and Europe are likely to deal with a depressive disorder at some point in their lives. a. 5 b. 11 c. 17 d. 21

21

Which of the following is not a characteristic of motivation? a. Ability b. Initiation c. Direction d. Intensity

Ability

All treatments for psychological disorders share certain basic features. Which of the following is not one of these features? a. A client b. Attention to unconscious processes c. A theory about the causes of the client's problems d. A set of procedures for dealing with client's problems

Attention to unconscious processes

A Psychologist with a humanistic approach would state that behavior is driven by A.) Choices B.) instincts C.) genetics D.) rewards

Choices

The kind of reward schedule that is least resistant to extinction 1S reinforcement. a variable-ratio b. variable-interval c. rixederatio d. Continuous

Continuous

The sum of all values, rules of behavior, forms of expression, religious beliefs, occupational choices, and the like among a group of people who share a common language and environment is called______ A.) Nationality B.) Race C.) Ethnicity D.) Culture

Culture

The textbook lists several conditions that have been successfully treated with marijuana. Which of the following conditions is not listed? A.) Asthma B.) Depression C.) Epilepsy D.) Glaucoma

Depression

A _____ Psychologist would be most interested in researching changes in human behavior, emotional, and mental processes over time. A.) Social B.) Personality C.) Cognitive D.) Developmental

Developmental

Which of the following is the primary pattern of sexual response? a. Orgasm. plateau, resolution, and excitement b. Excitement. plateau, orgasm, and resolution c. Resolution. plateau, orgasm, and excitement d. Excitement. orgasm. plateau, and resolution

Excitement. orgasm. plateau, and resolution

Sternberg's triarchic theory emphasizes three different types of intelligence. Which of the following is not one of the three types? a. Fluid b. Analytic c. Practical d. Creative

Fluid

The first figure in physiology to suggest that all of our processes, from actions to slips of the tongue to dreams, were influenced by physiological factors was A.) Freud B.) Watson C.) Wundt D.) Titchener

Freud

What was the name of the child who had severe language impairments due to a terribly neglectful childhood where she was kept as a virtual prisoner in her own home? a. Amelia b. Nell c. Genie d. Avidor

Genie

The fact that each of the cerebral hemispheres has certain functions that it can perform more effectively than the other hemisphere is called A.) Ialterliterlization B.) cross-dominance C.) plasticity D.) neurilemma

Ialterliterlization

The active ingredient in _____ is THC or tetrahydrocannabinol A.) Heroin B.) Essence C.) Marijuana D.) Cocaine

Marijuana

The most basic unit of communication in the human nervous system is the ________, which begins with dendrites and ends at axon terminals A.) Neuron B.) Myelin Sheath C.) Oligodendrocyte D.) Glial cell

Neuron

Biological psychology is the study of the _______ changes that cause, or occur in response to, behavior and mental processes A.) Physical and chemical B.) naturalistic C.) social and physical D.) cognitive

Physical and chemical

Psychology is best defined as the A.) search for the most successful treatment for people with emotional, cognitive, or neurological disorders. B.) Use of scientific methods to study the elements of human consciousness. C.) Study of the Human experience from birth to old age D.) Science that studies behavior and mental processes and applies that study to improve human welfare.

Science that studies behavior and mental processes and applies that study to improve human welfare.

What kind of reinforcer is money? a. Primary b. Discriminative c. Negative d. Secondary

Secondary

Long-term memory is normally capable of retaining how many pieces of information? a.Seven pieces of information b. Five-to-nine chunks of information c. An indefinite amount of information d. About one million pieces of information

Seven pieces of information

The main divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the ____________ & _________ A.) Somatic; autonomic B.) Sympathetic; Parasympathetic C.) Afferent; efferent D.) Reticular; limbic

Somatic; autonomic

Cognitive psychologists are primarily interested in A.) What makes people unique B.) Studying and treating abnormal functioning C.) Describing and understanding the changes in behavior and mental processes during a lifetime. D.) Studying memory, thinking, learning, and other mental processes

Studying memory, thinking, learning, and other mental processes

Lie detector tests use what assumption in detecting liars? a. Lying is emotionally arousing, b.Taking lie detector tests is emotionally arousing. c. A liar is emotionally aroused most of the time. d. An honest person is not emotionally aroused when taking the test.

Taking lie detector tests is emotionally arousing.

When basic features of stimuli have the same ______, we stand to group those stimuli together. A.) Motion parallax B.) Linear Perspective C.) Texture D.) Simplicity

Texture

What is true with respect to first impressions? a. Thev are formed slowly. b. They typically have short-lasting influence. c. They are based on a lot of information. d. They usually only change slowly, if at all.

They usually only change slowly, if at all.

Of the following diagnostic categories, where would you be most likely to see a condition that involved problematic responses to events like a natural disaster, sexual assault, or combat-related experience? a. Neurocognitive disorders b. Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders c. Dissociative disorders d. Trauma- and stressor-related disorders

Trauma- and stressor-related disorders

Using the acronym OCEAN openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) to remember the factors of the five factor model of personality is an example of a. method of loci. b. chunking. c. a mnemonic strategy. d. semantic encoding.

a mnemonic strategy.

Psychologists have defined learning as a. the modification through experience of preexisting behavior and understanding. b. the systematic organization of information that facilitates later recall and use. c. a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience. d. the adaptation of instinctual responses to new environments

a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience.

Anxiety disorders are characterized by all of these symptoms except a. panic attacks. b. free-floating anxiety. c. a split between affect and cognition. d. inconvenience in living.

a split between affect and cognition.

Short-term memory can store___item(s), and the duration of storage is a. only one; approximately one hour b. an average of seven; about twenty seconds c. approximately twelve; over sixty seconds d. unlimited; unlimited

an average of seven; about twenty seconds

Disorders that affect a person's ability to read, write, speak, or understand language are known as a. anomias. b. aprosodia. c. aphasias. d. apraxia.

aphasias.

Goal setting theory is quite useful in motivating employees, assuming that the goals a. are easily achieved. b. are chosen or accepted by the employees. c. are not too specific. d. come with a reward valued by the employees.

are chosen or accepted by the employees.

The field of study that seeks to program computers to think, and to imitate and understand the products of human perception, is known as a. computer-based decomposition. b. multi-attribute and expected utility theory. c. expert systems. d. artificial intelligence.

artificial intelligence.

Object relations theorists focus on the influence of on personality development. a. womb envy b. tendencies toward introversion and extraversion c. attachment to caregivers d. unconscious psychosexual conflicts

attachment to caregivers

Allowing employees time to set specific goals has been shown to lead to a. more organizational citizenship behaviors. b. better job performance. c. fewer critical incidents. d. a decrease in absenteeism.

better job performance.

The fact that schizophrenia tends to run in families is evidence supporting the view of mental disorders. a. psychodynamic b. humanistic c. biological d. behavioral

biological

A natural tendency to link certain stimuli with other stimuli (or responses) is called a. stimulus generalization b. instinctive drift c. biopreparedness d. the law of effect

biopreparedness

A newborn baby will probably use ___ more than an adult because it lacks the experience and memories on which to draw when engaging in perception A.) bottom-up processing B.) top-down processing C.) stimulus motives D.) response cause

bottom-up processing

A condition called chronic traumatic encephalopathy was previously called dementia pugilistica because it was most commonly associated with the sport of a. football. b. boxing. c. wrestling d. archery.

boxing

Sudden, unexpected, and potentially life-threatening events or traumas that cause intense levels of stress are called a. stressors b. catastrophes c. hassles d. life changes and strains

catastrophes

Alcohol and heroin are similar in that both A.) heighten and increase the activity of the central nervous system B.) produce headaches, rapid heart rates, and insomnia C.) slow down mental and physical abilities D.) change perceptual experiences and allow you to experience hallucinations

change perceptual experiences and allow you to experience hallucinations

Neurotransmitters are________ that travel across the ______ to another cell A.) Electrical signals: neural receptors B.) Electrical signals: synapse C.) chemicals: neural receptors D.) chemicals; synapse

chemicals; synapse

The processes of describing, elaborating, deciding on, planning, and acting make up the a. rules of logic. b. circle of thought. c. mental model. d. representativeness heuristic.

circle of thought.

Behavior therapy relies mainly on conditioning, while behavior modification relies mainly on _ conditioning a. operant; classical b. primary; secondary c. secondary; primary d. classical; operant

classical; operant

The mental processes associated with how people perceive and react to other individuals and groups are known as social a. cognition. b. referencing. c. psychology. d. comparison

cognition

The first step in the "circle of thought described in your textbook is to______ while the last step is to______ a. decide; evaluate b. plan; assess c. describe; act d. act; react

describe; act

A neuropsychologist may perform a lesion analysis to determine what brain functions have been damaged. More specifically, the neuropsychologist will attempt to discover what abilities in a complex mental task have become a. reversed. b. dissociated. c. internalized. d. externalized.

dissociated

In Sternberg's triangular theory of love, the presence of intimacy without commitment or passion is associated with a. liking b. empty love c. fatuous love d. infatuation

empty love

The process of putting incoming information into a form with which the memory system can work is called a. storage b. retrieval. c. encoding. d. processing.

encoding

The process of translating the physical properties of a stimulus into a pattern of neural activity that allows us to identify those properties is known as A.) encoding B.) reception C.) perception D.) transduction

encoding

The three basic processes of memory are a. recognition, storage, and retrieval. b. encoding, storage, and forgetting. c. encoding, storage, and retrieval. d. encoding, storage, and maintenance.

encoding, storage, and retrieval.

In attempting to explain behavior, B. F Skinner focused on A.) Internal motivational variables B.) self-image C.) childhood experiences D.) environmental stimuli

environmental stimuli

A person with a disease-resistant personality is one who a. is very angry and resentful. b. handles stress effectively. c. has an external locus of control. d. is high on all big five characteristics.

handles stress effectively.

The main focus of developmental psychology is the study of a whether nature or nurture causes behavior. b. how people change across the lifespan. c. the psychosocial stages of development. d. the maturation of children.

how people change across the lifespan.

The focus of psychosocial development in adolescence. according to Erik Erikson, is formation. a. trust b. identity c. integrity d. industry

identity

The existence, relatedness, growth (ERG) theory holds that a. relatedness needs must be satisfied before growth needs. b. growth needs center around the need for social contact. c. if a need in one area is fulfilled or frustrated, a person will be motivated to pursue other needs. d. growth needs are more concrete than relatedness needs.

if a need in one area is fulfilled or frustrated, a person will be motivated to pursue other needs.

All of the following physical changes typically occur during adulthood except a. men experience reduced sperm counts and testosterone levels. b. both men and women shrink in height c. increased nearsightedness. d. increased risk for heart disease

increased nearsightedness.

According to Freud, id functions are___ while superego functions are___ a. innate; learned b. sexual; aggressive c. rational; irrational d. based on the pleasure principle; based on the reality principle

innate; learned

The assumption that a person's behavior is due to some characteristic of their own identity or personality is a(n) attribution. a. situational b. fundamental c. external d. internal

internal

A formal concept a. is most often used outside of a laboratory environment. b. does not have a fixed set of defining features. c. is defined by a set of rules or properties that each member has and nonmembers do not have d. tends to have fuzzy boundaries.

is defined by a set of rules or properties that each member has and nonmembers do not have

In order to allow therapy clients to feel comfortable sharing personal or embarrassing information about themselves, their therapist must remember that a. it is important to maintain confidentiality. b. clients are required to give informed consent before therapy begins. c. therapy cannot be practiced unless the client is psychologically competent to receive the services. d. they must get consent from the parents in order to treat a minor or adolescent.

it is important to maintain confidentiality.

Social changes, such as becoming more inward looking, cautious, and conforming, are most characteristic of a. adolescence b. early adulthood c middle adulthood d.late adulthood.

late adulthood

The right hemisphere gets information from the ____ side of the body and has better _____ abilities than the left hemisphere A.) Left; logical B.) right; language C.) left; spatial D.) right; artistic

left; spatial

In Sternberg's triangular theory of love, a relationship that involves commitment without intimacy or passion is associated with a. liking b. empty love c. fatuous love d. infatuations

liking

The notion that specific psychological functions can be affected by damage to specific areas of the brain is called a. neuroplasticity. b. bilateral neglect. c.localization of function. d. hemiparesis.

localization of function.

Unlike posttraumatic stress disorder, burnout is the result of a. physiological events b. interpersonal conflict. c. inadequate informal help. d. long-term or chronic stress.

long-term or chronic stress.

The sense of being aware that one is experiencing a dream while that dream is actually occurring called _______ dreaming A.) REM B.) NREM C.) impact D.) lucid

lucid

Professionals who identify themselves as marriage and family therapists, clinical social workers, and licensed professional counselors typically have earned a(n) degree. a. master's b. doctoral c. bachelor's d. associate's

master's

In the model, abnormality is seen as an illness that is caused physically and that can be treated physically. a. social-learning b. medical c. humanist d. psychodynamic

medical

Which of the following is a component of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy? a. hatha yoga b. tree association c. meditation d. hypnosis

meditation

Amnestic disorders all share the common feature of a. confabulations. b. neurodegeneration. c. anomia. d. memory loss.

memory loss.

People who talk about suicide are a. unlikely to attempt suicide. b. more likely to try it than the general population. c. most often men; women do not talk about suicide in advance. d. more likely to actually kill themselves than are people who attempt suicide but don't talk about it

more likely to try it than the general population.

According to drive reduction theory, an imbalance in homeostasis creates a ___ to which the brain responds by creating a psychological state called a(n) a. drive; need b. need; drive c. instinct; motive d. motive; instinct

need; drive

The association between media violence, including violence on television and aggressive behavior, is often attributed to learning. a. programmed b. observational c. insight d. avoidance

observational

The _______ sense is the only one that does not send information to the context via the thalamus A.) visual B.) auditory C.) olfactory D.) cutaneous

olfactory

According to the evolutionary approach, aggression a. is an instinctive biological urge. b. reflects mostly environmental influences. c. presupposes the existence of frustration. d. once helped people compete for mates.

once helped people compete for mates.

The attributes that are collectively known as KSAOs specifically include all of the following except a. knowledge. b. skills. c. ability. d organization.

organization

Using hypnosis to retrieve information from a person's past is controversial because a. true memories are replaced by imagining and acting out past actions b. people's confidence in hypnosis may prompt them to unintentionally distort information or Inaccurately reconstruct events. c. People's recall becomes more accurate during DYDROSIS. d. some people have been unable to return from a stale of age regression.

people's confidence in hypnosis may prompt them to unintentionally distort information or Inaccurately reconstruct events.

According to Freud, if conflicts at any given psychosexual stage are unresolved, the a. person will make a rapid transition to the next stage in the sequence. b. person will become a chain smoker or an alcoholic. c. ego will fail to develop. d. person will become fixated at that stage, which may affect future behaviors.

person will become fixated at that stage, which may affect future behaviors.

Carl Rogers contends that a child's self-concept develops as she receives _____ from parents and teachers, has a congruent experience, and feels good about what she is doing. a. a growth orientation b. conditions of worth c. self-efficacy d. positive regard

positive regard

The most critical component of skill learning is a. acquisition b. guidance. c. practice. d. imagination

practice

Newborns typically exhibit a. well-developed vision. b. preference for certain smells. c. an inability to discriminate between different tastes. d. hearing that is sharper than that of the average

preference for certain smells

Sigmund Freud believed that personality and behavior are determined more by psychological factors than by biological conditions or current events. The name for this belief is . a. logical positivism b. catharctic influence c. psychic determinism d. nomothetic affect

psychic determinism

The basic assumption underlying biological therapies is that a. physical problems can have psychological causes. b. electroshock therapy will cure most psychological problems. c. if people believe in the power of a physical treatment, their psychological problems will be alleviated. d. psychological problems can have physical causes

psychological problems can have physical causes

One of the theories of motivation discussed in your textbook is the incentive theory. In this model, an incentive is roughly the equivalent of a(n) a. instinct b. reward c. drive d. need

reward

Jean Piaget explained that help people to organize past experiences and provide a framework for understanding future events a. scripts b. prototypes c. schemas d. exemplars

schemas

A _________ is a system that translates data from outside the nervous system into activity within the nervous system A.) perception B.) stimulus C.)receptive field D.) sense

sense

Another name for neural receptors is _____ A.) perceptual ganglions B.) myelin sheaths C.) feature detectors D.) sensory receptors

sensory receptors

According to the information-processing model of memory, if a person completely loses the ability for memory. which is the first level of memory storage, the person will not be able to form any memories of any kind. a. short-term b. sensory c. semantic d. long-term

short-term

A(n) is a perception, belief, and expectation a person has about members of a particular group. a. attribution b. schema c. stereotype d. attitude

stereotype

An event or situation a stimulus that causes people to take steps to adjust is called a a. stress response b. stressor. c. stress mediator. d. chronic problem.

stressor

Stress is defined as a. feeling uncomfortable in certain situations b. the process of adjustment to disrupting or threatening circumstances c. damage to the body caused by psychological processes. d. difficulties in daily living that are, typically, easily handled.

the process of adjustment to disrupting or threatening circumstances

Your textbook defines personality as a. the unique pattern of characteristics and behaviors by which a person can be compared and contrasted with others. b. a collection of character traits that are unchanging over the course of the lifespan. c. a driving force that guides human behavior and pushes people toward positive growth. d. the collection of experiences and traits that make people the way they are that are learned from birth.

the unique pattern of characteristics and behaviors by which a person can be compared and contrasted with others.

Learned helplessness involves learning that a. one has inferior mental abilities. b. punishment will follow certain behaviors. c. some habits are difficult to change. d. there is no relationship between one's benaviors and their consequences.

there is no relationship between one's benaviors and their consequences.

According to the textbook, it is difficult to define intelligence because a. cognitive abilities cannot be quantified b. standard intelligence tests are still relatively new. c. the use of an IQ is not common in modern psychology. d. there is no universally agreed-upon definition.

there is no universally agreed-upon definition.

A system is only considered to be a "sense" if it A.) translates information from the environment so that the nervous system can be affected by it B.) is linked to a corresponding perpetual process C.) can use top-down and bottom-up processing D.) involves information from the environment

translates information from the environment so that the nervous system can be affected by it

The process of comparing yourself to people who you perceive to be doing much better than you are is called social comparison. a. upward b. conceptual c. downward d. reference-based

upward

Clinical neuropsychologists work in medical facilities, where they can a. conduct their own research and testing. b. perform brain surgeries on patients. c. create neuropsychological assessments that establish norms. d. work with physicians who focus on the treatment of brain disorders

work with physicians who focus on the treatment of brain disorders

Describing the knowledge, skills, abilities, and other factors that are needed for a job's tasks to be successfully completed is the emphasis of the _-oriented approach to conducting a job analysis a. aptitude b. satisfaction c. work d. worker

worker

Short-term memory is also frequently referred to as memory. a. explicit b. semantic c. executive d. working

working