Physiology final

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Action potentials will continue to be generated until a. The neurotransmitter is removed from the synaptic cleft b. A new neurotransmitter is released c. The presynaptic neuron repolarizes d. The presynaptic neuron depolarizes e. The post synaptic neuron depolarizes

Hemoglobin consists of how many polypeptide chains? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. more than 5

If your anterior pituitary is hypersecreting growth hormone after puberty then you might have a condition known as: a. Progeria b. Gigantism c. Acromegaly d. Dwarfism e. none of these

In an active presynaptic neuron, the membrane is depolarized by the arrival of a what? a. Enzyme potential b. Na2+ potential c. Action potential d. G protein potential e. Wasted potential

When running away from a mugger,_________ stimulation causes the hormone________ to bind to ________ receptors in the heart and causes hydrolysis of ATP on the myosin head to occur at a _______ rate, resulting in the rate of cross bridge cycling to _______. a. Parasympathetic, Acetylcholine, Muscarinic Cholinergic, slower, decrease b. Sympathetic, Acetylcholine, Nicotinic Cholinergic, faster, remain unchanged c. Sympathetic, Epinephrine, beta-one adrenergic, faster, increase d. Sympathetic, Epinephrine, alpha-one adrenergic, slower, remain unchanged e. Sympathetic, Norepinephrine, beta-three adrenergic, slower, decrease

Which of the following correctly describe insulin? a. Insulin is secreted by alpha cells in the pancreas. b. Insulin decreases plasma glucose. c. Insulin is secreted by beta cells in the pancreas. d. Insulin decreases plasma amino acids. e. All of the above.

Which of the following is FASLE about biomolecules? a. The four basic types of biomolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleotides. b. Biomolecules are molecules that are synthesized by living organisms. c. Biomolecules are molecules that are synthesized by non-living organisms. d. Biomolecules contain carbon atoms. e. All of the above are true.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a carbohydrate? a. Monosaccharide b. Polysaccharide c. Triglyceride d. Disaccharide e. All of the following are carbohydrates

Which of the following is NOT correct regarding epinephrine? a. Epinephrine is released from the Adrenal Cortex and relates to the flight-or- fight response b. Of the adrenergic receptor types, Epinephrine has the highest affinity for the b2 receptor. c. Epinephrine decreases sympathetic activity on and therefore decreases heart rate. d. Epinephrine increases sympathetic activity on and therefore increases heart rate.

Which of the following is NOT true about muscle? a. Smooth muscle is not striated. b. Skeletal, Smooth and Cardiac muscle all have actin and myosin. c. Skeletal, Smooth and Cardiac muscle have calcium binding to troponin for contraction. d. Skeletal muscle is voluntary controlled e. Smooth and Cardiac muscles are controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

Which of the following neurotransmitter is involved with depression? a. Acetylcholine b. Heparin c. Serotonin d. Cortisol e. Vasopressin

Which of the following parts of the brain are NOT involved in the regulation of the autonomic nervous system? a. Medulla oblongata b. Hypothalamus c. Diencephalon d. Pons

Which of the following situations would be most likely to NOT result in hypoxia? a. sickle cell anemia b. inability of the intestines to properly absorb iron c. an abnormally low level of fast glycolytic fibers in skeletal muscle d. hypersecretion of calcitonin e. prolonged exposure to dust over one's lifetime

Which of the following statements are correct? A. To be able to move something in or out of a cell using secondary active transport, ATP must be used. B. The electron transport chain produces the most ATP during carbohydrate metabolism. C. Digestion for carbohydrates starts in the mouth from the enzyme, salivary amylase. D. Lipophobic messengers are made on demand, and are not stored. E. Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptors only use a second messenger system.

Which of the following statements is true about autonomic control of heart rate? A. Parasympathetic preganglionic neurotransmitter is released and binds to a muscarinic receptor which decreases the heart rate B. Sympathetic preganglionic neurotransmitter is epinephrine and binds to a adrenergic receptor which increases the heart rate C. Parasympathetic postganglionic neurotransmitter is acetylcholine and binds to a muscarinic receptor which decreases the heart rate D. Sympathetic postganglionic neurotransmitter is released and binds to muscarinic receptor which increases the heart rate E. Parasympathetic postganglionic neurotransmitter is norepinephrine and binds to a adrenergic receptor which decreases the heart rate

Which of the following would NOT need a carrier protein in order to diffuse through the plasma membrane? a. glucose b. Calcuim c. Carbon dioxide d. Protein e. Potassium

Which statement about increasing Angiotensin II is incorrect? a. It causes increase thirst stimulation via hypothalamic neurons. b. The adrenal cortex would increase aldosterone secretion. c. Systemic arterioles would increase vasodilation. d. The posterior pituitary would increase ADH secretion. e. Increase sodium reabsorption in late distal tubules and collecting ducts.

Which statement is true if ferritin (protein in mucosal cells of duodenum that stores/absorbs Fe) was denatured? a. Body's hematocrit levels will increase. b. Cellular tissues throughout the body will have increased levels of oxygen supplied. c. Anemic symptoms will occur. d. Water absorption in intestinal lumen will be inverted. e. Kidney will increase absorption of ions in descending part of Loop of Henle.

You have an AB+ patient whom presents with a hematocrit level of 40% and BP is 100/60, the patient tells you that he is taking a new medication and has not been very thirsty recently. Upon slight rehydration his hematocrit level drops to 30%. You ask him about the medication he is taking and he says it contains pilocarpine. What is the best initial method of treatment to quickly raise the patient's hematocrit level? a. Give the patient a blood transfusion b. Give the patient EPO c. Give the patient Atropine d. Test for specific anemia's

ATP plays what role in crossbridge cycling? A. Cocks the myosin head B. Binds myosin to actin C. releases the inorganic phosphate D. Unbinds myosin from actin E. More than one are correct

In accommodation when the parasympathetic system is stimulated it causes the... a. pupillary muscles to contract b. ciliary muscles to relax c. zonular fibers to become tightened d. ciliary muscles to contract e. pupillary muscles to relax

Termination of the actions of cAMP requires its degradation by which of the following? a. Protein Kinase A b. Adenylate Cyclase c. Phospholipase C d. Phosphodiesterase e. Calcium

What do goblet cells secrete? a. Blood b. Hormones c. Cilia d. Mucus e. Proteins

Which factor does NOT affect venous pressure? a. Blood volume b. Venomotor pressure c. Respiratory pump d. Acetylcholine e. Skeletal muscle pump

Which of the following Starling Forces favor filtration? A. Glomerular Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure B. Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressre C. Bowman's capsule pressure D. A and B E. All of the above

Which of the following statements is true about the second messenger system cAMP? a. Acetylcholine uses the cAMP second messenger system in a pacemaker cell to activate channels to generate a slower heart rate. b. All water-soluble hormones can freely diffuse across a cell membrane and therefore do not have to use the cAMP second messenger system. c. cAMP causes the release of calcium ions from the cytosol of a cell. d. Epinephrine uses the cAMP second messenger system which activates protein kinase A to phosphorylate channels to increase heart rate. e. In the second messenger system of cAMP, phosphodiestrase breaks down the protein kinase.

A patient comes into your office complaining of having difficulty breathing, a fever, and chest pain. After running some tests you find that they have a pulmonary embolism in their pulmonary artery, what effects would this have on their heart rate and blood? A. Heart rate would increase due to an increase in resistance and less oxygen uptake in the blood along with less oxygen being transported to the tissues since blood flow is being impeded. With less oxygen there would be less CO2 being produced resulting in less CO2 in the blood to bind to bicarbonate and an unbalanced pH in the blood. B. Heart rate would decrease due to an increase in resistance and less oxygen uptake in the blood along with less oxygen being transported to the tissues since blood flow is being impeded. With less oxygen there would be more CO2 being produced resulting in more CO2 in the blood to bind to bicarbonate and a balanced pH in the blood. C. Heart rate would increase due to a decrease in resistance and more oxygen uptake in the blood along with more oxygen being transported to tissues since blood flow is being impeded. With more oxygen there would be less CO2 being produced resulting in less CO2 in the blood to bind to H+ ions to balance the blood pH. D. Heart rate would decrease due to a decrease in resistance and less oxygen uptake in the blood along with less oxygen being transported to the tissues since blood flow is being impeded. With less oxygen there would be less CO2 being produced in the blood to bind to bicarbonate and an unbalanced pH. E. Heart rate would increase due to a decrease in resistance and less oxygen uptake in the blood along with more oxygen being transported to tissues since blood flow is being impeded. With more oxygen being transported to the tissues there is less HCO3 binding to H+ ions to produce CO2 in the blood.

Bert and Ernie were at the gym when all of a sudden, Ernie started hyperventilating and ended up fainting. Bert rushed Ernie to the emergency room and after many tests, the doctor determined that Ernie's plasma was very acidic and there was very little bicarbonate in it. What could have been the cause of this acidity and lack of bicarbonate in Ernie's plasma and what could have caused him to start hyperventilating? a. Ernie's body was making too many ketones due to excess Acetyl CoA and this ultimately led to him having Ketoacidosis. This meant that Ernie's plasma consisted of too many hydrogen ions and very little bicarbonate. The increased acidity and lack of bicarbonate led to a buildup of CO2 and this accounted for his hyperventilation. b. Ernie's body was not making enough ketones due to a lack of Acetyl CoA and this ultimately led to him having Ketoacidosis. This meant that Ernie's plasma consisted of too many hydrogen ions and very little bicarbonate. The increased acidity and lack of bicarbonate led to a lack of CO2 in Ernie's body and this accounted for his hyperventilation. c. Ernie's body was making too many ketones due to a lack of Acetyl CoA and this ultimately led to him having Ketoacidosis. This meant that Ernie's plasma consisted of too many hydrogen ions and very little bicarbonate. The increased acidity and lack of bicarbonate led to a buildup of CO2 and this accounted for his hyperventilation. d. Ernie's body was making too many ketones due to excess Acetyl CoA and this ultimately led to him having Ketoacidosis. This meant that Ernie's plasma consisted of very few hydrogen ions and bicarbonate. The increased acidity and lack of bicarbonate led to a buildup of CO2 and this accounted for his hyperventilation. e. Ernie's body was not making enough ketones due to excess Acetyl CoA and this ultimately led to him having Ketoacidosis. This meant that Ernie's plasma consisted of very few hydrogen ions and bicarbonate. The increased acidity and lack of bicarbonate led to a lack of CO2 in Ernie's body and this accounted for his hyperventilation.

Bob the electrician was working on a rainy day and did not notice the live wire next to the puddle and electrocuted himself, stopping his heart. Thankfully Bob was working at Tom the doctors' house. Tom was able to give bob a shot of epinephrine to get his heart beating again. Bob awoke suddenly however his heart rate was below 60 beats per minutes and his ECG showed no P wave. What is happening to bob? a. When bob was electrocuted it damaged the SA nod and the atria were no longer able to depolarize eliminating the pwave. This lowered his heart rate due to the AV node taking over his heart rate. b. When bob was electrocuted it damaged the AV node and the ventricles were no longer able to function which caused the p wave to be abnormal c. When bob was electrocuted it damaged the SA node and the ventricles were no longer able to depolarize eliminating the p wave. This lowered his heart rate due to the AV node taking over his heart rate. d. When bob was electrocuted it damaged the AV node and the atria were no longer able to depolarize eliminating the p wave. This lowered his heart rate due to the AV node taking over his heart rate. e. Tom the doctor accidently gave bob a shot of non - epinephrine which caused bob to have a slowed heart rate and the p wave to be eliminated.

Carlisle was holding a tutoring session for the next physiology exam when a mysterious spider bit her! She goes to the doctor to get checked out and they notice that this bite has caused her potassium channels to stay open. Which of the following would happen within Carlisle's body? a. Action potentials will fire more rapidly due to increased potassium efflux caused by and increase of potassium in the extracellular fluid. b. She will be more sensitive to loud noises because potassium will be constantly flowing into her stereocilia, causing more neurotransmitter to be released and more action potentials will be fired to her brain. c. Carlisle's pacemaker potentials will fire much faster due to hyper polarization. d. Carlisle's eyes will be more sensitive to light. e. Carlisle's stereocilia are going to bend so far that they break.

During a cardiac action potential, which of the following phases occurs when the voltage-gate calcium channels are open? a. Plateau b. Repolarization c. Rapid depolarization d. Brief repolarization e. None of these

Each of the following is incorrect regarding parasympathetic innervation of the pacemaker cells of the heart EXCEPT: A. A longer slow depolarization and repolarization phases will occur resulting a decreased heart rate. B. The L-type calcium channel will be suppressed resulting in a longer slow depolarization. C. An increased heart rate is the result of the suppression of the T-type calcium channels and augmenting the voltage gated potassium channels. D. Epinephrine will bind to beta 1 adrenergic receptors. Protein Kinase A will phosphorylate the funny sodium and T-type calcium channels resulting in the augmentation of their openings. This will result in a faster slow depolarization and a decrease heart rate. E. When parasympathetic response dominates, ACh reduces the pacemaker cell action potential leading to a decrease in heart rate, vasodilation, and bronchodilation.

Franklin is running a sprint for his track team. During the run, he feels a rapid increase in his heart rate. What branch of the nervous system is causing this effect and how will this change Franklin's cardiac potential and pacemaker potential? a. Sympathetic neurons release epinephrine, which binds to SA nodal cells, causing an increase in rate of pacemaker potentials and an increase in the rate of cardiac potentials. b. Parasympathetic neurons release acetylcholine, which binds to SA nodal cells, causing an increase in rate of pacemaker potentials and an increase in cardiac action potentials. c. Parasympathetic neurons release epinephrine, which binds inside the cytosol to decrease cardiac potentials and increase pacemaker potentials. d. Sympathetic nervous system stimulates slow wave potentials, which cause rapid depolarization pacemaker cells from potassium influx. e. The parasympathetic nervous system triggers the thymus to increase pacemaker potential and cardiac potentials.

Granny Goose fell 2 months ago while she was working at her desk at work. She remembered perfectly everything that happened and claimed she had lost her footing. She received a laceration on her eyebrow about ½ of an inch deep and 2 inches long. After she went to the emergency room, she was given 36 stitches and went home. Today, she claims she has numbness that extends from her eyebrow to the back of her head. She also has muscle impairment in the area. Which of these answer choices is NOT a possible result from Granny Goose's fall? a. Granny Goose cut the nerve fibers in the area, which resulted in lack of communication to the brain from the nerve fibers. Therefore the skeletal muscle in the face no longer responded causing numbness in the area. b. Calcium influx no longer occurred causing the muscle in the eyebrow and forehead to decrease the amount of cross bridge cycling that occurred which in turn decreased contraction, causing the numbness. c. Acetylcholinesterase is over stimulated in the area. d. The neurons can no longer reach threshold. Action potentials can no longer propagate down the axon from the axon hillock effectively. e. IP3 can no longer be activated to produce a response in the skeletal muscle to move.

Grant and Hillary were arguing over who's lab group final grades would be better. Things get heated and Grant stabs Hillary in the chest, puncturing the thoracic wall. Dr. Ketchum takes a moment to explain to Hillary why she's having trouble breathing. Which of these best describes Hillary's injury? a. Intrapleural pressure has equalized with atmospheric pressure causing a condition known as a pneumothorax. b. Intrapleural pressure has risen above alveolar pressure resulting in a condition known as a pneumothorax. c. Intrapleural pressure has equalized with atmospheric pressure causing a condition known as a myocardial infarction. d. Intrapleural pressure has risen above alveolar pressure resulting in a condition known as a myocardial infarction. e. The knife punctures the lung allowing more oxygen to enter the lungs. This causes the VC to rise and allowing more oxygen to diffuse into the blood.

Heppy Lepsy is a 21 year old college student. One day while walking to class Heppy has a grand mal seizure. She becomes unconscious, falls on the ground, and begins to have convulsions. These convulsions cause her skeletal muscles to contract. What would cause these contractions? a. Excited neurons in her brain send action potentials to her motor unit causing an end plate potential and muscle contraction. These high amounts of action potentials would cause her skeletal muscle to contract at such a high frequency that her muscle fibers would not be able to relax. b. Before she hits the ground her body has a withdrawal reflex, and her muscles contract to take the force of the fall. c. Heppy ate a bunch of candy for breakfast. This caused her blood glucose levels to be high. To maintain homeostasis insulin is secreted, and there is a reuptake of glucose in her muscle cells. Higher concentrations of glucose inside her muscle cells create more cross bridge cycling and increased muscle contraction due to higher ATP production. d. Heppy has had a hemorrhage which has caused her blood volume and blood pressure to drop. Her muscles contract to create a skeletal muscle pump to increase the blood flow back to her heart. e. When Heppy is unconscious she has trouble breathing. This causes less oxygen to supply her skeletal muscles. This creates acidity in her tissues causing them to lose proper function and contract.

Hue M. Fizz has been having problems with persistent coughing and shortness of breath. Hue's doctor diagnosed him with cystic fibrosis. What are some of the observations Hue's doctor may have made to lead him to this diagnosis? A. An obstructive disease presenting symptoms including increased time to exhale. Also, a thick mucus membrane in the lungs caused by blocked solute transport across the lung membrane. B. An obstructive disease presenting symptoms including a low IRV. Also, a thick mucus membrane in the lungs caused by blocked solute transport into the lung membrane. C. A restrictive disease presenting symptoms including a low IRV. Also, thinned mucus in the lungs caused by increased solute transport across the lung membrane. D. An obstructive disease presenting symptoms including increased time to exhale. Also, a thick mucus membrane in the lungs caused by increased solute transport across the lung membrane. E. A restrictive disease presenting symptoms including decreased time to exhale. Also, a thin mucus membrane in the lungs caused by blocked solute transport across the lung membrane.

If the mean arterial pressure (MAP) is above normal what would be the mechanism to bring MAP back too normal during a parasympathetic response? A. A preganglionic neuron projects from the lateral horn of the spinal cord and enters the parasympathetic ganglion where its synapses with a postganglionic fiber which then releases Ach on muscarinic receptors which are G-protein coupled this then will lower heart rate. B. A preganglionic fiber from the sacral region travel to the spinal nerves C. A preganglionic fiber release norepinephrine or epinephrine to terminal ganglion in the SA and AV nodes of the heart, slowing the heart rate. D. A preganglionic fiber releases ACh this stimulates the postganglionic neuron to release norepinephrine and epinephrine from varicosities. E. A preganglionic neuron projects from the lateral horn of the spinal cord and enters the terminal ganglion where its synapses and release Ach to nicotinic cholinergic receptors activating the cAMP second messenger system which will bring heart rate back to normal. This will lower MAP to normal.

If the receptor is a channel-linked receptor: a. It is ionotropic and has a fast response on the postsynaptic neuron b. It is metabotropic and has a fast response on the postsynaptic neuron c. It is ionotropic and has a slow response on the postsynaptic neuron. d. It is metabotropic and has a slow response on the postsynaptic neuron.

Jackie Walker, a 75 year-old woman that is postmenopausal came into the doctor's office complaining about pain while walking after a minor fall a few days prior. When we took her blood pressure, it showed her heart rate was lower than normal. We decided to run several tests. The blood work came back and revealed that calcium in the blood is high, an elevation in parathyroid hormone, and a high level of lymphocytes. When we took an x-ray it exposed low bone density and a fragility fractured bone in one of her legs. A couple days after the fall, she also noticed several scrapes on her leg that she put Neosporin on to help with infections. What does Jackie have and what is the best treatment for this patient? a. Jackie has osteoporosis which can be treated by taking a parathyroid antagonist medication. This would decrease calcium levels in the blood because calcium isn't being removed from the bone. b. Jackie is hyper secreting IGF-1 causing her calcium levels in the blood to be high. Prescribe an IGF-1 antagonist. c. Jackie has a low heart rate because her calcium level is high making her heart contraction shorter thus prescribe her a calcitonin antagonist. d. Jackie has Tetanus causing her skeletal muscle in her leg to constantly contract which could have caused her to fall. A high level of calcium in the blood binds to troponin causing the muscle to constantly contract making her lose balance. Prescribe her a calcium ATPase inhibitor. e. Jackie is experiencing kidney stones. A high level of calcium in the blood causing a high level of calcium to be filtered through the kidney causing a buildup of excess calcium. Prescribe an increase in vitamin D intake.

Jo Bob Jr the 4th is 17 years old and finds himself feeling weak and tired, has to urinate frequently and he cannot quench his thirst. No insulin is being secreted from his pancreas. Which of the following is true for Jo? A. He has an excessive number of Beta cells in the pancreas. B. The ligand that aids in bringing glucose into the cell has too low of an affinity to its receptors resulting in a high number of glucose in the blood. C. He has a dangerously high number of ketones in his blood. D. His rate of glycolysis is too slow, so he is not producing enough ATP to give him energy. E. His muscarinic cholinergic receptors are not functioning properly

Kaitlin was doing the frog heart lab, when she accidently switched her water bottle for the bottle containing Ach, so she took a big drink of the bottle containing Ach (She didn't follow lab safety rules very well). Because of this mistake, her levels of Ach were above normal. What would NOT happen due to the elevated Ach levels? a. Post ganglionic receptors would down regulate due to the high levels of Ach b. Skeletal muscles would begin to contract c. Ach would be released from preganglionic neurons from the sacral region of the spine d. Parasympathetic response in the ventricular myocardium e. AchE would be inhibited

Karen's coronary artery gets stabbed by a surgeon on accident. What effects will Karen have? a. She will not be able to get blood to her heart muscle so it will stop working as efficiently. b. She will not be able to get blood to all her systemic organs c. She will not be able to get blood to the brain d. Nothing because her brain and arteries will still receive blood e. Her heart muscle, brain, and organs will all not receive blood.

Lacey has been training UFC for more than 10 years and she will be fighting Tonya, who has an undefeated record. The fight began and punches are being thrown abruptly and it is a good fight. Lacey quickly threw her right fist to Tonya's left eye and blood begins to come down her face. Tonya's left eye begins to swell up in an instant and she falls to the ground. Then, Lacey is quickly in a choke-hold position with her arms, which are in a perpendicular position, while giving Tonya smaller amount of breaths to breathe. Tonya taps out and the referee checks to make sure if Tonya is alright while Lacey is running around the octagon with excitement for ending Tonya's undefeated career. What type of muscle contraction did Lacey use and how was Tonya's heart rate during the choke-hold position? a. Lacey used only an eccentric movement. Tonya's heart rate decreased because her blood flow decreased. b. Lacey used both isotonic and isometric movements. Tonya's heart rate increased because her blood flow increased. c. Lacey used both eccentric and concentric movement. Tonya's heart rate increase and her blood flow decreased. d. Lacey used only concentric movement. Tonya's heart rate increased and her blood flow increased. e. Lacey used only an isometric movement. Tonya's heart rate increased and her blood flow decreased.

Leigh's disease is a disorder thought to be caused by mutated mitochondrial DNA that disrupts oxidative phosphorylation. Which answer correctly describes the effect of Leigh's disease? a. Decreased contractions of the heart muscle (myocytes)and decreased activity of calcium ATP-ase pumps on the sarcoplasmic reticulum. b. Increased absorption of Glucose into the endothelial cells via sodium co-transport within the small intestine and into the plasma. c. Increased urine volume, decreased plasma volume, and increased reabsorption of water in the convoluted distal tubule, collecting duct, and ascending loop of henle in the kidney tubules. d. Muscular hypertrophy and decreased muscle strength and force of contractions due to an increase in stimulation causing an increase in the release of calcium and more cross-bridges to be formed causing an optimum length to be met between the thick and thin filaments. e. An increased action potential frequency in sensory neurons, and hypersensitivity resulting in prolonged pain symptoms.

Logan is a long-distance runner. It takes her at least 30 minutes before she starts to feel even slightly fatigued. However, she has a hard time lifting 10 pound weights. Logan's high endurance levels are caused by her high number of slow oxidative fibers. Why do you think capillaries play a large role in this muscle fiber type? Is there an increase or decrease in venous return while running for long periods of time? A. The capillaries allow for gas exchange and deliver lots of oxygen to her muscles while she is running so her rate of fatigue is low; increase B. The capillaries deliver lots of oxygen to her muscles while she is running so her rate of fatigue is high; decrease C. The capillaries play an important role in fast glycolytic fibers, not slow oxidative fibers; decrease D. The capillaries allow for aerobic respiration to occur which allows for more ATP production which causes her rate of fatigue to be high; increase E. The capillaries play no role in this process; remain unchanged

Mary Krismas has a tumor on her adrenal medulla, causing hyposecretion of epinephrine. On Black Friday, Mary decided to take a trip to Wal-mart to purchase the new Xbox One and got into a heated fistfight with Ebenezer over the last One, when Ebenezer pulled out a screwdriver to stab her. Mary's sympathetic nervous system begins to take over. Because of her tumor, Mary is unable to run away and receives a fatal stabbing. What physiological effects are hindered by the tumor while Mary was fighting for her life? a. Inability to increase cardiac output, decreasing the amount of oxygen being transported to her muscles by the blood, which results in her inability to escape from Ebenezer. b. The bronchioles in the lungs vasoconstrict, decreasing her oxygen intake, which prevents oxygen from reaching her muscles. c. The adrenergic receptors would upregulate on the nuclear membrane inside the cells because of the decreased amount of epinephrine being secreted. d. IP3 would be inhibited in the second messenger system, preventing the opening of Funny-Na channels and T-Type Calcium channels. e. Decreased levels of epinephrine would promote gluconeogenesis, increasing blood glucose levels.

Olivia has been bitten by an unknown spider and is now being rushed to the hospital. The doctors immediately discover that she is experiencing paralysis and the slowing of her heart rate. The doctors want to know the best reason for the occurring symptoms and how to quickly ease the patient. What would be your best explanation for the doctors? a. The poison of the spider is acting as an antagonist and slowing the rate of pacemaker and action potentials of the heart. With lower stroke volume, the tissues receive less oxygen and therefore ATP cannot be produced causing paralysis. The doctors should inject epinephrine to speed the heart rate up and allow the body to receive more oxygen. b. The poison of the spider is acting as an agonist and slowing the rate of the pacemaker and action potentials of the heart. With lower stroke volume, the tissues receive less oxygen and therefore ATP cannot be produced causing paralysis. The doctors should inject epinephrine to speed the heart rate up and allow the body to receive more oxygen. c. The poison of the spider is acting as an antagonist and slowing the rate of pacemaker and action potentials of the heart. With higher stroke volume, the tissues receive more oxygen and therefore ATP can be produced causing paralysis. The doctors should inject ACh to speed the heart rate up and allow the body to receive more oxygen. d. The poison of the spider is acting as an agonist and slowing the rate of pacemaker and action potentials of the heart. With lower stroke volume, the tissues receive less oxygen and therefore ATP can be produced causing paralysis. The doctors should inject ACh to speed the heart rate up and allow the body to receive more oxygen. e. The poison of the spider is acting as an antagonist and slowing the rate of pacemaker and action potentials of the heart. With lower stroke volume, the tissues receive less oxygen and therefore ATP cannot be produced causing paralysis. There would therefore be no possible cure.

On Friday the 13th Jasper decided to go to a haunted house. While in the haunted house many clowns, people will masks and chainsaws, and monsters popped out and scared him. Which of the following is TRUE regarding how Jasper's body would react in this scenario? a. He would have a sympathetic response, his body would release epinephrine and it would bind to beta-one receptors in the AV and SA nodes, and the ventricular myocardium, thus increasing his heart rate and increasing his force of contraction. b. He would have a sympathetic response, his body would release epinephrine and it would bind to beta-one receptors in the AV and SA nodes, and the atrial myocardium, thus increasing his heart rate and decreasing his force of contraction. c. He would have a parasympathetic response, his body would release epinephrine and it would bind to beta-one receptors in the AV and SA nodes, and the ventricular myocardium, thus increasing his heart rate and increasing his force of contraction. d. He would have a parasympathetic response, his body would release acetylcholine and it would bind to muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the AV and SA nodes. This would decrease his heart rate and allow him to not become frightened by the clowns. e. He would have a sympathetic response, his body would release epinephrine and it would bind to beta-one, beta-two, and alpha-one receptors all in the heart (AV, SA nodes, and ventricular myocardium) this would increase his heart rate and force of contraction.

One morning Dee Hydrated woke up and decided to drink a liter of water. Dee was running late so she grabbed a bottle from the refrigerator and drank the entire liter in less than a minute. What is a possible side effect Dee may experience? a. Urge to urinate because when that much water is taken in that quickly the kidneys will excrete the majority of it instead of reabsorbing it through the proximal convoluted tubule and ascending loop of Henle. b. The sudden increase in water will lead to a decrease in the osmolarity of the plasma, which is normally more concentrated than the interstitial fluid due to the higher amount of proteins present in the interstitial fluid relative to plasma. c. Drinking this amount of water causes the pressure in the blood vessels to increase. In response to this, the granular cells of the renal tubules secrete renin, which ultimately leads to an increase in aldosterone levels in the blood and consequent sodium reabsorption. d. While drinking the water her epiglottis was in the closed position and Dee wasn't able to ventilate adequately due to the rate at which she was drinking. This lead to a build-up of carbon dioxide in her lungs. To compensate, her rate of respiration increased. e. Heart rate would increase, thereby inducing a parasympathetic response causing acetylcholine to bind to muscarinic cholinergic receptors that would lead to a decrease in venous compliance and subsequent high blood pressure.

Patient comes in to the hospital complaining of increased heart rate, shakiness, and jitters. Patients states he has taken a workout supplement not knowing that it inhibits the activity of phosphodiesterase. Explain why the patient still has an increase in heart rate hours after his workout. a. Inhibiting cAMP phosphodieterase results in high levels of cAMP remaining inside the cytosol of the pacemaker cells after his workout, which would continue to augment funny Sodium channels and T-type Calcium channels. b. Beta 1 receptors on the plasma membrane of the cells will increase the rate of epinephrine binding when a supplement inhibits the activity of cAMP phosphodiesterase. c. The inhibition of phosphodiesterase causes the G Protein to constantly activate adenylate cyclase which causes high amounts of cAMP to be produced. This would cause a constant release of calcium from the SR, increasing cross bridging and contractility, resulting in an increased heart rate. d. Inhibition of phosphodiesterase increases cAMP concentrations in motor neurons which will increase the rate of actions potentials being sent to the heart, thus increasing heart rate. e. Inactivity of phosphodiesterase causes high levels of cAMP in the blood and causes agglutination which thickens the blood and requires the heart to pump harder to give tissues adequate blood supply.

Sally visited her physician complaining of brief 15-20 minute spells of heart palpitations, sweating, and nervousness. Her doctor decided to run a few tests during one of these spells and found that in addition to a rapid heart rate, Sally also presented with high blood pressure and increased blood sugar levels. What might be causing Sally's issues and what could her physician prescribe to alleviate her symptoms? a. An adenoma in Sally's adrenal gland may be causing hypersecretion of the catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine from the chromaffin cells. This over production increases sympathetic activity. To treat her symptoms, Sally's doctor may prescribe a sympatholytic drug, such as a Beta-blocker, to prevent epinephrine and norepinephrine from binding to adrenergic Beta receptors. b. An adenoma in Sally's hypothalamus may be causing hypersecretion of the hormones oxytocin and ADH from the pituitary gland. This over production increases sympathetic activity. To treat her symptoms, Sally's doctor may prescribe a sympatholytic drug, such as a Beta-blocker, to prevent epinephrine and norepinephrine from binding to adrenergic Beta receptors. c. A non-functioning adenoma in Sally's adrenal gland may be causing hyposecretion of the catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine from the chromaffin cells. This under production decreases sympathetic activity. To treat her symptoms, Sally's doctor may prescribe a sympathomimetic drug, such as an amphetamine, to bind to adrenergic Beta receptors and mimic the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine. d. A non-functioning adenoma in Sally's hypothalamus may be causing hyposecretion of the hormones oxytocin and ADH from the pituitary gland. This under production decreases sympathetic activity. To treat her symptoms, Sally's doctor may prescribe a sympathomimetic drug, such as an amphetamine, to bind to adrenergic Beta receptors and mimic the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine. e. An adenoma in Sally's adrenal gland may be causing hyposecretion of the catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine from the chromaffin cells. This under production increases sympathetic activity. To treat her symptoms, Sally's doctor may prescribe a sympathomimetic drug, such as an amphetamine, to bind to adrenergic Beta receptors and mimic the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

The most numerous cells are erythrocytes, which are also known as __________? a. Red blood cells b. White blood cells c. Platelets d. Plasma

What are the three main phases of an action potential (in the correct order) and what causes these phases to take place in a cardiac contractile cell? A. The three main phases of an action potential are depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization; depolarization is caused by sodium influx, repolarization is caused by calcium influx and potassium efflux which causes a plateau until the calcium channels close, and hyperpolarization does not occur B. The three main phases of an action potential are repolarization, depolarization, and hyperpolarization; repolarization is caused by calcium efflux and potassium efflux which causes a plateau until the calcium channels close, depolarization is caused by sodium influx, and hyperpolarization is caused by excess sodium efflux and after depolarization. C. The three main phases of an action potential are depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization; depolarization is caused by sodium influx, repolarization is caused by calcium and potassium efflux, and hyperpolarization does not occur. D. The three main phases of an action potential are repolarization, depolarization, and hyperpolarization; repolarization is caused by calcium influx and potassium efflux which causes a plateau until the calcium channels close, depolarization is causes by sodium influx, and hyperpolarization does not occur. E. The three main phases of an action potential are depolarization, hyperpolarization, and repolarization; depolarization is caused by sodium influx, hyperpolarization is caused by calcium efflux, and repolarization is caused by potassium influx and calcium efflux which causes a plateau until calcium channels close.

What enzyme is responsible for the removal of acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft? a. Acetylcholinesterase b. Protein Kinase A c. cAMP d. Adenylate Cyclase

What is the correct order for phototransduction? a. Light is absorbed by photopigment, retinal and opsin dissociate, transducin is activated, cGMP levels in cytosol decrease, sodium channels close, cell hyperpolarizes, calcium channels close, transmitter release is decreased, graded potential in bipolar cell gets smaller. b. Light is absorbed by photopigment, transducin is activated, cGMP levels in cytosol decrease, sodium channels close, retinal and opsin dissociate, cell hyperpolarizes, calcium channels close, transmitter release is decreased, graded potential in bipolar cell gets smaller. c. Sodium channels close, retinal and opsin dissociate, cell hyperpolarizes, calcium channels close, transmitter release is decreased, light is absorbed by photopigment, transducin is activated, cGMP levels in cytosol decrease, graded potential in bipolar cell gets smaller. d. Cell hyperpolarizes, calcium channels close, transmitter release is decreased, light is absorbed by photopigment, transducin is activated, cGMP levels in cytosol decrease, sodium channels close, retinal and opsin dissociate, graded potential in bipolar cell gets smaller. e. The cGMP levels in cytosol decrease Sodium channels close, retinal and opsin dissociate, cell hyperpolarizes, calcium channels close, transmitter release is decreased, light is absorbed by photopigment, transducin is activated, graded potential in bipolar cell gets smaller.

Which of the following does aldosterone regulate? a. Both the reabsorption of sodium and the secretion of potassium. b. Both the reabsorption of potassium and the secretion of sodium. c. The reabsorption of potassium only. d. The reabsorption of sodium only. e. None of the above

Which of the following does the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA) NOT regulate? a. K levels b. Volume of the ECF c. Blood pressure d. None of the above e. B and C

Which of the following is NOT true regarding pacemaker activity? a. Voltage gated potassium open during slow depolarization. b. Funny sodium channels are open during slow depolarization. c. Voltage gated T-type calcium channels are open during slow depolarization. d. Voltage gated L-type calcium channels are closed during repolarization. e. Voltage gated potassium channels open during repolarization.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the effects of increased production of Angiotensin II in the ultimate increase of MAP? a. A decreased secretion of ADH b. An increased secretion of Aldosterone c. Increased vasoconstriction of systemic arterioles d. Increased thirst stimulation by hypothalamic neurons e. Increased Na reabsorption in late distal tubules and collecting ducts

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the human urinary system? a. Consists of 2 kidneys. b. Consists of glomerulus that are refererd to as tuft of capillaries c. Consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra d. Sometimes, crystals in the kidneys may form into stones e. The system helps in activating vitamin D3 into calcitriol

Which of the following is TRUE regarding sympathetic innervation of the Pacemaker cells of the Heart? a. Protein kinase A will phosphorylate the funny Na channels and T-type calcium channels. As a result, the openings of the channels are augmented causing a faster slow depolarization and increasing the heart rate. b. ACh will bind to muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the plasma membrane of the pacemaker cells activating the G- protein. The alpha sub unit of G protein will slide over and bump into the amplifier enzyme adenylate cyclase, which activates the second messenger system cAMP. c. The release of epinephrine when sympathetic nervous system is dominating will result in an increase in the number of pacemaker action potentials leading to an increase in heart rate. Epinephrine release will also result in bronchoconstriction. d. Epinephrine will bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors causing the augmentation of funny sodium channels and L-type calcium channels resulting in an increased amount of pacemaker action potential. e. ACh binds to adrenergic receptors causing a decrease in blood resistance resulting in an increase in the frequency of pacemaker action potentials. This causes an increase in heart rate.

Which of the following is true about the skeletal muscle? a. Acetylcholine is released from the axon terminal of the motor neuron and binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors on the effector organ. b. Epinephrine is released from the axon terminal of the motor neuron and binds to muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the effector organ. c. Skeletal muscle can be dually innervated by both the parasympathetic system and the sympathetic system. d. The neuromuscular junction is between the varicosities and the effector and can create and End Plate Potential on the motor end plate. e. Skeletal muscle lines the uterus and the bladder and always has some contraction.

Which of the following is true about vasopressin (ADH)? a. It is a peptide hormone synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary. b. The release of vasopressin increases blood volume and decreases blood pressure through a positive feedback loop. c. It is also known as Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, targets the kidneys and increases water absorption. d. The release of vasopressin increases blood volume and increases Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) through long-term regulation. e. Alcohol hangovers are caused by the increased release of vasopressin.

Which of the following statements about graded potentials is true? a. the magnitude of graded potential varies with the strength of the stimulus b. Graded potentials are initiated in duration by the refractory period c. All graded potentials are hyperpolorization d. Graded potentials can not sum over time e. Graded potentials are not produced at ligand gated channels

Which of the following statements is false about potassium? A. During excitation-contraction coupling, when acetylcholine binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors on the motor end plate, potassium ions move out of the cell as sodium ions move into the cell. B. Potassium efflux occurs when voltage-gated potassium channels open during a cardiac action potential, which causes a brief period of repolarization. C. Potassium is used during the death penalty because when potassium floods the heart, it causes the heart rate to decrease and eventually stop if enough potassium is applied. This is due build up of negative charged ions in the cell. D. During an action potential, if there is more potassium efflux, repolarization occurs for a longer time, and it would take longer for the membrane potential to reach threshold again. E. During a parasympathetic response, when acetylcholine binds its receptor protein, direct coupling occurs which augments voltage-gated calcium T-type channels and inhibits voltage-gated potassium channels.

Which of the following steps of cellular respiration occurs in the cell's cytoplasm? a. Glycolysis b. Kreb's cycle c. Oxidative phosphorylation d. a and b e. a and c

You are at the library studying really late for your physiology exam. At midnight, you decide it is time to go home. As you walk outside to your car, you hear someone behind you. You turn around to see a shadow creeping closer and closer towards you. You panic and begin running. Which of the following is not occurring in your body? A. Your skeletal muscle is stimulated to contract more. This is done by releasing more calcium into the sarcoplasm from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to be used for excitation contraction coupling. B. Your heart rate will increase in order to increase blood flow. C. Your pupils will dilate due to the contraction of radial muscles in the eye so that more light can be let in. D. The beta cells in the pancreas will be inhibited from secreting insulin. E. Bronchodilation will occur in your lungs in order to increase the amount of oxygen you can take in while running away.

You have more potassium ions inside a cell than you do outside of the cell, if this ion moves along its concentration gradient due to its chemical driving force it will... A. Need a channel and move from the cell out B. Need a channel and move from outside into the cell C. it will be back and forth and equilibriate since there is a channel D. Ions cannot move through channels

male college student was admitted to the emergency room and diagnosed with severely elevated heart rate and blood pressure levels. These levels remained high, even after the student spent a period at rest. The student claims that he had been lifting very heavy weights in the gym when he was suddenly overcome with a severe headache, significant skin flushing, and the inability to catch his breath. He also claimed that, even after attempting to relax, his heart would not stop beating at an alarming rate. Which of the following diagnoses is most likely to be the cause of this health issue? A. By overexerting himself while weightlifting, the student sustained damage to his sinoatrial node, causing his atrioventricular node- which produces a faster pacemaker potential- to take control of his heartrate. B. The student suffers from a genetic condition that causes hypersecretion of adrenaline in response to physical exertion. These high levels of adrenaline then bind to the Beta-1 muscarinic receptors in the heart, causing a dangerous increase in heart rate. C. The student consumed an unhealthy amount of caffeine prior to visiting the gym, which caused his body to undergo a severely elevated parasympathetic response upon physical exertion. D. Because the student suffers from damaged vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves, his baroreceptors cannot properly inform his medulla of the increase in blood pressure brought on by exercise, preventing his body from properly decreasing sympathetic and increasing parasympathetic responses to lower blood pressure levels. E. The student suffers from a genetic condition that inhibits his ability to produce sufficient quantities of norepinephrine and epinephrine, preventing his body from properly undergoing a parasympathetic response after exercising.

. It was a Wednesday night after lab when Reid walks into a bar and runs into his friend Elizabeth. "How are you?" Elizabeth asks. "Actually, not great," answers Reid. Reid then tells Elizabeth that lately he has been losing weight, has muscle weakness, and his heart rate has been extremely high. Elizabeth takes Reid to the doctor, and the doctor says that Reid has a functioning adenoma on his thyroid gland. Which of the following is NOT true regarding Reid's current state? a. The functioning adenoma is causing hypersecretion of calcitonin, causing reduced blood calcium levels. The reduced calcium levels are resulting in less calcium being available to bind to troponin, which would allow for tropomyosin to shift over, exposing myosin binding sites. Therefor, less calcium binding to troponin is causing less cross-bridge cycling, resulting in decreased ability for muscle contraction. b. The functioning adenoma is causing hypersecretion of thyroid hormone, which is causing a higher frequency of cardiac action potentials, which is increasing heart rate. This increase in heart rate causes an increase in cardiac output and therefor an increase in blood pressure. c. The functioning adenoma would cause hypersecretion of thyroid hormone which is increasing his metabolic rate. This is causing chemical digestion of large molecules (such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) by enzymes through hydrolysis to occur much faster. Then they can be absorbed by the lining of the alimentary canal quicker too. d. Reid could be classified as having hypothyroidism, caused by an elevated level of thyroid hormone in the blood. e. Reid would have low levels of TRH and TSH due to negative feedback.

A solution is divided in the middle by a membrane which is permeable to solutes of side A, but impermeable to solutes of side B. If side A is hypotonic to side B, which of the following is true? a. The solute will flow from side A to side B b. Water will flow from side A to side B by osmosis c. The solute will flow from side B to side A d. Water will flow from side B to side A by osmosis e. All of these are false

All matter is composed of which of the following? a. Molecules b. Atoms c. Elements d. Protons e. water

An hydrolysis reaction involves a. the joining together of two or more smaller molecules. b. the breaking of the bonds that link a molecule together. c. the addition of a phosphate group. d. the removal of electrons from a molecule. e. the addition of electrons to a molecule.

Beta cells in the pancreas release insulin to decrease blood glucose levels. Which of the following is NOT an action of insulin on target tissues? a. Insulin secretion increase glucose uptake in most tissues b. Insulin secretion decreases glycogen synthesis in the liver and muscle c. Insulin secretion decreases gluconeogenesis d. Insulin secretion increases amino acid uptake in most tissues

Bumble Ling recently decided to begin growing and canning her own asparagus to eat over Christmas break. Unfortunately, however, she forgot to sterilize the containers she used to can her asparagus, and Clostridium Botulinum, the bacteria that produce botulinum toxin, survived the canning process and subsequently proliferated in Bumble Ling's home-canned asparagus. After devouring her first can of asparagus, Bumble Ling began displaying characteristic symptoms of botulism poisoning and her friends quickly drove her to the nearest emergency room. Based specifically on the knowledge that botulinum toxin prevents acetylcholine release from neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system, what might some of her symptoms include? a. Bumble Ling should not be showing any symptoms of botulism poisoning because botulinum toxin has no negative effects on humans, as evidenced by the popular use of Botox in cosmetic procedures. b. One of Bumble Ling's symptoms would include dry mouth because parasympathetic stimulation of the salivary gland increases production of saliva for digestive purposes, inhibition of this process would result in dry mouth. c. Bumble Ling would have a stomachache because of the inability of acetylcholine to bind to alpha-1 receptors in the smooth muscle of her gut. Subsequently, this would result in the inability to convert PIP3 to IP3 or DAG, which would inhibit smooth muscle contraction in the gut causing her stomachache. d. Bumble Ling would have died within minutes of eating her canned asparagus because the ventricular myocardium of the heart relies on the release of acetylcholine from the parasympathetic nervous system to continue contracting. e. One of Bumble Ling's symptoms would be severely dilated pupils because parasympathetic innervation of the radial muscle layer of the iris causes constriction of the pupils. Since this process is inhibited by the inability of Bumble's parasympathetic neurons to release acetylcholine her pupils would become dilated.

Case Study: Susan comes into the hospital with high blood pressure. She also complains of having trouble with hearing, especially detecting which side she hears someone talk from. Upon further observation, her balance seems to be off also and her response to stimuli seems to be delayed. a. Susan has a problem in the medulla of her brain, causing neural signals in the ascending tracts to not function, and therefore autonomic responses to not function. This will cause the veins to not properly dilate during a sympathetic response and will therefore will decrease central venous return to the SVC or IVC and decrease central venous pressure. b. Susan has a problem with the medulla of her brain, causing neural signals in the ascending tracts to not function, and therefore autonomic responses to not function. This will cause the veins to not properly dilate during a sympathetic response and will therefore will increase central venous return to the SVC or IVC and decrease central venous pressure. c. Susan has a problem with the medulla of her brain, causing neural signals in the ascending tracts to not function and therefore autonomic responses to not function. This will cause auditory information coming from the vagus nerve to not synapse with neurons on the medulla and therefore sound localization will not occur. d. Susan has a problem with the medulla of her brain causing neural signals in the ascending tracts to not function and therefore atomic responses to not function. In addition, her proprioception will be thrown off and collateral projects from the medulla will not project to the cerebrum. e. Susan is experiencing metabolic acidosis from excess acidity. This resulted in decrease of reflexes and increase of muscle twitching. She will likely have headaches to follow. Her skin is flushed and her vessels are dilated.

Catalina is complaining of fatigue, muscle weakness, and poor night vision while driving. How could ACh cause these symptoms and what mode of action would help reduce them? a. High levels of ACh release from the postganglionic neuron in the sympathetic nervous system. An ACh antagonist would reduce symptoms by binding to nicotinic cholinergic receptors on effector organs. b. Decreased levels of AChE causes ACh levels to remain high in the synaptic cleft causing continual parasympathetic stimulation to act on cardiac muscle lowering heart rate and act on circular muscle in the eye causing pupillary constriction. An Ach antagonist will prevent ACh binding on muscarinic receptors, decreasing symptoms. c. Low amounts of ACh would cause continuous skeletal muscle contraction. A drug that increased adrenergic receptor sensitivity could increase Ach binding on effector organs. d. High ACh levels are causing continuous skeletal muscle contraction, resulting in muscle fatigue and relaxation of circular muscle in the eye thus increasing the pupillary constriction. An inhibitory drug that blocks ACh nicotinic receptors on the effector organs. e. Decreased levels of AChE causes Ach levels to decrease in the synaptic cleft causing continual parasympathetic stimulation to act on cardiac muscle lowering heart rate and act on circular muscle in the eye causing decreased constriction. An ACh agonist will keep Ach from binding to muscarinic receptors, decreasing symptoms.

Charlie Sheen wakes up in the middle of a dark room with slight amnesia. Sitting in front of him are five pills, each labeled with a notecard describing what is in each pill Mr. Sheen notices that his heart is beating unusually fast (even more frantically than when he is on one of his cocaine binges), that he is profusely sweating, and he is starting to become woozy. Which of the pills should Mr. Sheen take to try to decrease his heart rate and why should he choose it? A. Atropine - Charlie should choose this pill because atropine is a widely known muscarinic antagonist that will stimulate the parasympathetic innervated locations of the myocardium and nodes which will result in a decreased heart rate. B. Pilocarpine - Charlie should choose this pill because pilocarpine is a widely known parasympathomimetic which mimics acetylcholine and induces a response from muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the parasympathetic innervated portions of the myocardium and nodes leading to an overall decreased heart rate. C. Epinephrine - Charlie should choose this pill because epinephrine is one of the most widely known parasympathetic neurotransmitters which will induce responses from adrenergic receptors the parasympathetic innervated portions of the myocardium and nodes of the heart leading to an overall decrease in heart rate. D. Albuterol - Charlie should choose this pill because albuterol is a widely known parasympathomimetic which mimics acetylcholine's' action on the nicotinic cholinergic receptors located in the parasympathetic innervated portions of the myocardium and nodes of the heart, leading to a decrease in Charlies' overall heart rate. E. Isoproterenol - Charlie should choose this pill because isoproterenol is a widely known sympathomimetic drug which induces responses from the beta-1 adrenergic receptors located in the sympathetic innervated portions of the myocardium and nodes of the heart, leading to an overall decrease in heart rate.

Dr. Bright is taking his forensic entomology class out to the field for the very first time. One of her students, Adrenna Lynn Rush, was not paying attention to her surroundings and was bitten by a strange bug. This bug injects a toxin that acts as a sympathomimetic drug. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding what might happen to Adrenna as a result of this bite? A. This drug will increase stroke volume via intrinsic control due to an increased heart rate and an increased force of contraction. B. This drug could bind to Beta-2 adrenergic receptors, activating the cAMP second messenger system; this results in vasodilation which decreases TPR, decreases MAP, and increases blood flow to cardiac and skeletal muscle. C. This drug will increase the amount of calcium binding to tropomyosin in cardiac muscle; this increases the number of cross bridges formed, therefore increasing force of contraction. D. This drug mimics the fight-or-flight response and therefore initiates a fast response via adrenergic receptors. E. This drug augments voltage-gated funny channels, voltage-gated T-type calcium channels, and voltage-gated potassium channels; this results in a higher force of contraction.

During active expiration, which of the following contracts? a. external intercostals and diaphragm b. internal intercostals and abdominals c. external intercostals and internal intercostals d. diaphragm and abdominals e. none of the above

Francisco Javier was reminiscing about the time he took some classes of anatomy and physiology and learned a thing or two about his kidneys. He only remembers certain things such as the kidneys filter blood and that the word "adrenal" means "above the kidney." However, he did not find this information helpful in figuring out why he was having trouble urinating. Based on the following scenarios, can you help Francisco figure out what is wrong? A. The lipophilic peptide, ADH (which can diffuse freely through the membrane) is being hyposecreted by the posterior pituitary, thus reabsorbing less water and reducing the volume of urine production B. The lipophobic peptide (which requires a transmembrane protein to get through the membrane), ADH is being hypersecreted by the anterior pituitary, thus reabsorbing more water and reducing the volume of urine production. C. The lipophilic amine (which can freely diffuse through the membrane), vasopressin is being hypersecreted by the anterior pituitary, thus reabsorbing more water and reducing the volume of urine production D. The hydrophilic steroid (which requires a transmembrane protein to get through the membrane), cortisol is being hypersecreted by the adrenal cortex causing an elevation of stress levels, thus reabsorbing more water and reducing the volume of urine production E. The hydrophobic peptide (which can diffuse freely through the membrane), Aldosterone is being hypersecreted by the adrenal cortex thus reabsorbing less water and reducing the volume of urine production

Frieda Livery, a 27 year old female, pregnant with her first child is 4 days past her due date, in August. Her doctor decides to administer an exogenous drug named Pitocin that functions by mimicking the effects of Oxytocin, a neurohormone produced by the hypothalamus. Pitocin will _______: A. bind to receptors on the single-unit smooth muscle of the uterus, causing contractions of discrete functional units, which will result in the birth of the child, at which point negative feedback will turn off the system. B. bind to receptors on the single-unit smooth muscle of the uterus, causing a functional syncytium of contractions, which will continue using a positive feedback loop, resulting in the birth of the child. C. bind to receptors in the posterior pituitary causing a neurogenic response in the single-unit smooth muscle of the uterus, causing a functional syncytium of contractions, which will continue using a positive feedback loop, resulting in the birth of the child. D. bind to receptors on the multi-unit smooth muscle of the uterus, causing contractions of discrete functional units, which will continue using a positive feedback loop, resulting in the birth of the child. E. bind to receptors on the single-unit smooth muscle of the uterus, causing a functional syncytium of contractions, which will result in the birth of the child, at which point negative feedback will turn off the system.

Helen is working the night shift as a mall cop at the Sooner Mall when she hears a gunshot. Not being a very good mall cop, she gets scared and begins to run away. Which hormone induced Helen's response and what effect does this have on her respiratory and cardiovascular systems? a. Acetylcholine is released from the motor end plate, increasing the frequency of action potentials, which would increase Sally's heart rate, therefore increasing oxygen delivery to the systemic tissues. b. E/NE is released from the adrenal medulla, causing her bronchioles to dilate so oxygen delivery to the systemic tissues can increase, and causing her veins to constrict, which increases resistance, MAP, and blood flow. c. E/NE is released from the adrenal medulla, causing her bronchioles to dilate which will increase oxygen delivery to the systemic tissues, and causing her veins to dilate, which decreases resistance, and increases blood flow. d. E/NE is released from the adrenal cortex, causing dilation of the bronchioles to increase oxygen intake and causing constriction of the veins to increase blood flow. e. E/NE is released from the adrenal cortex, increasing Sally's heart rate which increases oxygen delivery to the tissues and causing expansion of her lungs to increase cellular respiration.

In the 4th century BC, the philosopher Socrates was sentenced to death for allegedly corrupting the youth and being impious. His execution consisted of drinking a poison derived from the hemlock plant, which contains a chemical called coliine. This chemical works by blocking the cholinergic receptors at the neuromuscular junction. Based on this information, what would have been the most likely cause of Socrates' death? a. The chemical blocked the nicotinic cholinergic receptors on the myocardium of the heart, causing them to stop contracting and preventing blood and oxygen from getting to the brain. b. The chemical blocked the nicotinic cholinergic receptors on the muscle fibers of the diaphragm, effectively paralyzing it and preventing Socrates from respiring. This eventually resulted in Socrates being unable to get oxygen to the brain and subsequent death of neurons. c. The chemical blocked the binding of acetylcholine to the muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the diaphragm, causing it to contract and preventing Socrates from inhaling oxygen. This resulted in Oxygen not being delivered to the brain and subsequent death of neurons. d. The chemical bound to the nicotinic cholinergic receptors of the myocardium, causing Socrates to get a parasympathetic response, which caused his heart rate to decrease and not enough blood to get to his brain. e. The chemical bound to the nicotinic cholinergic receptors of the smooth muscle in the bronchial tubes, causing them to constrict and preventing Socrates from being able to breath in oxygen. This prevented oxygen from getting to the brain, resulting in brain death.

In the ECG, what causes the formation of the QRS complex? a. Ventricular repolarization b. Ventricular depolarization c. Atrial repolarization d. Atrial depolarization e. Opening of the AV valves

It is known that Carbon dioxide is transported by three major mechanisms. Which of the following options is correct about these mechanisms. a. CO2 is transported in hemoglobin, in Red Blood Cells, and in White Blood Cells. b. CO2 is transported in erythrocytes, in the plasma, and after H2CO3- formation. c. CO2 is transported in blood vessels, as HCO3-, in antibodies. d. CO2 is transported in erythrocytes, in the plasma, and after H2CO2 formation. e. CO2 is transported in antibodies, hemoglobin, and plasma

Joe has just started working out and notices how sore his legs are as he is walking to his physiology class. In physiology he is learning about the heart and how it works. He learns that the heart is a muscle too and that is why the heart must contract to be able to pump blood throughout the body. This new knowledge has Joe thinking, if the heart is a muscle and it is constantly contracting to pump blood then why does it never fatigue and feel sore like his legs did after his workout? Joe also wonders while he is working out how his breathing rate is maintained and what detects his low oxygen levels? A. The type of muscle in Joe's legs is skeletal and the type of muscle in Joe's heart is smooth muscle. Smooth muscle is known to constantly be a little contracted at all times and this helps it not fatigue. Skeletal muscle fatigues easier because if it does not have a constant steady supply of oxygen it cannot keep doing aerobic respiration to make ATP to fuel the muscle during a workout and the muscle fatigues. The cerebellum maintains Joe's breathing rate and peripheral chemoreceptors detect low oxygen levels. B. The type of muscle in Joe's legs is skeletal and the type of muscle in his heart is cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle is able to constantly contract without fatiguing because of the large amounts of mitochondria and myglobin it has to make ATP to fuel the muscle. Skeletal muscle fatigues easier because it does not have as many mitochondria and myoglobin as cardiac and if there is not enough oxygen to perform aerobic respiration not enough ATP will be made to fuel the muscle and it eventually fatigues. The medulla and the pons control his breathing rate and peripheral chemoreceptors detect low oxygen levels. C. The type of muscle in Joe's legs is skeletal and the type of muscle in his heart is cardiac. Cardiac muscle is able to constantly contract without fatiguing because it constantly has oxygen being supplied to it. Skeletal muscle does not have as much oxygen being supplied to it and fatigues faster because there are no more available troponin binding sites. The medulla and the pons control Joe's breathing rate and central chemoreceptors detect low oxygen levels. D. The type of muscle in Joe's legs is smooth and the type of muscle in Joe's heart is cardiac. Cardiac muscle is able to constantly contract without fatiguing because it has large amounts of mitochondria to make ATP to fuel the muscle. Smooth muscle fatigues faster because it does not have many mitochondria. The pons controls his breathing rate and the baroreceptors detect low oxygen levels. E. The type of muscle in Joe's legs is skeletal muscle and the type of muscle in his heart is cardiac. Cardiac muscle is able to constantly contract without fatiguing because is has a small resting period in between contractions and has a large amount of mitochondria to make ATP to fuel the muscle. Skeletal muscle does not posses this and fatigues faster. Joe's breathing rate is controlled by the medulla and pons and the baroreceptors detect low oxygen levels.

John came into the emergency room wit lightheadedness and fatigue. He has a past history of emphysema, and continues to smoke daily. What negative effects would emphysema have on the body to cause his side effects? a. Emphysema causes more blood flow through the capillaries so the heart would not be working as much causing fatigue b. Less free airspace in the lungs causes less gas exchange in the capillaries and more stress on the heart causing the lightheadedness and fatigue c. More free airspace in the lungs causes less gas exchange in the capillaries and more stress on the heart causing the lightheadedness and fatigue d. The decreased alveolar pressure would cause more gas exchange to happen and a buildup of O2 would occur causing the lightheadedness and the added stress on the heart causing fatigue e. Emphysema does not cause problems to gas exchange in the lungs which in turn does not cause heart problems either

Little Cindy Lou Who was helping her dad in the mailroom, and fell off the ladder onto a pile of presents. She landed just right so that the corner of one of the presents in the pile fractured two of her ribs. Which of the following statements about her condition would be considered FALSE? A. After taking a blood sample in Cindy Lou's brachial artery, they could see that her oxygen levels would be low and her carbon dioxide levels would be high, meaning that her capillaries are not functioning properly in her lungs. B. Cindy Lou would have hypertension, because she is in such shock of what just happened. C. Measuring Cindy's heart rate they determined that she had tachycardia. D. Loss of breath due to the atmospheric air rushing into the hole on the side of her body. She is having a hard time with expiration keeping up due to the large amounts of inhalation and air rushing in. E. Poor Little Cindy Lou could potentially go into shock and pass out because she is not getting enough air into the collapsed lung, and instead as an increase in air around her lungs.

Michelle is a 19-year-old girl who experiences shortness of breath or dyspnea while doing physical activity. Her friends point out that her that she is fatigued often and her diet lacks a lot of iron and nutrients. After a few week, she goes to the doctor and discovers that her hematocrit is below normal and she is very Anemic. Which of the following are occur and contributing to Michelle's Anemia? A) Michelle has an increased concentration of hemoglobin in blood, therefore there is an increase in the amount of oxygen in the blood being delivered by Red Blood cells to the tissue. This leads to her having an obstructive disorder as she has too much oxygen in her system. B) Michelle has an increased concentration of red blood cells, therefore there is a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the blood being delivered by the Red Blood cells to the tissue. This makes her breath deeper and quicker in order to try to increase the amount of oxygen in the blood. C) Michelle has a deficiency of red blood cells, therefore there is a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the blood being delivered by the Red Blood cells to the tissue. This makes her breath deeper and quicker in order to try to increase the amount of oxygen in the blood. D) Michelle's shortness of breath during physical activity is due to her blood delivering an increased amount of oxygen the body requires. E) Michelle has an increased concentration of hemoglobin in blood, therefore there is an increase in the amount of oxygen in the blood being delivered by Red Blood cells to the tissue. This leads to her having an restrictive disorder as she does not have enough oxygen in her system.

Sade complained of increased numbness, pain and swelling in parts of her legs, arms and pelvis, shortage of breathe, fatigue, lack of energy, headache and dizziness. Her doctor diagnosed her of having chronic atherosclerosis (plaque build up inside the arteries) in her some for her major arteries. Which of the following is likely to occur? A. This causes an increased blood flow in the arteries supplying her skeletal thereby increasing the amount of calcium in the cytoplasm causing a decrease in the force of contraction in the skeletal muscles. B. This causes a reduced blood flow as well as narrowing and reduction of the arteries that supplies the skeletal muscles. C. This causes a reduced blood flow to part of her lungs causing a reduction in surface area for gas exchange. D. This causes an increase blood flow to part of her lungs causing build up of fluid between her pulmonary capillaries and alveoli. E. This causes a reduced blood flow in the veins that supply her skeletal muscle thereby increasing the pressure in the veins supplying her skeletal muscle.

Sally has a condition where she has an abnormally high level of sodium in her epithelial cells. What would be an accurate consequence of her condition? a. This high level of sodium in her epithelial cells will trigger Aldosterone release, which will increase the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. b. During carbohydrate digestion, this high level of sodium in her epithelial cells will cause less glucose absorption into the blood; therefore, she will have a low plasma glucose level. c. This high level of sodium in her epithelial cells will cause water to leave the cells, causing her cells to shrivel. d. This high level of sodium in her epithelial cells will cause the sodium funny channels to close faster, causing her heart rate to increase. e. This high level of sodium in her epithelial cells will cause the resting membrane potential in her cells to be more positive, causing potassium to enter the cell.

Scare D. Cat is a 26-year-old female who has many anxiety attacks before she gives speeches to her fellow employees at Google. Before and during her speeches, which she has to give every month, she starts to tremble and sweats tremendously. She was prescribed a beta-blocker called Propranolol that helps control some of her anxiety. After 6 months of taking the medication, she feels as if the medication isn't helping her with her stage freight and without consulting a doctor, she decided to just suddenly stop taking the medication all together. What will happen to her adrenergic receptors and what might happen to her? a. With the sudden stop of the medication, the beta blockers will fall off from her alpha receptors and epinephrine will bind immediately to her receptors in her eyes, which will cause her pupils to dilate more due to her increased anxiety. b. With the sudden stop of the medication, the beta blockers will fall off from her adrenergic receptors and epinephrine will bind immediately to her receptors, which can cause an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and other symptoms, worsening her anxiety. c. With the sudden stop of the medication, the beta blockers will remain bound to her adrenergic receptors and epinephrine will not be able to bind to those receptors still which will cause a further decrease in heart rate, blood pressure, and other symptoms, putting her at risk of heart failure. d. With the sudden stop of the medication, the beta blockers will fall off from her adrenergic receptors and epinephrine will bind immediately to her receptors, which can cause an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, causing her to urinate more due to her anxiety. e. With the sudden stop of the medication, the beta blockers will remain bound to her adrenergic receptors and epinephrine will not be able to bind to those receptors still which would cause her sweat glands to secrete more sweat due to her decrease anxiety.

Steve, The Safari Man, takes weekly safari trips. One week, Steve and five of his lucky fans set out into wild in his very own Land Rover. As they were setting out on the adventure, they spotted a lion sleeping near the famous "Tree of Life." Since it was sleeping, Steve thought that he could give his fans a closer look at the animal if they were to tranquilize the lion for a few hours. So that's just what he did. CLICK! The tranquilizing gun released the serum that would keep the lion asleep. In this moment Steve realized that the tranquilizer was expired. Suddenly, the lion woke up to the pinch of the needle, and was looking for his attackers. The crew prepared for their next move. In this moment what occurred to Steve and his five not so lucky fans? A. The parasympathetic nervous system was activated; Ach was released from the pre-ganglionic neuron onto the muscarinic receptors located on the post-ganglionic neuron; the post-ganglionic neuron released epinephrine onto adrenergic receptors causing a "fight or flight" response; the parasympathetic response caused the bronchioles to dilated which allowed more carbon dioxide to reach the tissues to assist in running away from the lion B. The sympathetic nervous system was activated; Ach was released from the pre-ganglionic neuron onto nicotinic receptors located on the post-ganglionic neuron; the post-ganglionic neuron released epinephrine onto adrenergic receptors causing a "fight or flight" response; the sympathetic response caused the bronchioles to dilate which allowed more oxygen to reach the tissues to assist in running away from the lion C. The sympathetic nervous system was activated; Ach was released from the pre-ganglionic neuron onto nicotinic receptors located on the post-ganglionic neuron; the post-ganglionic neuron released epinephrine onto cholinergic receptors causing a "fight or flight" response; the sympathetic response causes the Beta 1 receptors on the cardiac muscle to increase the heart rate which pumped more blood throughout the body to assist in running away D. The sympathetic nervous system was activated; Epinephrine was released from the pre-ganglionic neuron onto nicotinic receptors located on the post-ganglionic neuron; the post-ganglionic neuron released Ach onto adrenergic receptors causing a "fight or flight" response; the sympathetic response caused the pupils to constrict to assist in running away from the lion E. The sympathetic nervous system was activated; Norepinephrine was released from the pre-ganglionic neuron onto nicotinic receptors located on the post-ganglionic neuron; the post-ganglionic neuron released epinephrine onto adrenergic receptors causing a "fight or flight" response; the parasympathetic response caused the bronchioles to constrict; when the bronchioles constricted it allowed for more oxygen to reach the tissues to assist in running away from the lion

Stiles has accidentally touched deadly kanima toxin while cleaning. It has absorbed through his skin and within a few minutes has temporarily paralyzed him, he cannot move from the neck down. The toxin works as an antagonist against Acetylcholine. He is still breathing and his heart is beating. He has discomfort in his stomach. Why is he having these reactions in his heart, stomach, and skeletal muscle? a. In the skeletal muscle, inhibiting ACh from binding to muscarinic cholinergic receptors stops end plate potentials being sent down the sarcolemma. Cross bridge cycling cannot occur therefore the muscle cannot contract. In the heart, inhibiting ACh from binding to muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the myocardium blocks cardiac muscle contraction. In the stomach, inhibiting ACh will affect the nicotinic cholinergic receptors from producing slow wave potentials in the submucosal plexus, causing discomfort. b. An antagonist for ACh would bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors on motor end plates of the skeletal muscle, blocking end plate potentials and resulting in paralysis. An antagonist for ACh would affect muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the nodal cells, blocking the normal effect of Ach, which is to lower heart rate by augmenting K-channels and inhibiting T-type Ca-channels. In the stomach, an antagonist for ACh would block muscarinic receptors in the submucosal plexus, blocking increases in secretion; in the myenteric plexus, it would block muscarinic receptors that stimulate contraction of the smooth muscle of the muscularis externa, blocking increases in peristalsis and segmentation. Because food is not being digested as efficiently and is moving more slowly through the digestive tract, discomfort occurs. c. The inhibition of ACh affects the nicotinic cAMP second messenger system that controls skeletal and smooth muscle contraction. Disrupting this system will lead to paralysis and inhibit contraction of the smooth muscle in the GI tract. Since the second messenger system doesn't affect cardiac muscle, the heart will still be able to contract properly. d. The antagonist for ACh binds to adrenergic receptors on the motor end plates of the skeletal muscle, blocking postsynaptic potentials causing paralysis. The same antagonist also binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors located on the ventricular myocardium causing an increase in contractile force that results in a higher heart rate. Inhibiting ACh will affect the sodium and potassium concentration gradients in the epithelial cells lining the GI tract. Changing these gradients affects how effectively solutes can cross the apical membrane, and inhibiting the proper movement of solutes will lead to discomfort in the stomach. e. If ACh cannot bind to muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the SA nodal cells of the heart, then the heart rate increases due to the cAMP second messenger system augmenting Na-funny channels and T-type calcium channels causing the pacemaker potential to occur quicker. ACh can also affect the force of contraction of the heart: if there are high levels of ACh bound to muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the ventricular muscle wall then the force of contraction is increased. If ACh cannot bind to muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the skeletal muscle than cross bridge cycling cannot occur and therefore the muscles cannot contract. ACh must also bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the stomach for food to be properly digested.

Suzy was outside playing soccer with her friends. After running around and kicking the ball she noticed shortness in her breath. As she kept playing it became even more difficult for her to breath. She eventually started coughing and wheezing and she felt a lot of pressure in her chest. Suzy started feeling panicked so she quickly called her mom who is conveniently a doctor! What did Suzy's mom do to solve the problem and save her daughter? A. Suzy is going into cardiac arrest so her mom told her to inject herself with epinephrine. The epinephrine will induce a sympathetic response which will allow for increased pressure of the coronary artery and increased blood flow from the heart. The blood flow will decrease her heart rate and allow her to breath easier. B. Suzy is having an asthma attack so her mom told her to use her inhaler which contains epinephrine. The epinephrine will cause bronchodilation. This will open her airways allowing her to breath better. C. Suzy is just out of shape so her mom told her to sit down and take a break. Suzy was releasing a lot of epinephrine from her hypothalamus which was causing her to have an increased heart rate. After Suzy caught her breath she was able to breath normal again. D. Suzy is having an asthma attack so her mom told her to use her inhaler which contains epinephrine. The epinephrine will bind to beta one adrenergic receptors which will cause a sympathetic response and her airways will open so she can breath better. E. Suzy is going into cardiac arrest so her mom told her to inject herself with epinephrine. The epinephrine binds to alpha one receptors and triggers the second messenger cAMP which will cause calcium to be released and bind to calmodulin. This will open the airways and allow Suzy to breath better.

The 7 dwarfs were cooking cookies in the kitchen for Snow White. Grumpy thought it would be funny to trip Dopey, so he did. When Dopey was tripped, he fell head first into the corner of a cabinet. When Doc came to help, Dopey complained of blurry vision. When Doc was evaluating Dopey, he found a huge gash on his head from falling into the cabinet. Which of the following could not be the reason as to why he is having those symptoms? A. Dopey's gash is on the top of his head, so he damaged his occipital lobe B. When Dopey fell, he damaged his optic nerve C. Dopey damaged his cornea, which caused his light rays to not converge onto one focal point D. Dopey damaged his primary visual cortex on the back of his brain when he cut his head E. Dopey damaged his lens when falling, making his lens convex, causing his focal length to be shorter than normal

The drug Vyvanse is used to treat attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) and is classified as a central nervous system stimulant. Vyvnase works by blocking the reuptake molecule on the axon terminal, increasing the amount of dopamine and norephinephrine in the synaptic cleft available to bind to receptors on the presynaptic neuron. Based on your knowledge of neurotransmitters and their characteristics, what effect will this drug have on the body? A. Norepinephrine will bind to muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the SA and AV nodes in the heart, causing an increase in heart rate. Norepinephrine will also bind to muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the iris causing the pupils to dilate. This is a sympathetic nervous system response. B. Norepinephrine will bind to muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the SA and AV nodes in the heart, causing a decrease in heart rate. Norepinephrine will also bind to muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the iris cause the pupils to constrict. This is a parasympathetic nervous system response. C. Norepinephrine will bind to muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the SA and AV nodes in the heart, causing an increase in heart rate. Norephinephrine will also bind to muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the iris causing the pupils to constrict. This is a sympathetic nervous system response. D. Norepinephrine will bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors on the SA node, AV node, and ventricular myocardium in the heart, causing an increase in the heart rate. Norepinephrine will also bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the iris causing the pupils to dilate. This is a sympathetic nervous system response. E. Norepinephrine will bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors on the SA node, AV node, and ventricular myocardium in the heart, causing a decrease in heart rate. Norepinephrine will also bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the iris causing the pupils to dilate. This is a sympathetic nervous system response.

The macrophages in the _____ will engulf red blood cells and break them into ____ and _____. a. Kidney; Hemoglobin; polypeptides b. Spleen; Bilirubin; Iron c. Spleen; Heme; Iron d. Kidney; Heme; Globin

What happens after the G protein activates adenylate cyclase? a. Addition of phosphate group b. Converts ATP to camp c. Activates G - Protein d. Phosphorylation of Channel e. Activation of protein kinase A

What kind of receptors located on the SR membrane transmit electrical signals from the T-tubules to the SR? a. End plate receptors b. Ryanodine receptors c. Muscarinic receptors d. DHP receptors e. Nicotinic receptors

What part of the brain controls the division of the ANS dominating in the heart? a. Hypothalamus b. Medulla c. Sympathetic portion of the Medulla d. Hippocampus e. Sympathetic portion of the Thalmus

When referring to an end-plate potential in skeletal muscle tissue, if an actiyon potential occurs in a motor neuron, it is always followed by an ____________. a. An impulse through the muscle tissue that the neuron innervates. b. Action potential in the muscle cells it innervates. c. Release of calcium to bind to calmodulin. d. Release of sodium from the SR. e. Absorption of calcium into the SR.

Which area of the cerebral cortex is associated with speech formation? a. Limbic association cortex b. Broca's area c. Primary visual cortex d. Primary somatosensory cortex e. Central sulcus

Which cell-to-cell adhesion allows quick transmission of electrical signals between adjacent cells? a. desmosome b. gap junction c. tight junction d. all of the above

Which is NOT true concerning the chemical, epinephrine? a. Epinephrine acts through indirect communication. b. Epinephrine is a steroid messenger. c. After Ach binds to Chromaffin Cells, Epinephrine is released. d. Epinephrine can bind to both Alpha-one and Beta-two adrenergic receptors. e. Epinephrine binds to Beta-one receptors in the SA node, AV node, and the ventricular myocardium.

Which membranous organelle's function is that of the degradation of molecules such as amino acids, fatty acids, and toxic foreign matter? a. Lysosome b. Peroxisome c. Mitochondria d. Golgi Apparatus e. none of the above

Which of the following classes of chemical messengers is matched with ALL the correct types of messenger? A. Paracrine: Amines, amino acids B. Neurotransmitter: amino acids, amines, peptides/proteins C. Hormone: amines, steroids D. None of the above are correct

Which of the following components of the limbic system functions in learning and the ability to process memories? a. Cingulate Gyrus b. Hippocampus c. Amygdala d. Visual cortex e. Auditory cortex

Which of the following does NOT increase mean arteriole pressure? a. The binding of epinephrine to an alpha-one receptor b. The binding of epinephrine to a beta-two receptor c. Increased peripheral resistance d. Increased cardiac output e. Activation of sympathetic nervous system

Which of the following is FALSE pertaining to epinephrine? A. Receptors for epinephrine in the heart are located at the SA node, the AV node, and the ventricular myocardium. B. Epinephrine is lipid soluble. Therefore, it binds to beta one adrenergic receptors inside the target cell. C. Epinephrine is released by the medulla layer of the adrenal glands during a sympathetic response. D. Epinephrine is released by the postganglionic neuron where it will then bind to the effector organ. E. When released, epinephrine will affect the heart by increasing the frequency of cardiac action potentials and therefore increasing heart rate by activating the cAMP second messenger system to cause a shorter slow depolarization and repolarization in the pacemaker action potential.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding amino acids and proteins? a. They contain a central carbon, an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and an R group. b. The polymer form is referred to as a triglyceride c. The can act as enzymes to catalyze chemical reactions. d. They form both fibrous and globular three-dimensional shapes. e. More than one of these is false

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the phospholipid bilayer? a. The hydrophilic heads face the cytosol inside the cell as well as the extracellular fluid. b. Integral membrane proteins are embedded within the phospholipid bilayer. c. The phospholipid bilayer prevents movement of large polar molecules d. Cholesterol molecules found within the lipid bilayer prevent crystallization of the bilayer by interfering with hydrophobic interactions between the phospholipid tails. e. All of the above are characteristics of the phospholipid bilayer

Which of the following is NOT a correct match of cell structure and function? a. Lysosomes- breakdown of cellular and extracellular debris b. Mitchondria- RNA synthesis c. Rough ER- protein synthesis and post-translational processing d. Peroxisomes- breakdown of toxic substances e. Cytosol- cell metabolism and storage

Which of the following is NOT a hypothalamic tropic hormone? a. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) b. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) c. Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) d. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) e. all of these are hypothalamic tropic hormones

Which of the following is NOT a substance that diffuses freely across the plasma membrane? a. Fatty acids b. Potassium c. Oxygen d. Carbon Dioxide e. Non-polar molecules

Which of the following is NOT an example of a positive feedback loop? a. Sodium channels opening, causing a rapid depolarization of the cell. b. Body temperature regulation. c. During child birth, the head of the fetus pushes against the cervix, causing a nerve impulse from the cervix to the brain. The brain stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin, which is carried through the bloodstream to the uterus, where it stimulates uterine contractions and pushes the fetus towards the cervix. d. All of the above are examples of positive feedback

Which of the following is NOT contained within the Organ of Corti? a. Hair cells b. Scala Vestibuli c. Tectorial Membrane d. Stereocilia e. Both C and D

Which of the following is NOT true of epinephrine (sympathetic)? a. Increases heart rate and force of contraction by sympathetic by innervating the SA, AV and myocardium. b. Bind to beta two receptors (skeletal and heart) located in arteriolar smooth muscle and cause vasoconstriction. c. Increase venomotor tone d. All of the above are correct

Which of the following is NOT true regarding (tonicity) the behavior of cells when placed in a solution? a. A solution being Hypotonic b. A solution being Monotonic c. A solution being Isotonic d. A solution being Hypertonic e. None of the above

Which of the following is NOT true regarding peroxisomes? a. They are similar in appearance to lysosomes but smaller. b. The function in the degradation of amino acids, fatty acids, and toxic foreign matter. c. They often produce hydrogen peroxide. d. They have multiple phospholipid bilayers. e. They contain catalase to break down the toxic hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding reflexes? a. Autonomic reflexes occur in smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue b. Spinal reflexes involved the brain and the spinal cord c. Somatic reflexes occur in skeletal muscle d. You are born with innate reflexes e. None of the above, they are all true

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the bronchioles? a. Parasympathetic stimulation causes contraction of the bronchioles and bronchoconstriction. b. Epinephrine causes bronchoconstriction. c. Sympathomimetic causes bronchoconstriction. d. Sympathetic fibers do not innervate smooth muscles of the bronchioles. e. More than one of these are incorrect

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the factors affecting an increase in the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions? a. A higher number in the enzyme concentration increases the likelihood a substrate will bind to an enzyme, and therefore increasing the reaction rate. b. When the substrate concentration is low, less time will pass before the next substrate molecule is able to bind to the enzyme leading to a increase rate of reaction. c. If the enzyme affinity is high, the active site on the enzyme will be occupied more by a given substrate for a given length of time, resulting in an increased rate. d. Any raise in the given temperature of a enzyme to its optimum temperature level will increase enzyme activity, and there by increase the rate of reaction.

Which of the following is a correct order of the pathway of an electrical impulse from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic neuron? 1. Cell Body 2. Axon Terminal 3. Axon 4. Dendrites 5. Axon Hillock 6. Synapse 7. Post synaptic Neuron a. 1,3,2,4,5,6,7 b. 4,1,5,3,2,6,7 c. 4,1,6,5,3,2,7 d. 4,3,5,2,6,1,7 e. 3,4,6,1,5,2,7

Which of the following is false about Epinephrine? a. It is secreted by chromaffin cells located in the adrenal medulla. b. It will bind to adrenergic receptors and create a fast response. c. It is a type of catecholamine and therefore derived from tyrosine. d. It will bind to a receptor located on the radial muscle of the iris creating a sympathetic response and allowing the pupil to dilate. e. It affects the heart and will use a second messenger system activating cAMP.

Which of the following is false regarding proteins? a. They function as enzymes b. During protein digestion in the small intestine HCl converts pepsinogen to pepsin. Pepsin then breaks down proteins into polypeptides c. When completely digested they are broken down into Amino Acids d. They are absorbed via active transport e. They are made of an Amino group and R group and a Carboxyl group.

Which of the following is the correct pathway of a reflex arc A. Effector organ, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, sensory receptors B. Sensory receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector organ C. Integration center, effector organ, efferent neuron, afferent neuron, sensory receptor D. Integration center, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector organ

Which of the following is true of a lipophilic ligand? a. The ligand is water soluble b. A receptor is required within the cell c. The ligand's general action of target response is membrane permeability changes d. A lipophilic ligand could be an amino acid, amine, or a protein e. This ligand could be stored

Which of the following sensory receptors is responsible for detecting blood oxygen levels? a. Photoreceptors b. Chemoreceptors c. Thermoreceptors d. Mechanoreceptors e. Both b and d

Which of the following statements about factors affecting resistance to flow is true? a. Vasoconstriction decreases the diameter, increases resistance, and increases blood flow. b. Increasing blood viscosity, increases resistance, and decreases blood flow. c. Long blood vessels decrease resistance, and decrease blood flow. d. Vasodilation increases the diameter, increases resistance, and increases blood flow. e. Short blood vessels increase resistance, and increase blood flow

Which of the following statements are true regarding the cardiac cycle? a. Atrial diastole and systole occur after ventricular diastole and systole b. The blood is pumped through the atria to the ventricles and then it goes into the aorta c. The AV node is the first stop when it comes to the conduction system d. Norepinephrine and epinephrine bind to a cholergenic receptor e. The P wave on an EKG represents the ventricular depolarization.

Which of the following statements can you NOT attribute to acetylcholine? a. Calcium ions entering the voltage-gated channels cause the exocytosis of acetylcholine at a cholinergic synapse. b. The synthesis of acetylcholine from acetyl CoA and choline is catalyzed by acetylcholinesterase. c. Acetylcholine can bind to different classes and subclasses of cholinergic receptors. d. Acetylcholine is released by preganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system. e. Acetylcholine is synthesized in the cytosol of the axon terminal of neurons.

Which of the following statements is false about Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Cardiac Contractile cells? a. Calcium binds to troponin and causes tropomyosin to shift exposing the myosin binding sites, which the myosin heads in their high energy state can then bind to, beginning cross bridge cycling. b. The pacemaker potential travels from the intracellular fluid of an adjacent autorythmic cell through a desmosome into the CCC, triggering calcium influx and eventually a cardiac potential. c. CCC's have a relative refectory period, however, it is so brief that it is considered non-existent. d. An action potential travels along the T-tubule of the sarcolemma to stimulate ryanodine to open and triggering calcium induced calcium release. e. Voltage gated sodium channels open, then voltage gated L type channels open, then slow calcium channels close, and finally the voltage gated potassium channels open in this order during the phases of a cardiac potential.

Which of the following statements is true about Calcium? a. Calcium binds to a nicotinic muscarinic receptors to create a cell response. b. High levels the normal of Ca in the SR can allow for more Ca to be released, causing more Ca to bind to troponin resulting in more muscle contractions. c. Ca in a resting cell has a low concentration inside the cell and high concentration outside the cell. d. NE/E bind to alpha one receptors to activate IP3 second messenger system to allow for arties to vasoconstriction due to low levels of Ca, which causes high TPR and high MAP. e. Ca binds to Calmodulin in order to stop smooth muscle from contracting.

Which of the following statements regarding the eye is FALSE? a. Myopia is when an individual suffers from near sightedness. b. When the radial muscle contracts in pupillary dilation, there is a decreased amount of light entering the eye. c. In the fovea there are more cones with few to none rods. d. Phototransduction is the process of converting light waves into an electrical signal. e. The choroid is the middle layer of the eye.

Which of these does NOT occur during vasodilation in the arterioles? a. CO2 increases b. Myogenic activity increases c. Decrease in sympathetic stimulation d. Resistance decreases

Which of these statements is true regarding posterior pituitary hormones? a. They are stored in the posterior pituitary gland located in the brain where they are synthesized and released b. When vasopressin is released it targets the kidneys and is used for water balance within the body. c. When oxytocin binds to receptors on the bladder it triggers the parasympathetic nervous system to allow you to go to the restroom by contracting the smooth muscle in your bladder d. ADH and oxytocin are considered neurohormones because of the muscarinic receptors that they bond to on the motor end plates in the hypothalamus gland e. Antidiuretic hormone is classified as an amino peptide and is stored in the posterior pituitary

While walking through a dark alley you hear noises coming from being you. Your body secretes ______ allowing you to take off running as fast as you can to try to get away from whoever is behind you (if there is anyone). With the secretion of this hormone your heart rate would ______ and your blood pressure would ______. A. Melatonin; increase; decrease B. Epinephrine; increase; increase C. Serotonin; decrease; decrease D. Testosterone; decrease; increase E. Norepinephrine; increase; increase

Why is the myocardium of the left ventricle larger than the myocardium of the right ventricle? a. Because the myocardium on the right side needs to be thinner than the left side so that the electrical conduction of the SA and AV nodes can pass through. b. Because the left ventricle is the ventricle that pumps all of the blood to the rest of the body and therefore needs to be stronger. c. Because the left bicuspid valve is much stronger and therefore needs more muscle to anchor itself down to. d. Because the right ventricle needs to be lighter, in order to, be able to exert more force so that it can pump all of the blood to the rest of the body. e. None of the above

Why would it be bad to NOT have sodium/potassium pumps on cell membranes? A. Sodium concentration inside the cell would be too high to respond to stimuli B. Sodium and potassium concentrations would reach equilibrium and the cell would not be able to respond to stimuli C. Leak channels would close and no ions would pass across membrane D. More energy would be required for ions to diffuse across membrane E. Sodium and potassium ions would not move across membrane

Al Waisben Chase is vigorously running from his mother. He's asthmatic and to aid his breathing, takes a puff of medicine. His mother has been chasing him repeatedly throughout a school semester and is getting tired of it so she takes advantage of his medicine break and pulls out a stun gun and stuns him, sending him into cardiac arrest. The paramedics arrive and medicate him back to health. Throughout this whole ordeal, what is most likely to have happened? a. When running, his sympathetic nervous system coordinated the fight-or-flight response, norepinephrine is released and causes rate of digestion to speed up. b. The released norepinephrine will bind to muscarinic cholinergic receptors which operate through the action of a G protein. c. During his medicine break, Al took a drug containing epinephrine which caused bronchodilation. d. The paramedics administered a drug containing epinephrine that caused vasodilation to increase cardiac output. e. Norepinephrine release due to his stress coordinates with the sympathetic nervous system which innervates, regarding the heart, only the SA and AV nodes.

Becky is a student at the University of Oklahoma and loves the game of basketball. Every morning she drinks a protein shake to get ready for the day, but her roommate has been poisoning her protein shakes for the past month without her knowledge. She has been mixing a substance in the protein shake that blocks the secretion of renin from the kidneys and inhibits the functioning of her neck cells in the stomach. Becky eventually goes to urgent care complaining of stomach pains, and frequent urination. Which of the following explains her symptoms? a. Decreased protein digestion; vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles in the nephrons b. Increased synthesis of angiotensin II; increased HCl production in stomach c. Decreased release of Aldosterone and decreased Potassium secretion; perforating ulcers d. Decreased release of Aldosterone and increase in sodium reabsorption; perforating ulcers e. Increased paracrine secretion by macula densa cells in the liver

Bill has just been admitted to the hospital. The doctors diagnosed him and intravenously administered bicarbonate. Why might they have done this? a. To increase reabsorption at the distal convoluted tubule. b. To increase the carbon dioxide levels in the blood. c. So his pH would increase and treat metabolic acidosis. d. His saliva is more basic than normal. e. To make his small intestine more acidic to provide further digestion of food.

Bob was beheaded by a guillotine. Which of the following is true regarding the event? A. His heart will stop immediately after. B. Copious amount of calcium will be released into the ECF. C. A portion of his parasympathetic autonomic nervous system is destroyed. D. His body is still able to produce thyroid hormones from the release of TRH. E. His only reconditioning organ is chopped off.

Calcium Voltage-Gated channels are located on the __________ of the neuron. a. Cell body b. Axon and the axon terminal c. Axon terminal d. Dendrites, cell body, and the axon terminal

Choose the correct order in which light passes through the eye to the retina. a. Cornea, vitreous humor, aqueous humor, lens, pupil, neural layer of retina b. Cornea, lens, vitreous humor, pupil, aqueous humor, neural layer of retina c. Cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, lens, vitreous humor, neural layer of retina d. Cornea, pupil, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, lens, neural layer of retina

Cushing's disease results in an increase in _______ secretion, which causes an increase in blood _______ levels. a. TH, glucose b. LH, glucose c. Cortisol, glucose d. Cortisol, insulin e. TH, insulin

During depolarization, Na+ activation gates are ___ and Na+ inactivation gates are ___ A. Open, closed B. Closed, open C. Open, open D. Closed, closed

Gilgamesh is a 20 year old male college student who has just been admitted into the trauma center at the OU Medical Center. He was involved in a car accident that left him unconscious. He finally wakes up at the hospital and begins to panic to the point of tears. The nurses measure his pulse to find that his heartrate has skyrocketed and his breathing has also became heavy and irregular. The doctors order them to sedate him. His heartrate declines after the injection of the drug and his breathing also returns back to normal. What kind of response was the patient having and how did the drugs work on his body to decrease his heartrate? How did the type of response affect his breathing rate? A. The patient was having a sympathetic response which triggered the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine which caused the elevated heart rate. The drug increased the affinity for the neurotransmitters to bind to the reuptake molecule, decreasing heartrate. The sympathetic response would increase breathing rate. B. The patient was having a parasympathetic response which triggered the release of acetylcholine which caused the elevated heart rate. The drug prohibited the reuptake molecule from taking up acetylcholine therefore decreasing heart rate. The parasympathetic response would increase breathing rate C. The patient was having a sympathetic response which is caused by the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine which caused the elevated heart rate. The drugs decreased his heart rate by stopping the sympathetic response by blocking release of epinephrine and norepinephrine and triggering a parasympathetic response to decrease heart rate. The sympathetic response would increase breathing rate. D. The patient was having a parasympathetic response which is caused by the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine which caused the elevated heart rate. The drugs decreased his heart rate by stopping the parasympathetic response by blocking the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine and triggering a sympathetic response to decrease heart rate. The parasympathetic response would decrease breathing rate. E. The Patient was having a sympathetic response which is caused by the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine which caused the elevated heart rate. The drugs decreased his heart rate by blocking the reuptake molecule from getting rid of the epinephrine and norepinephrine therefore decreasing heart rate. The sympathetic response would decrease breathing rate.

In cAMP second messenger system, cAMP activates which protein? a. Adenylate cyclase b. Phospholipase C c. Protein kinase A d. Protein kinase G e. Catalase

In patients with Type 2 Diabetes, the drug Metformin, is used to treat hyperglycemia by decreasing gluconeogenesis. This is done by Metformin acting as a Glucagon antagonist, it inhibits adenylate cyclase which lowers the effectivity of Glucagon. What mechanism is used to allow Metformin to suppress gluconeogenesis? A. Glucagon is a lipophilic hormone which means it will bind to receptors on the membrane and work through the second messenger system. Metformin inhibits adenylate cyclase, thus, cGMP will not be able to activate Protein Kinase A, and glucagon will be less effective in promoting gluconeogenesis in the liver. This will then lower blood glucose levels. B. Glucagon is a lipophobic hormone which means it will bind to receptors on the membrane and work through direct coupling. Metformin inhibits adenylate cyclase, thus, cAMP will not be able to activate Protein Kinase A, and glucagon will be less effective in promoting gluconeogenesis in the liver. This will then lower blood glucose levels. C. Glucagon is a lipophobic hormone which means it will bind to receptors in the cell and work through second messenger system. Metformin inhibits adenylate cyclase, thus, cAMP will not be able to activate Protein Kinase A, and glucagon will be less effective in promoting gluconeogenesis in the liver. This will then lower blood glucose levels. D. Glucagon is a lipophobic hormone which means it will bind to receptors on the membrane and work through second messenger system. Metformin inhibits adenylate cyclase, thus, cAMP will not be able to activate Protein Kinase A, and glucagon will be less effective in promoting gluconeogenesis in the liver. This will then lower blood glucose levels. E. Glucagon is a lipophobic hormone which means it will bind to receptors on the membrane and work through the second messenger system. Metformin inhibits adenylate cyclase, thus, cAMP will not be able to activate Protein Kinase A, and glucagon will be less effective in promoting gluconeogenesis in skeletal muscle. This will then lower blood glucose levels.

In skeletal muscles, what binds to troponin to initiate cross bridge cycling? A sodium B. Potassium C. Calcium D. Acetylcholine E. Nothing, it is activated by nerve impulses

It is was a slow day in the ER, when all of the sudden, an ambulance rushes in with a young man named Will that is incased in cement, and it is slowly beginning to harden. The doctors are very worried about what is happening to his body while it is stuck in this cement. As the cement hardens, it is putting more and more weight on him. The cement also contains a certain chemical that acts as an antagonist for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach), and the longer he is in the cement, the more it diffuses into his organs. What are some of the possible physiological responses his body might be experiencing? A. As the cement hardens, the pressure that is being exerted on Will's body continues to increase. Due to this pressure, the alveolar pressure in his lungs will increase, and his lungs will not be able to inflate properly. It will get more difficult for him to breath, lowering the amount of oxygen he can get to his tissues. This would ultimately lead to his death. B. There will be an excess of Ach binding to the muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the SA node in his heart, causing his heart rate to slow drastically. C. As the cement hardens, the pressure that is being exerted on Will's body continues to increase. Due to this pressure, the volume of his thoracic cavity will decrease, causing the intrapleural pressure in his lungs to increase. Because of this, his lungs will not be able to inflate properly, causing a restrictive condition on his lungs. It will become more difficult for him to breath, lowering the amount of oxygen he can get to his tissues. D. Because Ach is involved with the sympathetic nervous system, his heart rate will not be able to increase because the chemical in the cement is blocking his adrenergic receptors. E. The chemicals that are seeping into his heart will alter the contraction of his ventricular myocardium.

It was the first day of Anatomy, second semester, when the class was required to take a "quiz" about everything they learned the previous semester in Physiology. Troy was on question 17 "Put the structures of the body, in terms of fundamental levels of organization in order by increasing in complexity.", when he started to have a pain in his chest. Troy immediately got up from his seat and went straight to the ER without finishing the quiz, due to his family's history of heart problems. At the hospital they quickly set him up to an EKG, and the reading proved to be abnormal. There was a long delay between the P-wave and the QRS complex. The doctors saw that and knew they needed to do something quick. For the first part of this question, answer question 17 for Troy, then determine what the delay between the P-wave and the QRS complex means. If Troy wasn't to have gone to the hospital, and the pain got worse, and his breathing continued to slow, what would happen? A. Subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organisms, organ system, biosphere; 1st degree partial block indicating a delay in connection between the atria and ventricles; It would just go away. B. Subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organisms, organ system, biosphere; 1stdegree partial block indicating a delay between the left ventricle and the aorta; if it increased fast enough he would have a complete heart block and die. C. Subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organisms, organ system, biosphere; 1stdegree partial block indicating a delay in connection between the atria and ventricles; if it increased fast enough he would have a complete hear block and die. D. Atoms, cells, tissues, organs, organisms, organ system; 2nd degree partial block indicating a delay in connection between the atria and ventricles; the pain may stay but he can still do everything normally. E. Cells, tissues, organs, organisms, organ system, biosphere 2nd degree partial block indicating a delay in connection between the arteries and veins; if it increased fast enough he would have a complete heart block and die.

Jessica feels that she is overweight and has tried to lose weight for years. One day she sees an ad for a weight loss surgery that could potentially help her lose the weight that she needs to. Jessica undergoes gastric bypass surgery and sees amazing results. Which of the following is true about the organ that underwent the surgery? A. This organ is lined with single unit smooth muscle that is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system only and releases Ach from the post ganglionic neuron, which binds to a muscarinic cholinergic receptor on the effector organ. B. This organ is lined with multi-unit smooth muscle and is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system only and releases Ach from the postganglionic neuron, which binds to a nicotinic cholinergic receptor on the effector organ. C. This organ is lined with single unit smooth muscle and is dually innervated. When innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system, Ach is released by the postganglionic neuron and binds to a muscarinic cholinergic receptor on the effector organ. When innervated by the sympathetic nervous system, norepinephrine is released by the postganglionic neuron and binds to an adrenergic receptor on the effector organ. D. This organ is lined with single unit smooth muscle that is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system only and releases Ach from the postganglionic neuron, which binds to a muscarinic cholinergic receptor on the effector organ E. This organ is lined with multi-unit smooth muscle that is dually innervated. When innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system, epinephrine is released by the postganglionic neuron and binds to an adrenergic receptor on the effector organ. When innervated by the sympathetic nervous system, Ach is released by the postganglionic neuron and binds to a nicotinic cholinergic receptor on the effector organ.

Jessica had given birth to her first child. After a few weeks, she noticed her baby had extremely watery diarrhea. Being the concerned mother she is, she took her baby to the doctor. The doctor decided to run some tests. The results were: a fast pulse, slightly acidic blood, and a little glucose in the urine. Which of the following could be the cause of the baby's symptoms? a. Chloride shift in the systemic vessels is occurring at a higher rate as a result of low bicarbonate ion levels in red blood cells b. The baby's mitochondria are not producing enough ATP for the sodium glucose co-transporter to function properly. c. Sodium glucose co-transporters in the intestines are not functioning adequately causing water to accumulate in the lumen of the intestines. d. The potassium calcium counter transport proteins on the cardiac pacemaker cells are over active due to high potassium levels in the ECF e. Glucose and sodium co-transporters in the kidneys are functioning normally, which means a little glucose in the urine is normal.

Jim walks into the emergency room with partial flaccid paralysis and a rapid heartbeat. He informs his doctor that he is in an experimental drug group and taking drug XZ219. After examination the doctor observes that Jim's skeletal muscles are not contracting properly, and that his heartbeat is elevated above the normal range. What effect could this drug be causing? A. Drug XZ219 is completely inhibiting Acetylcholine release which prevents activation of Muscarinic Cholinergic receptors in skeletal muscles and prevents a parasympathetic response of the heart by preventing activation of Muscarinic Cholinergic receptors in the heart. B. Drug XZ219 is partially inhibiting Epinephrine release which partially prevents activation of Nicotinic Cholinergic receptors in skeletal muscles and prevents a parasympathetic response of the heart by partially preventing activation of Muscarinic Cholinergic receptors in the heart. C. Drug XZ219 is partially inhibiting Acetylcholine release which partially prevents activation of Nicotinic Cholinergic receptors in skeletal muscles and prevents a parasympathetic response of the heart by partially preventing activation of Muscarinic Cholinergic receptors in the heart. D. Drug XZ219 is completely inhibiting Acetylcholine release which prevents activation of Nicotinic Cholinergic receptors in skeletal muscles and prevents a sympathetic response of the heart by preventing activation of Muscarinic Cholinergic receptors in the heart. E. Drug XZ219 is increasing Acetylcholine release which causes activation of Nicotinic Cholinergic receptors in skeletal muscles and causes a parasympathetic response of the heart by activation of Muscarinic Cholinergic receptors in the heart.

Johnny B. Goode has a history of vascular disease in his family. In which vessels is he most likely to have a problem: his arteries or his veins? a. Veins, because the vasa vasorum is restricted to the outer layers of veins, farther from the lumen, making it more difficult to nourish the cells of veins and remove waste products. b. Arteries, because the lower pressure (compared to veins) makes build up of wastes more likely. c. Arteries, because the vasa vasorum is restricted to the outer layers of arteries, farther from the lumen, making it more difficult to nourish the cells of arteries and remove waste products. d. Veins, because the higher pressure leads to venous tearing, which then nurtures infection. e. Veins, because the presence of valves in veins presents greater opportunity for infection and other medical problems.

Kandace is really stressed out because finals are approaching causing her cortisol levels to be high. Cortisol is a steroid hormone and is synthesized and secreted from the zomerula fasculata in the adrenal cortex. What type of transmembrane transport allows for cortisol to cross the capillary membrane? What is another example of this type of transmembrane transport in Kandace's body? a. Facilitated Diffusion; Secretion of inhibin from Sertoli cells into the blood via facilitated diffusion b. Simple Diffusion; Transmembrane movement of glucose across capillary walls via simple diffusion c. Simple Diffusion; When we inhale oxygen crosses the alveolar and capillary membranes in the lungs to enter the blood via simple diffusion d. Secondary Active Counter Transport; During regulation of digestion chloride crosses the cell membrane via secondary active counter transport e. Facilitated Diffusion; Glucose is reabsorbed into the plasma in the proximal tubule via facilitated diffusion

Lydia decided to give blood one day at an American Red Cross blood-drive. After her donation she was given a blood card that stated that Lydia had A+ blood. Which of the following statements is true about Lydia's A+ blood type? a. Antigen B will be found in Lydia's blood located in the blood plasma. b. Leukocytes in Lydia's blood help transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. c. Anti-B antibody will be found in Lydia's blood located in the blood plasma. d. Lydia can donate blood to people with O+ blood type. e. If Lydia donates blood to a person with Rh- antibodies that person will not develop Rh+ antibodies.

Mallory, a cheerleading coach, is experiencing weakness in her limbs that comes and goes. Over time, she has been complaining that her weakness in her limbs has become increasingly worse. Knowing this, it has been difficult for Mallory to spot her athletes on acrobatic tumbling skills due to her weakness in her arms. While she has been at work, she has also been noticing a shortness of breathe. Mallory has been diagnosed with a disease that affects her sensory and motor neurons from an excess amount of acetylcholine in her body. Choose the correct statement. A. Mallory's disease causes a sympathetic response that only targets the nicotinic ACh receptors and AChE cannot degrade letting the muscles return to normal and bring the heart rate back to normal. B. The increased amount of ACh in her body is making it harder for her muscles to relax; therefore, there is a high concentration of Ca in her ECF and is having less cross bridges formed. C. The cause of an excess amount of ACh is because the voltage gated calcium channels on the terminal button are causing a parasympathetic response, which lead to contraction of the muscles and bronchoconstriction in smooth muscle. D. ACh is released from the preganglionic neuron in the thoracic region, which will bind to the muscarinic cholinergic receptors causing a parasympathetic response on the cell bodies of the postganglionic neuron. E. Mallory is experiencing a parasympathetic response; therefore, ACh is binding to muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the SA and AV nodes of the heart which is increasing her heart rate that is causing her shortness of breathe.

Michelle has been under a lot of stress since starting OU Nursing School this semester, but luckily since she was once Dr. Ketchum's student, she thinks she remembers what's occurring in her body. Since it's been a while since she last took Physiology, she's not sure which one of her statements regarding cortisol applies to her life right now. Help Michelle out! Which one of the following statements regarding Cortisol is true? A. Cortisol is a lipophobic glucocorticoid that is synthesized by the zona fasiculata. B. Due to the hypersecretion of cortisol in Michelle's bloodstream, negative feedback will cause ACTH levels to increase and CRH levels to decrease. C. Cortisol is a hormone that targets the liver, which will then cause Glycogeneogenesis to occur. D. The receptor for Cortisol is inside the target cell, in which will produce an intracellular response, including lipolysis in the adipose tissue and proteolysis in the skeletal muscle. E. The adrenal cortex releases Cortisol in the bloodstream where it will then dissolve as it's transported in the blood.

Of the following statements, which are true regarding skeletal muscles? A. Uses involuntary movement, controlled by autonomic nervous system through afferent motor neurons. B. Uses involuntary movement, controlled by somatic nervous system through afferent sensory neurons. C. Uses voluntary movement, controlled by somatic nervous system through efferent motor neurons. D. Uses voluntary movement, controlled by autonomic nervous system through afferent sensory neurons. E. Uses voluntary movement, controlled by somatic nervous system through efferent sensory neurons.

Polly Mae is a new nurse at the Norman HealthPlex Hospital, she is consistently moving around, with hardly any breaks, and helping patients. Lately, while she is helping Billy Jones during her night shift, she has been feeling dizzy and weak. Billy Jones suggest she go to Doctor Fred's. When she meets Doctor Fred, he takes her heart rate. Dr. Fred then finds that Polly has an increased heart rate. What would most likely cause Polly Mae's increase heart rate and what branch of the autonomic nervous system would be in control. A. Parasympathetic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system releases calcium into the SA node, which causes an increase of heart rate. B. Sympathetic nervous system, the sympathetic nervous system releases acetylcholine in the SA node causing and increase within the pacemaker potential, resulting in an increase heart rate. C. Sympathetic nervous system, due to the sympathetic nervous system activation in the SA node, norepinephrine is released causing an increase within the pacemaker potential, resulting in an increase heart rate. D. Parasympathetic nervous system, excessive amounts of the hormone acetylcholine is released to the AV node by the parasympathetic nervous system, resulting in an increase of her heart rate. E. Parasympathetic nervous system, Polly is to relaxed in her new job, which releases the hormones epinephrine/ norepinephrine to the bundle of HIS where the pacemaker potential decreases, there is less K+ causing an increase in her heart rate.

Rachel woke up this morning feeling achy, nauseous, and dehydrated. She went clubbing last night with her friends and claims to have no recollection of the majority of the night. She had not had a single drink in a few months. They claimed that when she got home she ate a two-week-old piece of pizza, which must not have sat well with her stomach. As soon as she got out of bed she threw her pizza up. Why did Rachel black out last night? A. Rachel's drinks blocked the glutamate receptors in her frontal lobe which caused her memory to quit processing. B. The alcohol blocked the acetylcholine receptors in her frontal lobe which caused her to throw up. C. The alcohol in Rachel's drinks blocked the glutamate receptors within her hippocampus which altered the sympathetic division of her ANS which caused her to black out. D. The alcohol in Rachel's drinks blocked the glutamate receptors within her frontal lobe which altered the sympathetic division of her ANS which caused her to black out. E. The alcohol blocked the glutamate receptors in her frontal lobe which caused her to throw up.

Recently out of medical school, you are working as an intern at a local hospital. To prepare for your first patient of the day, Austin, you begin reading his chart. Austin has complaints of worsening peripheral vision and he has trouble fully exhaling the air from his lungs. What are possible causes and diagnoses of Austin's symptoms? A. Austin is suffering from Emmetropia and a common restrictive lung disease, chronic bronchitis. The emmetropia occurs when proteins die in the eye, clouding the cornea and resulting in poor peripheral vision while the chronic bronchitis restricts the lungs from expanding fully. B. Austin is suffering from glaucoma and a common restrictive lung disease, chronic bronchitis. The glaucoma occurs with a worsening flexibility of the lens while the while the chronic bronchitis restricts the lungs from expanding fully. C. Austin is suffering from glaucoma and a common obstructive lung disease, chronic bronchitis. The glaucoma occurs when there is a buildup in the aqueous humor of the eye, resulting in damage of the optic nerve and overall peripheral vision. The chronic bronchitis is restricting the airways of the lungs, resulting in difficulty exhaling fully. D. Austin is suffering from Emmetropia and a common obstructive lung disease, chronic bronchitis. The emmetropia occurs when there is a buildup in the aqueous humor of the eye, resulting in damage of the optic nerve and overall peripheral vision while the chronic bronchitis restricts the airways of the lungs, resulting in difficulty exhaling fully. E. Austin is suffering from glaucoma and a common obstructive lung disease, emphysema. The glaucoma occurs with a worsening flexibility of the lens while the emphysema restricts the lungs from expanding fully.

Sally contracted a rare unknown disease in which her body stopped being able to utilize any second messenger systems. Which of the following statements is FALSE about what could happen to Sally? A. Sally would not be able to vasoconstrict her arterioles. B. Sally would not be able to increase the force of contractility of her heart due to protein kinase A not being activated. C. Sally would have increased urination due to the inability of ADH to function using a second messenger. D. Normal cross bridge cycling could not occur due to second messenger systems not being able to open ion channels on the sarcolemma. E. There would be no parasympathetic responses because of the inability of muscarinic cholinergic receptors at the postsynaptic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system to use the second messenger system

Sarah, a 30-year old woman, traveled to the mountains to enjoy her winter break with friends and family for a few weeks. Shortly after arriving she began to notice that she would get tired from the littlest things such as climbing the stairs. With this, she also began to notice her heart beating very fast and shortness of breath. Which of the following explains why Sarah is experiencing these symptoms? A. Due to high altitudes and low air pressure in the mountains, it is harder for adequate levels of oxygen to be absorbed by the lungs. Because of this, less oxygen is reaching the blood stream, which causes the heart to beat harder and faster to deliver oxygen to the tissues. Due to the lack of oxygen the body gets tired easier. B. Due to high altitudes the lungs inhale more oxygen and exhale less carbon dioxide causing increase of respiratory activity and increased heart rate. C. In high altitudes oxygen becomes less available for our bodies. As well, air pressure outside of the body is higher than in the lungs, which causes it to become harder to inhale oxygen and pump it through the body. Due to this the heat begins to pump harder to compensate and causes fatigue. D. Because Sarah is visiting family and friends she has been enjoying lots of sodas, which contain high levels of caffeine. When the body is exposed to caffeine it increases parasympathetic reactions in the body. This causes increase in heart rate and respiratory activity, which would explain the shortness of breath and increase heart rate. E. High altitudes and low air pressure causes the IRV and ERV to increase greatly to get as much air in as possible and TV is decreased greatly.

The P wave of the ECG indicates the event of A. Atrial repolarization B. Ventricular depolarization C. Atrial depolarization D. Ventricular repolarization E. None of the above

The first respiratory zone structure begins in what structure. a. alveoli sacs b. tertiary bronchi c. respiratory bronchioles d. terminal bronchioles e. trachea

The teaching assistant in your physiology lab just reached into an old dusty cabinet to fetch a microscope. As he grabs the microscope he lets out a sharp cry and says "something bite me!". Whatever was on the microscope has disappeared but your TA starts acting strange. He starts complaining of muscle cramps and is having a hard time breathing. What key ingredient are his muscles running out of to make ATP and what has happened to his sarcoplasmic concentration of calcium? A. His muscles are running out of glucose and his sarcoplasmic calcium concentration is nearing zero. B. His muscles are running out of glycogen and his sarcoplasmic calcium concentration is elevated. C. His muscles are running out of oxygen and his sarcoplasmic calcium concentration is elevated. D. His muscles are running out of glucose and his sarcoplasmic calcium concentration is elevated. E. His muscle are running out of oxygen and his sarcoplasmic calcium concentration is nearing zero.

What effect on blood pressure does an increase in vasopressin have and how is blood pressure returned to normal? a. Increased vasopressin causes more water and sodium reabsorption from the kidneys into the blood, which increases the blood volume and in return, increases stroke volume and therefore, increases the mean arterial pressure. Chemoreceptors in the carotid arteries and aortic arch sense the increased pressure and relay to the medulla to signal precapillary sphincters to vasodilate, as well as the heart to slow down. b. Increased vasopressin causes more water and sodium excretion from the kidneys out of the body, which decreases the blood volume and in return, decreases stroke volume and therefore decreases the mean arterial pressure. Baroreceptors in the carotid arteries and aortic arch sense the decreased pressure and relay to the medulla to signal precapillary sphincters to vasoconstrict, as well as the heart to speed up. c. Increased vasopressin causes more water and sodium reabsorption from the kidneys into the blood, which increases the blood volume and in return, increases stroke volume and therefore increases the mean arterial pressure. Baroreceptors in the carotid arteries and aortic arch sense the increased pressure and relay to the medulla to signal precapillary sphincters to vasodilate, as well as the heart to slow down. d. Increased vasopressin causes less water and sodium reabsorption from the kidneys into the blood, which increases the blood volume and in return, increases stroke volume and therefore, increases the mean arterial pressure. Baroreceptors in the carotid arteries and aortic arch sense this increased pressure and relay to the medulla to signal precapillary sphincters to vasodilate, as well as the heart to slow down. e. Increased vasopressin causes less water and sodium reabsorption from the kidneys into the blood, which decreases the blood volume and in return, decreases stroke volume and therefore decreases the mean arterial pressure. Chemoreceptors in the carotid arteries and aortic arch sense the decreased pressure and relay to the medulla to signal precapillary sphincters to vasoconstrict, as well as the heart to speed up.

What type of receptors are located on chromaffin cells, and what part of the action potential corresponds with them? a. nicotinic; hyperpolarize b. adrenergic; depolarize c. nicotinic; depolarize d. nicotinic; repolarize e. adrenergic; hyperpolarize

Which of the following defects in vision of the eye is NOT correctly matched up to its defintion? a. Presbyopia= hardening of lens b. Myopia = lens is too strong c. Glaucoma = decreased volume aqueous humor d. A and C are both incorrect. e. All of the above are correctly matched.

Which of the following defects of vision is correctly matched with its description? a. Presbyopia - discoloration of lens b. Glaucoma - increased volume of vitreous humor c. Myopia - near-sighted d. Hyperopia - hardening of lens e. Astigmatism - far-sighted

Which of the following hormone(s) is NOT released by the anterior pituitary gland? a. Luteinizing hormone (LH) b. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) c. Thyroid hormone (TH) d. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) e. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Which of the following hormones are not secreted by the anterior pituitary? a. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone b. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone c. Gonadotropin releasing Hormone d. Luteinizing Hormone e. Growth Hormone

Which of the following is NOT an example of a function of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? A. Stimulates release of Acetylcholine at the axon terminals of preganglionic fibers which bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors on the postganglionic fiber. B. Influences various organ systems of the body through connections emerging from thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord. C. Project to the adrenal cortex which stimulates chromaffin cells to release epinephrine and norepinephrine D. Causes the digestive system to shut down most of its function in order to direct blood flow to the skeletal muscles E. Sympathetic nervous system responses cause heart rate to increase via sympathetic fibers that innervate the SA node, AV node, both atria, and both ventricles, which directly stimulate the heart by increasing the production of cAMP second messenger, thereby increasing the rate at which action potentials are fired in the heart.

Which of the following is NOT true about the enteric nervous system: a. The enteric nervous system utilizes muscarinic cholinergic receptors to control visceral organs. b. The enteric nervous system ONLY innervates involuntary muscles. c. Nerves of the enteric nervous system synapse in the spinal ganglion. d. The enteric nervous system is least active during physical activity. e. If enteric nervous innervation is interrupted, the concentration of limit dextrins in the gut would increase.

Which of the following is NOT true concerning the extrinsic controls of arteriole radius? a. The sympathetic nervous system causes vasoconstriction and an increase in MAP. b. Epinephrine can cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation depending on the type of receptor. c. Vasopressin causes vasodilation and a decrease in MAP. d. Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and an increase in MAP. e. All of the above are true.

Which of the following is NOT true of energy storage and use? a. The breakdown of glycogen to pyruvate (the process of glycolysis) is reversible. b. Glycogen is a branched-chain molecule found only in animal cells. c. Glucose can be made via gluconeogenesis from four sources: glycerol, lactate, amino acids, and glycogen. d. Fats can be synthesized to store energy when they are in abundant supply in the diet.

Which of the following is NOT true of epinephrine A. Epi causes bronchodilation during sympathetic stimulation in the respiratory system B. Epi is important in extrinsic control of arteriolar diameter C. Epi causes vasodilation when it binds to alpha-one adrenergic receptors in arteriolar smooth muscle D. Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla release epinephrine into the bloodstream E. Epi is classified as a catecholamine and acts as a hormone

Which of the following is NOT true regarding neuromuscular junctions? a. There is always an excitatory action potential in skeletal muscle. b. In a neuromuscular junction there is a synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. c. There is always an inhibitory action potential in skeletal muscles. d. All the above options are true regarding neuromuscular junctions. e. None of the above options are true regarding neuromuscular junctions

Which of the following is NOT true regarding obstructive pulmonary diseases? a. Residual volume increases because it is harder to expire b. Vital capacity will decrease c. Muscular dystrophy is a form of obstructive pulmonary diseases d. Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases are caused by an in increase in airway resistance e. More than one of these is incorrect

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the gradients (pressure, chemical, electric, etc.) for the following? a. In the respiratory system, when the pressure inside the alveoli is less than the atmospheric pressure, a pressure gradient is established drawing air inward into the alveoli. b. In the cardiovascular system, when the pressure in the heart's atria is greater than the pressure in the ventricles, bulk flow of blood will move through the AV valves into the ventricles. c. During simple diffusion, movement of solutes from an area of 1 M concentration to an area of .25 M concentration will create a larger gradient than movement of solutes from an area of 1 M concentration to an area of 0 M concentration. d. Regarding osmosis, a hypertonic cell placed in a hypotonic solution, will establish a concentration gradient that will drive water molecules from the solution into the cell. e. In the urinary system, the medullary osmotic gradient is established since the outer regions of the medulla have a smaller osmolarity than the inner regions which is necessary for water reabsorption.

Which of the following is NOT true to the role of enzymes in chemical reactions? a. Enzymes can generally only catalyze one particular reaction due to substrate specificity. b. For a reaction to be catalyzed, an enzyme molecule must first bind to a substrate. c. Enzymes do not show specificity for substrates; they can bind to any substrate available. d. Many enzymes possess cofactors necessary for the enzyme to function properly. e. A basis for substrate specificity relates to the shapes of the enzymes and substrate molecules.

Which of the following is TRUE and occurs during primary hyposecretion of the thyroid hormone? a. Thyroid hormone (TH) levels are increased. b. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) levels decrease. c. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels increase. d. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels decrease. e. Both b and c.

Which of the following is not associated with the cAMP Second Messenger system? a. ATP b. Thyroid Hormone c. Angiotensin II d. Protein Kinase A e. Adenylate Cyclase

Which of the following is not part of primary endocrine organs? a. Pineal gland b. Adrenal gland c. Heart d. Thymus e. Pituitary gland

Which of the following is not true of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials? a. K+ ions move out as Cl- ions move in b. They hyperpolarize a cell c. They involve metabotropic receptors d. They produce fast reponses

Which of the following is true about dilation? a. A decrease in body temperature would cause vasodilation to increase blood to the peripheral tissues and warm the body. b. Vasodilation would cause an increase in MAP. c. During sympathetic stimulation, the radial muscle is responsible for papillary dilation in that it contracts to allow more light to enter the eye. d. The Parasympathetic NS is responsible for bronchodilation which decreases resistance and increases flow. e. None of the above.

Which of the following is true regarding sodium reabsorption? a. In all tubular segments sodium ions are actively transported b. Transport of the Na ions helps keep concentration high in the intracellular fluid c. Aldosterone plays a role in sodium reabsorption

Which of the following is true regarding the human endocrine system? A. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone is synthesized and secreted from the hypothalamus, which triggers a release of luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary, and then a release of testosterone from the testes. This release of testosterone causes an increase in number of skeletal muscle fibers in males. B. Oxytocin is released from the anterior pituitary and targets the uterus and mammary glands in women, and is helpful in the bonding of a mother and her child. C. Chromaffin cells are secretory cells in the adrenal medulla. These cells are used in sympathetic innervation of the heart to release epinephrine and norepinephrine that bind to beta-one adrenergic receptors in the heart. This binding causes heart rate and ventricular contraction to increase. D. An excess of calcium in the blood causes parathyroid hormone (PTH) to be synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland. PTH inhibits osteoclasts to avoid bone being broken down and causes calcium to be excreted through urine via the kidneys. E. A hyposecretion of thyroid hormone is primary disorder of the endocrine system that causes a decreased amount of the hormone. This causes an increase in basal metabolic rate and heart rate.

Which of the following might occur if someone could no longer use cAMP efficiently? A. The funny channels and T-type calcium channels would be phosphorylated less often, resulting in a faster depolarization phase. The repolarization phase will also be faster because the potassium channels will close sooner. B. Less thyroid hormone would be brought into the blood, causing a decrease in body heat production and a decrease in body weight. C. Potassium leak channels would be phosphorylated less frequently during slow EPSPs, making the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron less positive and decreasing the chance of generating an action potential. D. There would be less vasodilation of arteriolar smooth muscle because the alpha-one adrenergic receptors in vascular smooth muscle could no longer activate the cAMP second messenger system. E. Muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system would have less efficiency in generating a response on effector organs because the ion channels would open/close less.

Which of the following receptor types does not activate G proteins? a. β3 adrenergic b. β1 adrenergic c. Nicotinic cholinergic d. Muscarinic cholinergic e. α1 adrenergic

Which of the following regarding slow excitatory post-synaptic potentials in neurons is NOT true? A. Slow ESPS can involve the second messenger, cAMP B. Slow ESPS are g-protein linked C. Binding of a neurotransmitter to a metabotropic receptor activates movement of sodium and potassium ions through the same channel D. Slow ESPS are initiated by neurotransmitter binding to a metabotropic receptor E. In a slow ESPS, phosphorylation of the potassium channel on the neuron causes depolarization of the cell

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. The nervous system is capable of long-distance communication. b. The endocrine system is capable of long-distance communication. c. Only the endocrine system used chemical messengers called hormones. d. The nervous system can communicate through direct cell-to-cell contact. e. The endocrine system can not communicate through direct cell-to-cell contact.

Which of the following statements is false regarding the ion potassium? a. Potassium has more movement across a typical cell membrane, due to leak channels being more permeable to potassium than sodium. This then creates a negative resting membrane potential of the cell because more positive ions are moving out of the cell than into it. b. Adding a minimal amount of potassium to the heart's extracellular fluid increases the resting membrane of the cell. This can indirectly cause hyperventilation, which makes the blood more alkaline. c. During the process of hearing, the stereocilia of the ear bend toward the kinocilium, which causes potassium to efflux from the cell. This then allows calcium to flow in and increase action potential frequency. d. When the conductance of potassium is increasing across a typical neuron its voltage gated channels are opening. This happens near +30mV, during the absolute refractory period. e. Adding an excess amount of potassium to the heart's extracellular fluid keeps pacemaker cells from spontaneously depolarizing, which will decrease the force of contraction in the heart to a halt.

Which of the following statements is true regarding action potentials? a. In the heart, rapid depolarization of the cardiac contractile cells is caused by the opening of calcium channels. b. In a pacemaker cell, there is a stable resting potential so the opening of Na+ channels does not effect the opening of Ca2+ channels. c. Cardiac contractile cells have essentially no relative refractory period where in other cells there is an absolute and relative refractory period. d. In action potentials in skeletal muscle or neurons an action potential is generated when the membrane potential reaches -80mV. e. Action potentials occur in the same fashion across all cells of the body in regards to the threshold potential, length and duration of phases, and the channels involved.

Which of these is NOT a source used for gluconeogensis? a. Glycerol; which is produced by breaking down triglycerides b. Lactate c. Ketones; which are produced by breaking down fatty acids d. Amino acids; which are produced by breaking down proteins

Which type of blood vessel possesses no smooth muscle? a. Artery b. Venule c. Capillary d. Arteriole e. None of the above

William, a 4-year-old boy was rushed into Norman Regional Hospital today with a variety of problems. Poor William was extremely fatigued, had a dry cough, shortness of breath, red bumps on his face, and an enlarged liver. He complains of not being able to get as much air in as he can and feels as if it is being stopped half way through the breath. Unfortunately that is not the last of his problems. Along with his newly diagnosed respiratory disorder, the doctors also found that his heart rate was increasing at a very large amount and his body was not reacting properly. From this information, what kind of respiratory disease does he have and a possible condition from that category of disease? Also, what response should his body have performed to fix the problem of his increasing heart rate? A. Obstructive-emphysema; sympathetic response-the postganglionic cell should have released Ach and bound to a muscarinic receptor. B. Obstructive-asthma; sympathetic response-the postganglionic cell should have released Epinephrine and bound to a adrenergic receptor C. Restrictive-sarcoidosis; parasympathetic response-the varicosities on the postganglionic cell should have released Ach and bound to a muscarinic cholinergic receptor on the effector D. Restrictive-chronic bronchitis; parasympathetic response- the varicosities on the postganglionic cell should have released Epinephrine and bound to a adrenergic cholinergic receptor on the effector E. Restrictive-obesity; sympathetic- the postganglionic cell should have released Norepinephrine and bound to a muscarinic receptor.

With the increasing popularity of electronic cigarettes, a spike has been observed in the number of cases of nicotine poisoning. The symptoms of nicotine poisoning occur in two phases, first a phase of stimulation followed by a phase of depression. During the stimulation phase, many patients experience increased heart rates and blood pressures followed by rapid decreases in both heart rate and blood pressure. What is the cause of these changes? A. Since nicotine is an acetylcholine agonist that effects the body's nicotinic cholinergic receptors, nicotine binds to these slow sodium channels that use G-proteins to depolarize the smooth muscle in the heart and veins. B. Since nicotine is an acetylcholine agonist that effects the body's nicotinic cholinergic receptors, nicotine binds to the nicotinic cholinergic receptors at the ganglionic synapse, sending parasympathetic and sympathetic messages to the muscles of the heart and veins. C. Since nicotine is an acetylcholine agonist that effects the body's nicotinic cholinergic receptors, nicotine binds to the nicotinic cholinergic receptors at the ganglionic synapse, sending sympathetic messages to the muscles of the heart and veins, causing the stimulatory reaction. Once the muscles down regulate to these impulses, the depressive effects of the poisoning become apparent. D. Since nicotine is an acetylcholine agonist that effects the body's nicotinic cholinergic receptors, nicotine binds to the nicotinic cholinergic receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system in the heart and veins. E. Since nicotine is an acetylcholine antagonist that effects the body's nicotinic cholinergic receptors, nicotine binds to the nicotinic cholinergic receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system in the heart and veins, which stops these messages from reaching the heart and veins. As such, the uncontested messages from the sympathetic nervous system cause the stimulatory response before the muscles down-regulate causing the depressed response.

You drink a lot of coffee and chase it with red bull which inhibits phosphodiesterase. Does this increase or decrease levels of cAMP? Four pumpkin spice lattes and twenty one dollars later you're leaving the Physiology final to head to the bathroom. What correlation does an excess of liquid have with the kidneys? A. Levels of cAMP would increase because phosphodiesterase breaks down cAMP and since caffeine inhibits phosphodiesterase cAMP would be higher than normal. Caffeine inhibits ADH which is Antidiuretic hormone so it causes less frequent urination B. Levels of cAMP would increase because phosphodiesterase breaks down cAMP and since caffeine inhibits phosphodiesterase cAMP would be higher than normal. Caffeine inhibits ADH which decreases the the water absorption in the kidneys and causes frequent urination. C. Levels of cAMP would be lower than normal because phosphodiesterase inhibits the production of cAMP. Caffeine inhibits ADH which is Antidiuretic hormone so it causes less frequent urination. D. Levels of cAMP would be lower than normal because phosphodiesterase inhibits the production of cAMP. Caffeine inhibits ADH which decreases the the water absorption in the kidneys and causes frequent urination E. There would be no increase or decrease in cAMP because phosphodiesterase does not have an effect on cAMP. Caffeine and kidneys do not correlate.

You have a big physiology final coming up, which makes you very nervous and stressed. You have increased your coffee intake in an effort to stay up later, drinking multiple cups a day. How will drinking more coffee affect your cardiac output? a. Ingested caffeine will bind to beta-one adrenergic receptors, causing the cAMP second messenger system, causing more action potentials to be sent, more muscle contractions, and thus more pumping of blood. This will increase cardiac output. b. Epinephrine will bind to beta-one adrenergic receptors, causing the cAMP second messenger system to begin. Caffeine stimulates the action of protein kinase A, causing more protein phosphorylation, which will cause more action potentials, and more pumping of blood. This will increase cardiac output. c. Epinephrine will bind to beta-one adrenergic receptors, causing the cAMP second messenger system to begin. Caffeine inhibits the action of the cAMP phosphodiesterase, which prevents cAMP from breaking down. With more cAMP present, there will be more action potentials and more pumping of blood. This will increase cardiac output. d. Ingested caffeine will inhibit epinephrine from binding to beta-one adrenergic receptors. This will inhibit action potentials from occurring as frequently, causing low muscle contraction, and lowering cardiac output. e. Epinephrine will bind to alpha-one adrenergic receptors, causing the IP3 second messenger system to begin. Caffeine inhibits the action of calmodulin, creating less muscle contractions, so less blood will be pumped. This will lower cardiac output.

You work in a clinic and have an interesting lady comes in to your office. She complains that she is very on "edge" and is startled easily lately. She feels like she can never calm down and wants help before her daughter's wedding. She states that since the father is dead she will be walking her daughter down the aisle and she would like to do it without having shaky hands. She has been experiencing these symptoms for a week. You take her heart rate and find that it is at 135 beats per minute. Is this heart rate normal? If not, what kind of response is this women stuck in? What hormone is being either hyper or hypo excreted? What type of receptor does this hormone use? Is this receptor slow or fast? How does this hormone affect her heart rate, if it is not normal? (Increase or decrease). Which organ secretes this hormone and where is it located? What type of medicine can you prescribe to help this woman's case? Which of the following answers are most correct: a. This heart rate is not normal. She is in a sympathetic response. ACH is being hyper excreted, and uses an adrenergic receptor. It binds to the adrenergic receptor which is slow ligand gated. This hormone will decrease her heart rate. The adrenal glands located around the lungs secrete this hormone. You can prescribe a sympathomimetic drug. b. This heart rate is normal and she is just nervous for her daughter's wedding. She is only overreacting. c. Her heart rate is not normal. She is experiencing a sympathetic response. Epinephrine is being hyper excreted. This hormone uses an adrenergic receptor and is slow ligand gated. This hormone will increase her heart rate. The adrenal glands secrete this hormone and are located on top of the kidneys. You can prescribe a beta blocker to help with these symptoms. d. Her heart rate is not normal. She is experiencing a sympathetic response. Epinephrine is being hypo excreted. This hormone uses an adrenergic receptor and is fast ligand gated. This hormone will increase her heart rate. The adrenal glands secrete this hormone and are located on top of the kidneys. You can prescribe an anticholinergic medicine to help with these symptoms. e. Her heart rate is not normal. She is experiencing a sympathetic response. Epinephrine is being hyper excreted. This hormone uses an adrenergic receptor and is slow ligand gated. This hormone will decrease her heart rate. The adrenal glands secrete this hormone and are located on top of the stomach. You can prescribe a beta blocker to help with these symptoms.

65-year-old Daveed has just woken up from his general anesthetic after having surgery on a hernia in his abdomen. Daveed complains of intense pain in his abdomen where the incision was made for his surgery, and therefore refuses to move around or take deep breaths in fear of contracting his abdominal muscles. Daveed is slightly overweight, and has been smoking two packs of cigarettes everyday for the past nineteen years, and therefore is suffering from onset chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Which of the following is Daveed NOT at risk for? a. The patient's inactivity can cause blood to become trapped in the lungs because the heart is not pumping the blood properly. This trapped blood in the lungs can cause the capillaries to leak and lead to accumulation of fluid in the lungs b. The patient's history of obesity and smoking and his immobility causing poor circulation of blood, can lead to blood clots in his lower extremities. c. The patient's refusal to take deep breaths on top of his onset COPD can cause air to become trapped in the lungs, which can lead to the buildup of CO2, and can ultimately lead to respiratory distress. d. The patient is at risk for "going back under" due to the trace amounts of anesthetic still in his blood not being exhaled, blocking receptors of the central nervous system. e. The patient can develop a blockage of his G.I. tract due to his bowels not waking up from the anesthesia and the patient's refusal to get up and walk around.

73-year-old Josiah Biles was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, (a degenerative disorder due to death of Dopamine producing cells within the Substantia Nigra in the midbrain) after going to the doctors with complaints of shakiness, slowness of movement and problems with his gait and signs of depression. Josiah is confused and extremely distraught, he is wanting to better understand the effects of this disease on his body, please help Josiah by choosing the statement that is FALSE regarding Parkinson's Disease. A. Due to the astrocytes and tight junctions forming the blood brain barrier, Dopamine is unable to cross directly into the central nervous system. In order to treat this disease, he must be proscribed L-Dopa, a dopamine agonist. B. He has problems with voluntary motor function, thus affecting the somatic nervous system. The somatic nervous system consists of skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle contraction includes cross bridge cycling initiated by the binding of Calcium to Troponin. C. Josiah has experienced death of Dopamine producing cells within the midbrain. Which may very well explain non-motor difficulties he may have such as problems sleeping. D. L-Dopa medication acts on your sympathetic nervous system. During a sympathetic response, Acetyl Choline binds to Beta 1 adrenergic receptors located on the heart and will lead to an increased heart rate. E. Dopamine is a Lipophobic Biogenic Amine and therefore does not cross the blood brain barrier. Degradation of Biogenic Amines such as Dopamine and serotonin requires the use of Mono-amine Oxidase

A ________ synapse releases neurotransmitters are released into the ________ through a process called ________. a. Chemical; gap junction; endocytosis. b. Chemical; synaptic cleft; exocytosis. c. Electrical; gap junction; exocytosis. d. Chemical; synaptic cleft; reception. e. Electrical; synaptic cleft; endocytosis.

Alice, who is 75 years old and considered severely overweight, had a stroke and was rushed to the hospital. Upon awakening, she discovers that the right side of her body is completely paralyzed. Her doctors explain that her stroke has caused severe brain and neural damage. What area of the brain did the stroke affect, and why did it cause her to become partially paralyzed? a. The stroke caused a blockage to her hypothalamus which ceased the release of neurotransmitters such as epinephrine that allow her brain to send neural signals to her body for movement. b. The stroke caused overstimulation of the motor cortex to release neurons that overwhelm the body due to the sense of danger during stroke. This caused the neural receptors on the motor cortex to become desensitized and down regulate. These receptors cease to respond to stimulation, and signaling to the body's extremities slow down until the receptors completely stop responding. At this point the area of the bodys is paralyzed. c. The stroke blocked important chemoreceptors for blood pH levels on the pons and medulla. This damage caused the body to not be able to control blood pH, and without a balanced pH blood is not be able to flow throughout the body correctly. Without blood flowing throughout the body the limbs become immobile. d. The stroke caused a blood clot in artery in the right side of Alice's body. This artery supplied neural communication from the heart to the brain, and without blood flow being supplied to the tissues in the brain, these tissues soon die and dead tissue cannot be repaired. The line of communication between the brain and the body has been severed and this area of the body becomes paralyzed. e. The stroke intercepted the neurons that control the communication between the body and the entire left hemisphere of the brain. Without this communication, the brain is not able to signal movement for the body

Amber is a smoker who is unaware of the effects of nicotine on her body. Which of the following would be FALSE to tell Amber about nicotine's role in her body? A. Nicotine acts as a sympathomimetric drug at preganglionic synapses causing the postganglionic fiber to release norepinephrine onto the target organ. B. In the parasympathetic nervous system nicotine mimics acetylcholine at preganglionic synapses causing postganglionic fibers to release acetylcholine onto the target organ. C. Amber is likely to get an obstructive lung disorder from her extensive smoking which would decrease her ERV. D. Amber is likely to get an obstructive lung disorder from her extensive smoking which would decrease her FVC. E. The norepinephrine and acetylcholine released by postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems (respectively), which were caused by nicotine mimicking acetylcholine, would cancel each other out.

An increase in insulin secretion by the beta cells in the pancreas causes which of the following to happen? a. An increase in the synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides in adipose tissue and the liver. b. An increase in gluconeogenesis in the liver. c. A decrease in lipolysis in adipose tissue. d. A and C are correct. e. All of the above.

Angiotensin II is responsible for all of the following EXCEPT: A. Stimulates the release of vasopressin B. Increases Mean Arterial Pressure C. Stimulates thirst D. Stimulates Arterial Vasodilation E. More than one is correct

Anita Shower is training for a triathlon and frequently experiences exercise-induced hypertension. Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic control mechanism within her heart used to regulate her blood pressure and maintain homeostasis? a. Baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus send signals to the hypothalamus to decrease ADH synthesis and secretion b. Baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus signals to the medulla oblongata to increase parasympathetic activity and lower heart rate c. Increased pressure in the glomerular capillaries causes an increase in glomerular filtration rate and urine output d. Increased pressure in the ventricles causes muscle fibers in the ventricular myocardium to lengthen, which causes a greater force of contraction so that stroke volume matches venous return e. She can begin "blood doping" so that she has a higher hematocrit and a greater oxygen-carrying capacity

As Christmas draws near, Mrs. Claus understands that it is a stressful time for Mr. Claus. However, she becomes concerned as she notices his strange behaviors including an insatiable appetite for gingerbread cookies, and that he would barely wear any clothes despite the North Pole's freezing weather. She tells Santa Claus to visit the elf doctor. Upon his visit to the elf doctor, Santa Claus explains that he has been experiencing weight loss, an increased appetite, a lower tolerance for the heat, and increased heart rate. The elf doctor explains to Santa Claus that he may be hypersecreting thyroid hormone (TH) and diagnoses him with hyperthyroidism. Based on this knowledge which of the following is true? A. The elf doctor prescribes antithyroid drugs to Santa in order to increase the synthesis of TH. B. Santa's hypothalamus is secreting less TRH in response to the hypersecretion of TH by the thyroid gland. This is stimulated by short loop negative feedback. C. The excessive amount of TH freely diffuses through the plasma membrane, travels through Santa's blood via a carrier protein, and binds to receptors on the plasma membrane of target cells. D. There is a high number of mitochondria in Santa's cells. E. The Na-I symporter is bringing more sodium and iodine into follicular cells via endocytosis in order to help synthesize more TH.

Banana Bob is a patient with hypokalemia (meaning his potassium levels are low). Which of the following could lead to Banana Bob's condition? a. Potassium is freely filtered in the tubules and undergoes both reabsorption and secretion of the glomerulus which could cause low levels in the kidneys b. The adrenal medulla is not secreting enough potassium, meaning levels are too low for the body to function as normal c. Ligand gated potassium channels are not opening quickly enough during the rapid depolarization phase of pacemaker potentials causing less potassium to exit the cell d. There is a defect in the tubule that is causing too much potassium to be reabsorbed causing low levels e. During an action potential depolarization phase, potassium channels are slowly closing, causing low levels of potassium efflux

Betsy once set the world record for fastest marathon runner but unfortunately now suffers from obesity. One night as she was walking home from work, she unluckily encountered a serial killer who made Betsy his target. At first, Betsy is able to outrun the killer but eventually slows down and is caught. What processes occur in Betsy's body as she runs for her life, and what eventually keeps her from getting away successfully? a. Betsy's sympathetic nervous system was stimulated releasing NE/E, causing radial smooth muscles of the eyes to contract allowing more light to enter the eye as well as a shorter repolarization phase of the pacemaker potential. Betsy is not able to get away because of her restrictive lung disease and a low vital capacity, which wouldn't allow for enough air to enter her lungs. b. Betsy's parasympathetic nervous system was stimulated releasing Ach, causing circular smooth muscles of the eye to contract allowing more light to enter the eye as well as a decrease in the slow depolarization phase of the pacemaker potential. Betsy is not able to get away because of her obstructive lung disease and a low vital capacity, which wouldn't allow for enough air to enter her lungs. c. Betsy's sympathetic nervous system was stimulated, releasing NE/E, causing circular smooth muscles of the eye to contract allowing more light to enter the eye as well as a shorter repolarization phase of the pacemaker potential. Betsy is not able to get away because of her restrictive lung disease, which makes air getting out of the lungs difficult allowing for a buildup of CO2. d. Betsy's sympathetic nervous system was stimulated, releasing NE/E, causing radial smooth muscles of the eye to contract allowing more light to enter the eye as well as shorter repolarization phase of the pacemaker potential. Betsy is not able to get away because of her obstructive lung disease and a low vital capacity, which makes air getting out of the lungs difficult allowing for a buildup of CO2. e. Betsy's parasympathetic nervous system was stimulated releasing Ach, causing radial smooth muscles of the eyes to contract allowing more light to enter the eye as well as a decrease in the slow depolarization phase of the pacemaker potential. Betsy is not able to get away because of her restrictive lung disease, which causes the lining of the airway in patients to swell, shutting off the airways of the lung due to inflammation.

Dr. Ketchum has been preparing to show her horse in the national championship show yet again. Everyone in the United States is looking forward to seeing THE Dr. Ketchum take home the gold for the third year in a row. It's one week before the big day and Dr. Ketchum is starting to worry because her horse is nowhere to be found! She has come to the conclusion that her star horse has been stolen out of her trailer. Dr. Ketchum is so angry that her whole body is shaking and she feels as though her heart is going to beat out of her chest as she is trying to figure out what to do with nationals only one week away. Which of the following is NOT a correct statement? a. Dr. Ketchum was experiencing a sympathetic response after realizing that her horse has been stolen. This included the innervation of her cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands in order to prepare her body for flight-or-flight response. b. Dr. Ketchum's body was performing glucogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and ketogenesis once epinephrine was synthesized and secreted throughout her body. c. As Dr. Ketchum is trying to figure out a plan to find her horse, her heart rate is elevated and the force of contraction of her heart has increased. This is due to epinephrine binding to adrenergic receptors on the SA node, AV node, and the ventricular myocardium. d. Epinephrine was released from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla which then bound to Alpha 1 receptors to activate the IP3 second messenger system. This allowed for vasoconstriction in order to decrease total peripheral resistance (TPR). e. Dr. Ketchum's body was able to recognize that her heart rate was above normal due to her baroreceptors sending an increased number of action potentials to the cardiovascular control center in the medulla.

From the options below, choose the CORRECT statement. a. Glucagon is released from beta cells in the pancreas when the body is in a starving state. b. From the adrenergic receptors, alpha-one and alpha-two receptors prefer to bind with norepinephrine, and beta-one, beta-two, and beta-three receptors prefer to bind with epinephrine. c. The parietal lobe receives information on taste sensation. d. The function of the Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) is to integrate data coming into the medulla and generates the breathing rhythm for the body. e. Within a neuron, there is a higher concentration of calcium in the ICF than in the ECF.

Grant is taken to the emergency room because he is complaining of a lot of chest pain. It is possible that the cause of Grant's pain is... a. Grant has asthma, a restrictive lung disease in which the lungs cannot expand to their fullest, resulting in Grant feeling a tight, painful chest and not being able to breath well. b. Grant is having a pneumothorax, and air is entering his lungs at a fast rate and his lungs are expanding more than they should, so he is feeling a lot of pressure inside his chest. c. Grant's CVP is too high, so venous return is decreased and his heart is not receiving enough blood, so the heart is having to pump much harder, which creates pain in the chest. d. Grant is having an anxiety attack, so large amounts of Epinephrine are being released in the body. His heartbeat has increased and become somewhat irregular and Epinephrine is causing Grant to experience shortness of breath, resulting in chest pain. e. Grant was sleeping so the brain, a reconditioning organ, was not in need of as much oxygenated blood, so his heart rate slowed down and has not recovered, so blood is not being delivered back to his myocardium fast enough.

Heather was walking home from the Bizzell Memorial Library alone after a long night of studying for her physiology class when suddenly she noticed a dark figure following her. She immediately felt a surge go through her body as her sympathetic nervous system responded to the situation. However, as she began to run, she felt extremely fatigued. Luckily the dark figure disappeared, yet the situation left Heather feeling extremely concerned about her health. She knew from her studying that she should not have felt fatigued during a fight or flight response. The next day, she visited the Goddard Health Center and explained what had happened. Her physician ran a multitude of tests to discover what the problem might be. What issue did the physician at Goddard find with Heather's health? a. Heather's EKG showed multiple P waves per QRS complexes. She was diagnosed with a complete heart block due to the inability of her SA node to conduct electrical impulses. Therefore, her fatigue was caused by the inability of her sympathetic nervous system to increase her heart rate and the delivery of oxygen to her muscles. b. Heather's spirometry test revealed that she had asthma, a restrictive pulmonary disease that prevented the bronchodilation that should have occurred during her fight or flight response. Therefore, her fatigue was caused by an insufficient amount of oxygen being brought into the body during inspiration. c. Following a CT scan, the physician discovered a non-functioning adenoma on Heather's adrenal cortex. Therefore, her fatigue was caused by the inability of the adrenal cortex to secrete the catecholamines necessary for the sympathetic response. d. Heather's physician performed a muscle biopsy which showed that she had a mitochondrial disease. Upon further testing, the specific issue was found to be a genetic mutation that caused Heather to have malfunctioning ATP synthase enzymes on her inner mitochondrial membrane. Therefore, her fatigue was caused by her inability to perform chemiosmotic coupling during aerobic respiration, forcing her to rely on anaerobic respiration which produces much less ATP. e. Further genetic testing showed a genetic mutation regarding Heather's tropomyosin protein. This mutation altered the binding site on tropomyosin making it very difficult for calcium to bind. With less calcium binding to tropomyosin, there was less shifting of troponin, and therefore less exposing of myosin binding sites on the actin filaments. Therefore, Heather's fatigue was caused by a decreased ability for actin and myosin to perform the power stroke, decreasing the amount of contraction that could occur in her skeletal muscles.

Heather went to the doctor's office to get a CT scan because she was feeling pain in her lower back around her kidneys. The scan showed that she had a tumor on her kidney and was causing her to release large amounts of Renin. Which of the following is occurring is Heather's body? A. Aldosterone would be secreted in excess causing sodium to be excreted and potassium to be reabsorbed. B. Heather will have frequent urination. C. Heather is very jittery because of the excess epinephrine being secreted by the posterior pituitary. D. Heather's blood pressure is very high due to Angiotensin II causing vasoconstriction of blood vessels. E. The pain Heather is feeling is caused by action potentials going up the afferent axon through the ventral root ganglion to the CNS.

In messenger transport, diffusion through the interstitial fluid when the secretory cell and the target cell are close is best exemplified by: a. Neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction b. NT release from the Rods in the eye to the bipolar cells in photo-transduction c. Epinephrine released from the chromaffin cells binding to beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the SA/AV nodes and ventricular myocardium d. A and B are correct e. All of the above are correct

In the conducting zone of the respiratory system, which of these features of the respiratory structures does not decrease in size or in number further down the respiratory system? a. Inner diameter. b. Goblet Cells. c. Alveolar sacs. d. Smooth muscle. e. Cartilage.

In which of the following skeletal muscle types would one expect to find a high density of capillaries? a. slow oxidative b. fast oxidative c. fast glycolytic d. answers A and B e. all of the above

Inhibiting acetylcholinesterase on the motor end plate would do which of the following: a. prevent Ach from binding to the nicotinic cholinergic receptor on the motor end plate. b. reduce the amount of choline actively transported back into the terminal button. c. cause acetylcholine to be left in the synaptic cleft longer. d. two of these are correct. e. all of these are correct.

Jack was telling Jill all about acetylcholine (ACh). Which of Jack's statements was INCORRECT? a. Preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems release ACh. b. ACh only binds to cholinergic receptors. c. ACh is the sole neurotransmitter of the somatic branch of the efferent nervous system. d. The adrenal medulla secretes many adrenocorticoids, including ACh. e. All of Jack's statements were CORRECT.

Jordan decided to go skydiving for her birthday. Unfortunately, she released her parachute too late, and she came crashing down into a tree. When she crashed into the tree, a branch impaled through her right arm and caused a significant amount of blood loss. When she finally arrived to the hospital in a very weak state, the ER attending physician determined that her blood pH was acidic, and she had low central venous blood pressure. What caused these symptoms to occur, and what is a possible response Jordan's body will have to combat these symptoms? a. Her blood is acidic because of the build up of lactic acid in the bloodstream. Since her organs are receiving less blood flow, it is causing the cells to utilize anaerobic respiration in order to produce enough ATP. Since there is a substantial decrease in blood volume, it is causing the rate of return of blood from the systemic veins to the heart to decrease. This has caused central venous blood pressure to be very low. In response, baroreceptors will be stimulated to detect the loss of blood volume and decreased systemic arterial blood pressure. Once baroreceptors have detected this, they will send messages to the brain to activate the sympathetic nervous system. b. Her blood is acidic because of an underactive adrenal gland. Since there is a substantial decrease in blood volume, it is causing the rate of return of blood from the systemic arteries to the heart to decrease. This has caused central venous blood pressure to become low. In response, baroreceptors will be activated to detect the loss of blood volume and increased systemic arterial blood pressure. Once baroreceptors have detected this, they will send messages to the brain to activate the sympathetic nervous system. c. Her blood is acidic because of the build up of lactic acid in the bloodstream. Her organs are receiving less blood flow, causing the cells to utilize anaerobic respiration in order to produce enough ATP. Since there is a substantial decrease in blood volume, it is causing the rate of return of blood from the systemic veins to the heart to increase. This has caused central venous blood pressure to be very low. In response, baroreceptors will be stimulated to detect the loss of blood volume and increased systemic arterial blood pressure. Once baroreceptors have detected this they will send messages to the brain to activate the parasympathetic nervous system. d. Her blood is acidic because of the build up of lactic acid in the bloodstream. Her organs are receiving less blood flow, causing the cells to undergo aerobic respiration in order to produce enough ATP. Since there is a substantial decrease in blood volume, it is causing the rate of return of blood from the systemic veins to the heart to reduce. This has caused central venous blood pressure to be very low. In response, baroreceptors will be activated to detect the loss of blood volume and decreased systemic arterial blood pressure. Once baroreceptors have detected this they will send messages to the brain to activate the parasympathetic nervous system. e. Her blood is acidic because of the build up of lactic acid in the bloodstream. Her organs are receiving less blood flow, causing the cells to utilize aerobic respiration in order to produce enough ATP. Since there is a substantial decrease in blood volume, it is causing the rate of return of blood from the systemic veins to the heart to increase. This has caused central venous blood pressure to be very low. In response, chemoreceptors will be activated to detect the loss of blood volume and decreased systemic arterial blood pressure. Once chemoreceptors have detected this they will send messages to the brain to activate the sympathetic nervous system.

Little Red Riding Hood was walking through the forest and the Big Bad Wolf jumped out from behind a tree. Red's fight or flight response kicked in. Which of these is taking place in her body? a. The arterioles to her skeletal muscles are vasoconstricting b. The parasympathetic nervous system is increasing the heart rate c. The parasympathetic nervous system is decreasing the activity of the gastrointestinal tract d. The sympathetic nervous system is causing her pupils to dilate e. The sympathetic nervous system which directly innervates the smooth muscles of the bronchioles will cause bronchodilation

Mark has a blood disorder known as hyponatremia, which refers to a low level of sodium in the blood. Note that this decrease of sodium in the blood does not reverse the concentration gradient for sodium. How could this disorder affect Mark's body? A. This disorder could decrease contractility of Mark's heart by slowing down the influx of sodium, due to a decrease in the driving force for sodium, during slow depolarization through the funny sodium channels in cardiac contractile cells. B. This disorder could increase the time it would take for Mark's skeletal muscle to relax due to a decrease in the driving force for sodium to move into the cell to let calcium leave the cell via secondary antiport. C. This disorder could decrease Mark's heart rate by slowing down the influx of sodium, due to a decrease in the driving force for sodium, during slow depolarization through the funny sodium in cardiac contractile cells. D. This disorder could increase the time it takes for Mark's smooth muscle to relax due to the decrease in the driving force for sodium to move into the cell to let calcium leave the cell via secondary antiport. E. This disorder could decrease Mark's heart rate by slowing down the influx of sodium, due to a decrease in the driving force for sodium, during slow depolarization through voltage gated sodium channels in autorhythmic cells.

Mary Jane was at a party and has been smoking marijuana. As the night goes on, she gets the "munchies" and goes to McDonald's for some fries. Mary eats 4 orders of large salted fries; as a result her extracellular concentration of sodium is higher than normal. What would happen in Mary's body as a result of this? a. Mary's heart rate would decrease because of a slower repolarization during a cardiac action potential. b. Mary will have a stronger force of contraction in her skeletal muscle because of a faster rate of cross-bridge cycling due to a faster rate of action potentials being generated at the motor end plate. c. Her adrenal cortex will be signaled to secrete more aldosterone. d. Acetylcholine will be released at a faster rate from the pre-ganglionic neuron because there is a stronger electrochemical gradient for sodium which is moving sodium into the neuron at a faster rate, therefore increasing the speed of depolarization along the axon and the axon terminal. e. This would cause an increase in the reabsorption of water from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.

Polly Dee is a 25-year-old female that was involved in an accident during her NRCHA competition where she fell off her horse and hit her head. In the days following she began experiencing an unquenchable thirst and large volumes of urine output. Polly's symptoms are most likely a result of: a. Increase in the osmolarity of the body fluids causing water to pass the blood brain barrier resulting in swelling of neurons and glial cells, increasing the secretion of ADH and increasing urine output. b. The cytoplasm of her proximal tubules has a decreased number of free ribosomes causing less synthesis of aquaporins, decreasing the movement of water by osmosis, and increasing urine output. c. She has a secondary hypersecretion disorder of the anterior pituitary causing an increased secretion of ADH, increasing the osmolarity of her extracellular fluid, and increasing her urine output. d. The osmolarity of her extracellular fluid is decreased causing less secretion of ADH, decreased water reabsorption by the kidneys, and increased urine output. e. The osmolarity of her extracellular fluid is decreased causing her osmoreceptors to send signals to the motor neurons innervating the multi-unit smooth muscles causing calcium to bind to troponin and initiate contraction of her detrusor muscles.

Sally has ingested a drug that has inhibited her ability to perform oxidative phosphorylation. Sally feels weak and like she cannot perform regular body functions normally. Why is this? a. In muscle cells, inhibiting the use of NADH and FADH2 will decrease the affinity for myosin to myosin-binding sites. So, Sally feels weaker do to her muscle fibers not contracting with normal strength. b. Since Sally cannot perform the normal pathway for ATP synthesis, her body is going to lactic acid fermentation in order to produce ATP. With the buildup of lactic acid, her body begins to convert it to ketones. Since Sally feels weak she is now showing signs of ketoacidosis do to the buildup of the acid in her blood stream. c. Sally's ingestion of the drug has caused Aplastic Anemia. Aplastic Anemia is caused by the lack of NADH and FADH2 production, which affects the levels of ATP present in Sally's bone marrow. d. Preventing oxidative phosphorylation will affect NADH and FADH2. Since NADH and FADH2 are used to make ATP, less ATP being made would explain why Sally feels weak. e. Since NADH and FADH2 are important in the formation of ATP, preventing oxidative phosphorylation would increase the stimulation of glucagon from beta cells in the pancreas so that more glucose is available for glycolysis.

Saul Tedaug has been experiencing extreme thirst. He went to the doctor to ask for blood tests, and has discovered that he suffers from hypernatremia (high plasma sodium concentration). Which of the following could be a complication of this disorder? a. Poor sensitivity in his fingertips due to the inability of his sensory neurons to depolarize because of the low electrochemical gradient of Sodium b. Swelling of cells due to the body's attempt to re-establish homeostasis c. High water reabsorption due to decreased sodium concentration in the interstitial fluid surrounding the nephron d. Increased frequency of action potentials in cardiac contractile cells due to increased flow of sodium through the Voltage-Gated Sodium channels e. Increased equilibrium potential of sodium and normal electrochemical gradient of sodium

Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for all of the following EXCEPT: a. Contraction of ciliary muscles and relaxation of zonular fibers allowing for near vision. b. Contraction of detrussor muscle causing the internal urethral spincter to open and micturition to occur. c. The binding of Ach to muscarinic cholinergic recptors in the SA and AV nodes causing T type Ca channels to delay their opening which causes a slower slow depol and closing K channels later leading to hyperpolarization and a decreased heart rate. d. Contraction of radial eye muscles causing pupillary dialation. e. Bronchoconstriction

Suppose the nail in the head of the famous sea star, Patrick, went through his brain and struck the front portion of the pituitary gland, but the back portion was fine. Which of the following is is correct? (Pretend the starfish has similar nervous and endocrine systems as humans do.) A. A primary endocrine disorder will occur where the protein hormone Growth Hormone (GH) will not be secreted from the anterior pituitary. Consequently Patrick's skeletal muscle will not make IGF-1 and proteogenesis in the skeletal muscle will not be promoted, so actin and myosin will be formed. B. A primary endocrine disorder will occur where the steroid hormone Growth Hormone (GH) will not be secreted from the anterior pituitary. Consequently Patrick's liver will not make IGF-1 and proteogenesis in the skeletal muscle will not be promoted, so actin and myosin will not be formed. C. A secondary endocrine disorder will occur where the protein hormone Growth Hormone (GH) will not be secreted from the anterior pituitary. Consequently Patrick's liver will make IGF-1 and proteogenesis in the skeletal muscle will be promoted, so actin and myosin will be formed. D. A secondary endocrine disorder will occur where the protein hormone Growth Hormone (GH) will not be secreted from the anterior pituitary. Consequently Patrick's liver will not make IGF-1 and proteogenesis in the skeletal muscle will not be promoted, so actin and myosin will not be formed. E. A secondary endocrine disorder will occur where the steroid hormone Growth Hormone (GH) will not be secreted from the anterior pituitary. Consequently Patrick's skeletal muscle will not make IGF-1 and proteogenesis in the skeletal muscle will not be promoted, so actin and myosin will not be formed.

Sydney has been feeling down for the past of couple months. She doesn't feel like participating in her normal activities and is withdrawing more and more from her loved ones. Sydney is encouraged to go see a therapist. The psychiatrist who evaluates her prescribes Prozac (fluoxetine hcl). Prozac is an anti-depressant drug and is classified as a Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI). How will Prozac work to elevate Sydney's mood? a. It will increase her production of the hormone serotonin, which results in boosting her mood. b. It will allow her platelets to produce more serotonin, enhancing vasoconstriction. c. It will leave serotonin in the synaptic cleft for a longer period of time due to the medication preventing uptake of the neurotransmitter into the post-synaptic neuron. d. It will allow serotonin to be left in the synaptic cleft for a longer period of time due to the medication hindering uptake of the neurotransmitter back into the pre-synaptic neuron. e. It will enable serotonin to be in the synaptic cleft for a shorter period of time, allowing the neurotransmitter to travel to the other parts of her body faster.

The Thyroid hormone promotes which of the following: a. Glycogenolysis only b. Glycogenolysis and proteosynthesis c. Lipolysis and Proteolysis d. A and C are correct e. None of the above

The autonomic nervous system connects to what type of effector organs? A. Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle only B. Smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, and glands C. Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle only D. Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands E. Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

The day after thanksgiving, Maddy woke up with her chest burning and it felt like her throat was closing up. Her cousin took her to the doctor, but while waiting in the ER, she began struggling to exhale, causing her chest and throat to burn more. Maddy has a history of smoking. What did the doctor diagnose her with? A. Maddy has emphysema, a restrictive lung disorder which limits her gas exchange. B. Maddy has a chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder that causes the blood level in her lungs to exceed the normal 15% of blood in the body. C. Maddy's oxygenated blood that is supposed to flows from by means of the pulmonary artery to the lungs is unable to get to the lungs due to artherosclerosis in her arteries. D. The doctor diagnosed Maddy with emphysema, which damaged the inner walls of her air sacs causing them to rupture. This created one large air space preventing efficient gas exchange from taking place. E. The oxygenated pulmonary vein used to transport blood from the lungs to the heart constricted due to the damage from the smoke inhaled during Maddy's previous years. This caused her blood flow to be restricted, in turn creating a lower blood pressure. This low blood pressure prevented the blood from pumping all the way through the body and back to the lungs. In turn, the doctor diagnosed Maddy with hypotension.

The pulmonary semilunar valve opens when a. left ventricle pressure is greater than pulmonary vein pressure b. left ventricle pressure is greater than pulmonary artery pressure c. right ventricle pressure is greater than pulmonary vein pressure d. right ventricle pressure is greater than pulmonary artery pressure e. none of the above

Travis stayed up all night partying with his friends. On Monday morning, he decided to order a triple shot carmel macchiato from Starbucks to keep him awake. Explain how the caffeine in the coffee keeps Travis from feeling tired that day. a. The caffeine in the coffee acted as an antagonist for acetylcholine, inhibiting the muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the cardiac muscle of the heart. b. The caffeine in the coffee acted as an agonist of epinephrine, binding to the beta adernergic receptors on the cardiac muscles of the heart. c. The caffeine in the coffee blocks adenylate cyclase in the cAMP second messenger system, causing a decrease in the breaking down of epinephrine. d. The caffeine in the coffee blocks phosphodiesterase in the cAMP second messenger system causing an increase of the effects of epinephrine. e. The caffeine in the coffee blocks the protein kinase in the cAMP second messenger system, which allows a greater influx of Na+ ions, and increases the effects of epinephrine.

What is difference between systole and diastole (the two stages into which the cardiac cycle is divided)? A. Systole is the stage when the contraction of ventricular muscle fibers occurs and the ventricles are emptied. Diastole is the stage of the cardiac cycle when the ventricular muscles fibers expand and the ventricles are filled with blood. B. Systole is the stage when the contraction of atrial muscle fibers occurs and the atria are emptied. Diastole is the stage of the cardiac cycle when the atrial muscles fibers expand and the atria are filled with blood. C. Systole is the stage of the cardiac cycle when the ventricular muscles fibers expand and the ventricles are filled with blood. Diastole is the stage when the contraction of ventricular muscle fibers occurs and the ventricles are emptied. D. Systole is the stage of the cardiac cycle when the atrial muscles fibers expand and the atria are filled with blood. Diastole is the stage when the contraction of atrial muscle fibers occurs and the atria are emptied. E. Systole is the sound of the AV valves opening and closing. Diastole is the sound of the SL valves opening and closing.

When Dr. Ketchum injured her knee during a competition riding her horse, she was rushed to the hospital. While in the emergency room, she learned that her knee was worse than she thought it was. She soon found out she would have to have knee replacement surgery. As she was going into surgery, she realized that one of the nurses was one of her former TA's. Dr. Ketchum and her former TA began to chit chat, and while they were talking the nurse placed an IV in Dr. Ketchum's arm, and the IV began to drip. A minute or two later, the nurse realized that she gave Dr. Ketchum the wrong IV; instead of 0.9% NaCl, she gave Dr. Ketchum an IV containing 9.0% NaCl! In that short amount of time, what most likely happened to Dr. Ketchum due to the increase of Sodium? A. Dr. Ketchum's heart rate would increase; the increase of Na affected Dr. Ketchum's heart, causing an even shorter slow depolarization in a cardiac contractile cell, causing her heart rate to increase. B. More Excitation Contraction Coupling will occur in Dr. Ketchum's muscle cells, due to more Na+ binding to troponin, shifting tropomyosin over to expose the myosin binding sites, causing more contraction of her muscle fibers. C. There will be an increase of activity in the Sodium potassium pumps, because more Na+ efflux will cause more K+ influx, causing Dr. Ketchum's Sodium/Potassium pumps to function faster. D. The increase in voltage causes more sodium influx into the ICF through the voltage gated sodium channels on the axon hillock of Dr. Ketchum's neurons, causing a change in the membrane potential in her neurons, thus increasing the chances of action potentials being produced. E. The increase in sodium will created a longer plateau in the cardiac contractile cells in Dr. Ketchum's heart, due to the influx of sodium and efflux of potassium at the same time during a heart contraction.

Which is NOT true of the pulmonary circuit? a. The pressure gradient driving blood flow in the pulmonary circuit is smaller than that of the systemic circuit. b. The pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit circulate the same volume of blood. c. Blood vessels in the pulmonary circuit offer less resistance than those in the systemic circuit. d. The pressure gradient driving blood flow through the pulmonary circuit is equated to the mean arterial pressure. e. Pulmonary arterial pressure is lower than aortic pressure.

Which lists the correct order of air flow through the respiratory system? 1. Larynx 2. Smaller bronchi 3. Alveoli 4. Nasal cavity 5. Tertiary bronchi 6. Terminal bronchioles 7. Primary bronchi 8. Respiratory bronchioles 9. Secondary bronchi 10. Pharynx 11. Bronchioles 12. Trachea 13. Alveolar duct a. 3, 13, 8, 6, 11, 2, 5, 9, 7, 12, 1, 10, 4 b. 13, 9, 4, 2, 6, 8, 1, 5, 3, 11, 7, 10, 12 c. 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 2, 4, 7, 11, 8, 10, 13, 5 d. 4, 10, 1, 12, 7, 9, 5, 2, 11, 6, 8, 13, 3 e. 4, 1, 10, 12, 7, 9, 5, 2, 11, 8, 6, 13, 3

Which of the following are primary endocrine organs? a. Hypothalamus b. Pancreas c. Kidney d. Two of these are correct e. All of these are correct

Which of the following factors affect the changes in stroke volume? A. A measure of the ventricle's capacity for generating force B. End-diastolic volume C. Preload of the end-systolic volume D. A and B E. A and C

Which of the following is FALSE about white matter? a. It is only found in the CNS. b. It contains myelinated axons. c. It contains Glial cells. d. It is found in the cerebral cortex e. It is found on the outside of the spinal cord.

Which of the following is NOT a correct method of regulation glomerular filtration rate in the kidneys? a. Tubuloglomular Feedback b. Myogenic Regulation c. Extrinsic Sympathetic Control d. Extrinsic Parasympathetic Control

Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction? a. The affinity of the enzyme for the substrate b. The enzyme's catalytic rate c. The concentration of the enzyme d. The type of bond present between the enzyme and the substrate e. The concentration of the substrate

Which of the following is NOT a function of the Urinary System? a. Regulate plasma osmolarity. b. Excreting end products of bodily metabolism c. Produce and secrete EPO. d. Primarily release CO2. e. Maintain water balance.

Which of the following is NOT characteristic rapid depolarization during an action potential? a. A rapid increase of the slope after reaching threshold. b. The activation of the Na+ gate opening also causes a sudden increase to the permeability to sodium followed by an increased influx of sodium ions into the cell. c. The initial activation of the K+ voltage gated channels to open, but they are still closed during this stage. d. A relative refractory period occurs that inhibits a second action potential from being generated in response to a second stimulus. e. The membrane potential changes from -70 mV to +30 mV.

Which of the following is NOT controlled by the medulla oblongata in the brainstem? A. The vagus nerve (parasympathetic) to the SA node and AV node B. The Dorsal Respiratory Group, which controls the respiratory rhythm C. All of the above D. None of the above

Which of the following is NOT one of the ion channel types found on a neuron? a. Leak channels b. Ligand-gated channels c. Voltage-gated channels d. Voltage-gated plutonium channel e. Voltage-gated sodium channel

Which of the following is NOT true about graded potentials? a. Graded potentials are spread by continuous conduction b. Graded potentials can be either temporal summation or spatial summation c. Some types of graded potentials are pacemaker potential, postsynaptic potential, end-plate potential, or slow wave potential. d. During a graded potential, it is capable of being propagated long distances along the length of an axon without any decrease in strength e. Graded potentials are decremental

Which of the following is NOT true about the sympathetic system? a. It uses nicotinic cholinergic receptors. b. The sympathetic nervous system triggers an increase in heart rate, dilated pupils, and constricts blood vessels. c. The release of the preganglionic sympathetic neuron, Acetylcholine, triggers the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine. d. The only receptors that the neurotransmitters of the sympathetic system can bind to are alpha one and beta one. e. It is a part of the autonomic nervous system.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding Epinephrine? a. It is produced by chromaffin cells inside the adrenal gland b. Acts as an Norepinephrine agonist c. Increases heart rate by binding to autorhythmic cells within the SA and AV nodes. d. Causes bronchoconstriction e. Also known as adrenaline

Which of the following is NOT true regarding a lipophilic ligand? a. It is lipid soluble b. It is not water soluble c. An example is a steriod d. A phospholipid bilayer receptor is required e. Its target response is involved in gene activation

Which of the following is NOT true regarding aldosterone A. It is a glucocorticoid B. It is secreted from the zona glomerulose region of the adrenal cortex C. It is indirectly triggered by a decreased MAP D. It is secreted when blood potassium gets too low E. It increases blood volume

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory system? a. Provides a route for water and heat losses. b. Activates certain plasma proteins as they pass through the pulmonary circulation. c. Contributes to the regulation of acid-base balance in the blood. d. Enhances end-systolic volume e. Participates in defense against pathogens and foreign particles in the airways.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the thyroid negative feedback loop? a. TSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary. b. The negative feedback loop sends signals to the hypothalamus. c. The negative feedback loop sends signals to the anterior pituitary. d. The negative feedback loops sends signals to the target cell. e. The thyroid gland initiates the negative feedback loop.

Which of the following is correct about potassium in the body? a. A low potassium level in the hair cells of the ear make more action potentials occur. b. A low potassium level in the hair cells of the ear make more action potentials occur. c. A high potassium level in the hair cells of the ear make less action potentials occur. d. A low potassium level is outside of a heart cell. e. A high potassium level is outside of a heart cell.

Which of the following is not true regarding relative and absolute refractory periods? a. No action potentials can be generated during the absolute refractory period because most of the Na+ inactivation gates are closed during this period. b. The stimulus needed to generate an action potential during the relative refractory period needs to be stronger than normal. c. The absolute refractory period keeps action potentials from summing by preventing action potentials from overlapping. d. During the relative refractory period the stimulus must be stronger, because it needs to open more K+ channels to counteract the outflow of Na+ during repolarization. e. The absolute refractory period occurs between the beginning of depolarization and the end of repolarization.

Which of the following is not true regarding the actions of glucagons on the liver? a. An increase in gluconeogenesis. b. A decrease in protein synthesis. c. An increase in glycogenolysis. d. A decrease in triglyceride synthesis. e. An increase in ketone synthesis.

Which of the following is the autonomic nervous system NOT responsible for? a. Changes in the functions of organs in response to changing conditions in the body b. Involuntary control c. Dual innervation of effector organs d. Motor neurons e. Adjustment of eye or near vision

Which of the following is the correct order of layers of the adrenal gland, going from superficial to deep? a. Zona Reticularis, Zona Glomerulosa, Zona Fasciculata, Adrenal Medulla b. Adrenal Medulla, Zona Glomerulosa, Zona Fasciculata, Zona Reticularis c. Zona Glomerulosa, Zona Reticularis, Zona Fasciculata, Adrenal Medulla d. Zona Glomerulosa, Zona Fasciculata, Zona Reticularis, Adrenal Medulla e. Zona Reticularis, Zona Fasciculata, Adrenal Medulla, Zona Glomerulosa

Which of the following is true about acetylcholine? a. In arteriolar smooth muscle, acetylcholine binds to a1 cholinergic receptors, which activate the cAMP second messenger system. This causes vasoconstriction of the arterioles which will decrease the total peripheral resistance (TPR) and increase the mean arterial pressure (MAP), which will eventually cause less blood flow to vascular smooth muscle in the body. b. In the parasympathetic nervous system, acetylcholine is released from the preganglionic fiber and binds to muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the cell body and dendrites of the postganglionic fiber. c. In the frog heart lab, acetylcholine was placed on the frog's heart causing a sympathetic response. This occurred because acetylcholine binds to b2 adrenergic receptors on the heart, causing more influx of Na and Ca and efflux of K. Because of this, you see a decreased period of depolarization and a decreased repolarization period causing the waves to be shorter and closer to threshold. d. In the somatic nervous system, acetylcholine is released at the neuromuscular junction from a motor neuron and binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors on skeletal muscle. Nicotinic cholinergic receptors trigger a fast response causing Na+ influx and K+ efflux. Na+ influx causes an end plate potential to occur on the motor end plate which triggers an action potential to travel down the sarcolemma eventually causing muscle contraction. e. During a sympathetic response, Epinephrine is released from the post-ganglionic fiber and binds to an adrengenic receptor, while Acetylcholine is released from the pre-ganglionic fiber and binds to a nicotinic cholinergic receptor which generates a slow response.

Which of the following is true concerning the Na/K pump? a. It is used to establish the concentration gradients required for the resting membrane potentials of neurons b. It activates only if the neuron reaches threshold c. It is used to maintain concentration gradients for neurons d. a and c are correct e. none of the above are correct

Which of the following is true regarding insulin? A. Insulin is secreted by alpha cells of the pancreas, and is considered a catabolic hormone. B. Insulin is released in the post-absorptive state and works to prevent hypoglycemia. C. Insulin is released by beta cells in the pancreas, and dominates in the absorptive state. D. Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by increasing glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and ketogenesis. E. Insulin is considered an anabolic hormone and is released when blood glucose levels are low.

Which of the following is true regarding the state of a photoreceptor in the dark? a. Retinal and opsin dissociate. b. Sodium channels close. c. Transducin is activated. d. Calcium channels open in response to depolarization. e. cGMP levels in cytosol decrease.

Which of the following muscle(s) have all of the following characteristics...involuntary, myogenic, gap junctions, binds to troponin? a. Skeletal b. smooth - multi unit c. smooth - single unit d. cardiac e. more than one of the above are correct

Which of the following removes calcium from the cytoplasm in smooth muscle? a. Ca-ATPase b. Phosphorylated myosin light chain c. Ca-Na counter transport d. Two of the answers are correct e. All of the above

Which of the following statements are false about the cardiac system? A. The pulmonary arteries are responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood into the lungs, while the pulmonary veins bring oxygenated blood back into the heart. B. Blood will flow from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, or coronary sinus into the right atrium through the ventricular semilunar valve and into the right ventricle. C. During a sympathetic response norepinephrine/epinephrine will bind to B adrenergic receptors on the SA and AV nodes. D. In an ECG, the QRS complex is the depolarization of the ventricles and the repolarization of the atria. E. The "Dupp" sound occurs during the closing of the semilunar valves

Which of the following statements are false if the production of ACh in the body stopped and an ACh agonist could not be administered? A. Preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems could not communicate via autonomic ganglion with the post ganglionic neurons B. The skeletal muscles will not contract because no ACh is will bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors to allow Na and K ion movement to make and end plate potential. C. Blood pressure would decrease due to no vasoconstriction from the sympathetic nervous system. D. There would be excessive bronchoconstriction in the lungs do to the lack of ACh binding to muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the smooth muscles. E. There would be no pupil constriction do to no ACh binding

Which of the following statements below is FALSE? A. The conductance System is: SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Left and Right Bundle Branches, and purkinje fibers. B. Calcium influx must occur, entering the preganglionic cell to release ACh to travel across the synaptic cleft and bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors on the postganglionic cell. C. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood into the lungs, when loading of oxygen and unloading of carbon dioxide occur in the capillaries. D. The sympathetic division releases Epinephrine and Norepinephrine which bind to adrenergic receptors on circular muscle. E. The adrenal medulla has preganglionic fibers, but does not have postganglionic fibers, instead they are referred to as chromaffin cells, which release mostly epinephrine into the bloodstream.

Which of the following statements is FALSE about the characteristics of cardiac and skeletal muscle? a. The cardiac muscle duration of absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle is longer than skeletal muscle. b. In cardiac and skeletal muscle, Calcium binds to troponin and initiates muscle contraction. c. The nerve impulse creates an action potential in skeletal muscle while the cardiac muscle action potential produces pacemaker cells. d. Cardiac muscle's action potential stimulates DHP receptors on T Tubules and does not cause an influx of calcium into the muscle cell. e. Cardiac muscle is myogenic and skeletal muscle is neurogenic.

Which of the following statements is true regarding phototransduction with the absence of a light stimulus? A. When there is no light stimulus, a fast IPSP is generated on the bipolar cell as a result of glutamate binding to inotropic receptors. B. High levels of cGMP activate Na channels to open, hyperpolarizing the rod. Ca channels are then triggered to open, causing glutamate to be released in the synaptic cleft. C. In the absence of light rhodopsin disassociates, which activates transducin. This then activates phosphodiesterase, which raises the levels of cGMP in the cell. D. After glutamate binds to receptors on the bipolar cell, an IPSP graded potential is generated, decreasing the likelihood of an action potential being sent to the visual cortex of the brain. E. The neurotransmitter released in the synaptic cleft is an excitatory biogenic amine.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the respiratory zone within the respiratory system? A. The respiratory zone begins where the primary bronchi meets the terminal bronchioles within the lungs. B. The respiratory zone functions as a place for gas exchange in order to create concentration gradients that allow CO2 to use primary active transport more efficiently because there is more CO2 within the lungs than within the body. C. The main purpose of the respiratory zone is to provide pathways for oxygen to enter the lungs. D. Gas exchange takes place within the respiratory zone when oxygen reaches the alveoli, where passive transport allows oxygen to diffuse into the cells. E. Alveoli within the respiratory zone allow oxygen to diffuse into the cell using active transport because there is more oxygen within the alveoli than outside.

Which of these CANNOT diffuse across a membrane freely through simple diffusion a. Non-polar b. O2 c. Fatty acids d. Glucose e. C and D

Which of these is NOT a component of the brain stem? a. medulla oblongata b. pons c. midbrain d. thalamus

Which of these statements is TRUE of a resting cell? a. The concentration of Na+ in the ICF is nearly equal to the K+ in the ECF. b. Glucose can cross the cell membrane by active transport. c. K+ enters the cell through leak channels. d. The concentration of H20 in the ICF is less than the concentration of H20 in the ECF. e. Both b and d.

You are a clinical rotation student who is working on your emergency room rotation at Norman Regional Hospital. You have a female patient that was just brought in from a car accident that has faced several injuries resulting in a great deal of blood loss. Which is the most likely to occur? a. She will be fine when the doctors stitch her up, because the blood will be locked in her body. b. She likely has low blood pressure, which will send signals to the brain via the efferent pathway to the hypothalamus. This will then signal the release of luteinizing hormone, which will help her body to restore some of the blood volume lost. c. Her blood pressure will increase sending more blood to the injured parts of the body, this will send signals to the brain signaling the release of ADH, which is a hormone that will help lower the blood pressure by acting as a diuretic and lowering blood volume. d. Her blood pressure will decrease, sending signals to the brain via the afferent pathway to the hypothalamus, which will stimulate the posterior pituitary to release ADH. This will help maintain blood volume by forcing the kidneys to reabsorb water, and halt urine production. e. Her blood pressure will increase, because her open wounds have changed the pressure gradient so as there will be higher pressure inside the body, and lower pressure outside the body. This will force more blood out of her body until the gradient is equalized or she is stitched up.

You have a patient named Katy in the Norman Regional Emergency Room who has just been bitten by a snake. The venom of this snake is causing phosphodiesterase levels in her body to increase above normal. How would this affect the patient? a. Your patient would not be able to see as well because phosphodiesterase causes cAMP levels in the cytosol of the rods and cones to decrease. b. Your patient would have difficulty generating skeletal muscle movements because phosphodiesterase causes cGMP levels in the cytosol to decrease, which decreases the amount of action potentials that are fired in the pre-synaptic neuron. c. Your patient would have an increased heart rate because her body is in a fight-or flight state and this will allow the sodium funny channels and the T-type calcium channels to stay open longer, which will depolarize the membrane faster and cause the heart rate to increase. d. Your patient would have an increased urine output due to phosphodiesterase causing cAMP levels on the basolateral membrane to decrease, causing a decreased permeability to water at the apical membrane for water reabsorption into the peritubular capillaries. e. Your patient would have a decreased rate of digestion because phosphodiesterase causes cGMP levels in the stomach to decrease causing the stomach to not be able to contract as much. This allows less food to be broken down in the stomach and less nutrients reabsorbed in the small intestine.

Billy Fye has been under a lot of stress lately due to the abundance of work he is required to do in his physiology class. Unfortunately for him, he has been under this stress for 5 years seeing as how he can't seem to pass Dr. K's class! Because of this excess stress, Billy's body has elevated levels of cortisol that just won't go away. This high level of cortisol (chronic) has caused Billy's thymus to atrophy and his immune system was significantly hindered causing him to develop the flu multiple times this year. Which of these statements about cortisol is INCORRECT? a. Cholesterol is a precursor to cortisol, which is a lipophilic steroid hormone that mainly travels bound to carrier proteins. b. Excess cortisol can lead to Cushing's syndrome, which could include symptoms such as hyperglycemia. c. After synthesis, coritsol can immediately diffuse into the blood stream from the adrenal cortex. d. Cortisol receptors are located in the cytosol or nucleus of the target cell and involveactivation of a gene. e. An increase in cortisol secretion will cause your kidneys to increase water reabsorption, and decrease water excretion resulting in an increased MAP.

Bob has a disease causing a hyposecretion of aldosterone. Which of the following would be a result? a. Bob would have an increase of potassium reabsorption and a decrease of sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the renal medulla b. Bob would have a hypersecretion of aldosterone from the posterior pituitary due to the negative feedback loop c. Bob would have an increased MAP causing an decrease in blood pressure d. Bob would have a down regulation of membrane bound aldosterone receptors e. Bob would have increased levels of potassium in the blood due to a decrease in aldosterone levels

Bob has a disease that is destroying the cells of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex, causing a hypo-secretion of aldosterone. Which of the following would be a result? a. Bob would have an increase of potassium reabsorption and a decrease sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the renal medulla b. Since aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid which falls in the class of adrenocorticoids (Steriod Hormones) and other hormones are released from the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system aldosterone should also be synthesized and secreted this way as well as through the adrenal cortex c. Bob has high blood pressure because he has an increased MAP due to failure of the kidneys to excrete sufficient amounts of sodium and water d. Aldosterone is hydrophobic and lipophilic which means it requires a transmembrane protein to diffuse across the plasma membrane and has a high membrane permeability meaning that the hypo-secretion of aldosterone will have no effect on Bob e. Because of the decreased levels of aldosterone Bob would have higher potassium levels in his blood because of the decrease in sodium reabsorption and the decrease in potassium secretion

Brittany had a traumatic car accident in which her car was hit head on by a large truck. Most of her body was unharmed except for a puncture through her chest, which caused an increased shortness of breath. In addition to this, she was very alert and energized from all of the stress that was placed on her during her traumatic experience. What trauma might have caused Brittany's shortness of breath and what hormone was released in response to this situation? A. Brittany most likely has a pneumothorax that resulted in her increased shortness of breath, because her intra-alveolar pressure was higher than her atmospheric pressure. The hormone that was released was epinephrine, which increased her alertness and energy levels. B. Brittany most likely has increased shortness of breath due to chronic bronchitis, which caused her airways to become narrow. The hormone that was released was aldosterone to help retain water for more energy. C. Brittany most likely has a pneumothorax that resulted in her increased shortness of breath, because her intra-pleural pressure was equal to her atmospheric pressure. The hormone that was released was acetylcholine, which increased her alertness and energy levels. D. Brittany most likely has a pneumothorax that resulted in her increased shortness of breath, because her intra-pleural pressure was higher than her atmospheric pressure. The hormone that was released was epinephrine, which increased her alertness and energy levels. E. Brittany most likely has a pneumothorax that resulted in her increased shortness of breath, because her intra-pleural pressure was equal to her atmospheric pressure. The hormone that was released was epinephrine, which increased her alertness and energy levels.

Dave is a student TA at the University of Oklahoma who is covering a lecture for Dr. Ketchum while she is out of town competing with her horses. This is the first lecture Dave has ever taught and he is beginning to feel nervous. His hands begin to sweat and his breathing rate begins to increase along with his heart rate. Which circuit of the autonomic nervous system is dominating, and which hormone(s) release is causing these side effects? A. The sympathetic nervous system and the hormone acetylcholine B. The parasympathetic nervous system and the hormone acetylcholine C. The sympathetic nervous system and the hormones epinephrine and acetylcholine D. The sympathetic nervous system and the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine E. The parasympathetic nervous system and the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine

Dr. McDreamy was looking through a patient's chart. He noticed the patient had been given an injection of Atropine, but the intern forgot to write down why it was needed. Which of the following could have been the reason for the injection? a. The patient needed an anticholinergic to block g-protein coupling of the nicotinic receptors in the eyes which will cause the pupils to dilate. b. The patient needed an anticholinergic to block g-protein coupling of the muscarinic receptors in the eyes which will cause the pupils to constrict. c. The patient's heart was racing, so the injection caused a sympathetic response by decreasing pace maker potentials from the SA node in the left Atrium. d. The patient's heart rate was below normal, so the injection was used for a parasympathetic response to increase pace maker potentials from the SA node in the right Atrium. e. The patient's heart rate was below normal, so the injection was used to counteract parasympathetic responses and increase pace maker potentials from the SA node in the right Atrium.

Erythrocytes have a high capacity for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide because they contain what two proteins in their cytoplasm? a. globulins and fibrinogen b. hemoglobin and albumins c. fibrinogen and hemoglobulin d. albumins and globulins e. carbonic anhydrase and hemoglobin

In order for inspiration to occur, which of the following best describes muscle action? a. Relaxation of the diaphragm causing it to press up on the lungs and contraction of the external intercostals causing the chest to rise up and move out b. Relaxation of the diaphragm causing it to press up on the lungs and relaxation of the external intercostals causing the chest to rise up and move out c. Contraction of the diaphragm causing it to flatten and move down and relaxation of the external intercostals causing the chest to rise up and move out d. Relaxation of the diaphragm causing it to flatten and move down and contraction of external intercostals causing the chest to rise up and move out e. Contraction of the diaphragm causing it to flatten and move down and contraction of external intercostals causing the chest to rise up and move out

Jack was telling Jill all about action potentials. Which of Jack's statements was INCORRECT? a. Hyperpolarization is the final stage of a normal action potential. b. In a pacemaker potential, funny Na+ channels and T-type VG Ca+ channels open during rapid depolarization. c. In a cardiac potential, VG Na+ channels open during rapid depolarization. d. Normal action potentials are propagated via a positive feedback loop. e. All of Jack's statements were CORRECT.

Lindsay was playing in a soccer game and she was working herself a little too much. All of a sudden Lindsay slowed down and there was a dramatic decrease in her heart rate. Which of the following could be true in regards to causing her heart rate to decrease? a. The sympathetic NS is activated causing an decrease in your heart rate due to the neurotransmitter binding to the muscarinic cholinergic receptors. b. Slow depolarization occurring allowing the heart to an extended influx of potassium. c. The vagus nerve is innervating the SA and AV nodes, which are located in the left atrium, more rapidly than normal causing a lower frequency of action potentials. d. An abundance of epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from the postganglionic neuron and bind to β1 adrenergic on the effector organ. e. The cells of the SA nodes aren't functioning allowing the AV to take over the heart rate. The AV node cannot function as fast as the SA node causing a lower frequency of action potentials to be generated, which in turn causes a decrease in heart rate.

Nube Abie was born prematurely in the summer of 1994. At his twenty four month checkup, Dr. Addison Montgomery found him to have decreased motor skills and muscle development when compared to a normal two year old. Nube has yet to start walking or standing and is doing minimal amounts of crawling. Due to his symptoms, which of the following can immediately be ruled out as a cause of his decreased motor development? a. Fewer muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the motor end plate, causing decreased voluntary movement. b. A rare neuromuscular disorder that causes the demyelination of nerves of the peripheral nervous system. c. A hyposecreting tumor on the parathyroid gland resulting in decreased available calcium in the extracellular fluid. d. Nube has an underdeveloped prefrontal cortex. e. Increased calcium in the cytosol due to hypersensitive DHP receptors.

On Halloween, you decide to go to a haunted house. Before entering the house you realize your palms are sweaty, your heart is racing, and you are incredibly nervous. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. the sympathetic nervous system is taking over B. you would have faster repolarization of the ventricles C. the lubb/ dubb sounds would be closer together D. epinephrine would be released and bind to adrenergic receptors on target tissues E. acetylcholine would be released and bind to muscarinic cholinergic receptors on target tissues

Pyrimidines contain a single carbon ring, which of the following is/are considered a pyrimidines? A. Cytosine and uracil B. Adenine and Guanine C. Thymine D. B and C E. A and C

Quiet breathing is known as ___ and the difference between alveolar and atmospheric pressure is generally less than ___ mmHG A. Apnea, 2 B. Dyspnea, 2 C. Eupnea, 6 D. Apnea, 3 E. Eupnea, 2

Sally has been training to run a marathon for over a year now. She can run up to 21 miles without stopping and believes that she is ready for the marathon and can run those extra 5.2 miles with no problem. On the day of the race, Sally was able to run the full length of the marathon and ran those extra 5.2 miles with ease. She claims that eating a granola bar rich in carbohydrates (mainly disaccharides) gave her the extra boost to finish the race. What allowed Sally to be able to run a full marathon and what might have caused the "extra boost"? A. Sally has a slow oxidative muscle fiber type which means that her muscles are slow to fatigue and have a high amount of mitochondria to generate more ATP for energy as she is running. The "extra boost" is due to the carbohydrates found in the granola bar. They are broken down into limit dextrins and maltose and then further into glucose monomers, with the help of enzymes of course, which can be absorbed into the bloodstream and used as a quick energy source. B. Sally has a fast glycolytic muscle type which means that her muscles are slow to fatigue and have a high amount of mitochondria to generate ATP for energy as she runs. The "extra boost" is due to the long chained carbohydrates in the granola bar. They are broken down into fructose and sucrose which can be absorbed into the blood stream and used as a quick energy source to finish the race. C. Sally was able to run the full length of the marathon because she ate a lot of carbohydrates for breakfast which allowed her to have just enough energy to get her thru most of the race. The granola bar she ate had even more long chained carbohydrates that were broken down into fructose and maltose which were able to be absorbed into the bloodstream to be used as a quick energy source so she could finish the race. D. Sally has a fast oxidative muscle fiber type which means that her muscles are slow to fatigue and have a high amount of mitochondria to generate more glucose to allow her to run for a longer period of time. The "extra boost" is due to the carbohydrates found in the granola bar. They are directly absorbed into the bloodstream and used as a quick energy source. E. Sally has a slow glycolytic muscle fiber type which means that her muscles are slow to fatigue and have a high amount of mitochondria to generate more ATP for energy as she is running. The "extra boost" is due to the carbohydrates found in the granola bar. They are broken down into limit dextrins and maltose and then further into glucose monomers that can be absorbed into the bloodstream and used as a quick energy source.

Sharks, sea snakes, drunk Aussies... You've managed to avoid them all during your trip to Queensland. Too bad nobody warned you about box jellies. Their venom works by assembling porins, which within seconds begin to poke holes in the erythrocytes of the unfortunate victim. If your heart is still beating by the time you make it to the hospital, what treatment would be most effective in saving your life? a. Calcium injections because your ECG shows smaller than normal T-waves, indicating slower repolarization of the cardiac action potential caused by the rapid influx of sodium ions. b. Calcium injections because your ECG shows larger than normal T-waves, indicating faster repolarization of the pacemaker action potential caused by the rapid influx of calcium ions. c. Calcitonin injections because your ECG shows larger than normal T waves, indicating faster repolarization of the cardiac action potential caused by the rapid efflux of potassium ions. d. Calcitonin injections because your ECG shows smaller than normal T-waves, indicating slower depolarization of the pacemaker action potential caused by the rapid influx of calcium. e. Calcium injections because your ECG shows larger than normal T-waves indicating faster repolarization of the cardiac action potential caused by the rapid efflux of potassium ions.

Stroke volume, which is the volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a single heartbeat, is influenced by which factors: A. Cardiac output B. Preload, central venous pressure, and end diastolic volume C. Ventricular contractility and cardiac output D. Cardiac output and preload E. End diastolic volume, ventricular contractility

Today is Martha's birthday. One of Martha's friends picked her up to take her shopping so that Martha's roommate could set up for the surprise birthday party they are throwing her. At the end of her shopping spree, they returned back to Martha's house and when she opened the front door and everyone yelled "SURPRISE!" she was so surprised that she turned around and ran out of the door. Which part of the nervous system was reacting to the surprise? What affect did this response have on her body? A. Parasympathetic; bronchoconstriction, increased heart rate, increase in atrial depolarization, release of the neurotransmitter epinephrine from the postganglionic neuron that binds to adrenergic receptors B. Sympathetic; bronchodilation, decreased heart rate, increase in ventricular depolarization, release of the neurotransmitter epinephrine from the preganglionic neuron that binds to adrenergic receptors C. Parasympathetic; bronchoconstriction, increased heart rate, increase in ventricular repolarization, release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine from the postganglionic neuron that binds to muscarinic cholinergic receptors D. Parasympathetic; bronchodilation, increased heart rate, decrease in atrial depolarization, release of the neurotransmitter acetyl choline from the postganglionic neuron that binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors E. Sympathetic; bronchoconstriction, increased heart rate, increase in atrial depolarization, release of the neurotransmitter epinephrine from the postganglionic neuron that binds to adrenergic receptors

What factor enhances venous pressure and venous return? a. Skeletal muscle pump b. Respiratory pump c. Blood volume d. Venomotor tone e. All of the above

What is the latent period? a. The delay in a muscle cell between the time of the action potential and the start of the contraction. b. The amount of time it takes for the action potential to propagate down the axon. c. The time in between the stimulus and when the action potential travels down the t-tubule. d. All of the above. e. A and C only.

What is the term for a motor neuron plus all the muscles it innervates? a. Motor end plate b. Terminal bouton c. Neuromuscular junction d. Action potential e. Motor unit

What type of ligand requires a trans-membrane protein to cross the cell membrane? A. Lipophobic ligand B. Hydrophobic ligand C. Hydrophilic ligand D. Water soluble ligans E. A, C,, D are correct

When long-distance runners compete they run for a long period of time over a very long distance. Sprinters on the other hand run very quick short distances. Which of the following are correct about their muscle fibers? A. Sprinters will have larger muscles due to slow glycolytic muscle fibers and long-distance runners will have smaller muscles due to the small diameter of slow oxidative fibers. B. Slow oxidative muscle fibers in long-distance runners have a larger diameter than the fibers in sprinters. C. Sprinters muscle fibers have a larger diameter because they use mainly use aerobic respiration. D. Long-distance runners have more fast glycolytic because they need more energy for a longer period of time. E. The short distance that sprinters run cause recruitment of muscle fibers with a larger diameter and use anaerobic respiration.

Which is not a function of a G-Protein/ Second messenger system? a. When retinal and opsin dissociate, causes the G-protein the activate phosphodiesterase which breaks down cAMP in phototransduction in the light. b. VG K+ channels stay open longer and delay the opening of T-Type Ca channels to decrease heart rate when the parasympathetic NS is in control. c. Activates adenylate cyclase to convert ATP into cAMP, which activates protein kinase, which phosphorylates Funny channels and T-Type Ca channels to open longer, and K+ channels to close sooner, which in turn causes the heart rate to increase when the sympathetic NS is I control d. G-protein activates PIP2, which activates IP3, which stimulates the opening of Ca channels on the surface of the SR, in turn increasing binding to calmodulin. e. All of the above

Which of the following affect the force generated by individual muscle fibers? a. The frequency of stimulation b. The fibers diameter c. The changes in the length of the fiber d. Both a and c e. All of the above

Which of the following are components of the brainstem? A. Midbrain B. Pons C.. Medulla Oblongata D. A and C E. All of the above

Which of the following are components of the conducting zone? A. The larynx B. Respiratory bronchioles C. Alveolar sacs D. Bronchioles E. B and D

Which of the following chemical messengers is lipophobic? a. Amino acids only b. Steroids only c. Amines only d. Amino acids and Steroids only e. Amino acids, Amines, and Peptides/ Proteins

Which of the following could NOT be the result of excess cortisol levels? a. High blood glucose levels and accumulation of fat on face and neck b. "Moon face" as the result of Cushing's syndrome c. Decreases insulin production due to elevated blood sugar levels d. Over-activation of the sympathetic nervous system and decreased parasympathetic responses e. Vasodilation of blood vessels causing a decreased blood pressure

Which of the following has adrenergic receptors? A. SA or AV node that is innervated by Sympathetic branch of ANS B. Postganglionic fiber C. Arteriolar smooth muscle D. All of the above E. A or C

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY stated regarding muscles in the body? a. The circular muscles in the muscularis externa are myogenic and can generate slow wave potentials. b. Action potentials in skeletal muscle are propagated by the binding of Ach to nicotinic cholinergic receptors on the motor end plate. c. Cardiac muscle is comprised of intercalated disks and desmosomes which help the heart muscle cope with stress and resist stretching. d. Smooth muscle concentration decreases as you descend the respiratory tract (i.e. larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles) e. In skeletal muscle contraction, the Z lines do not move, but the H zone and A bands both shorten.

Which of the following is NOT a form of indirect communication of chemical messengers? a. Paracrine. b. Neurotransmitters. c. Hormones. d. Neurohormones. e. Gap Junctions.

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism whereby Angiotensin II can increase mean arterial pressure? a. Stimulation of Systemic arterioles to increase vasoconstriction. b. Stimulation of the Adrenal cortex to secrete Aldosterone. c. Stimulation the Posterior pituitary to secrete ADH. d. Activation of Hypothalamic neurons to increase thirst. e. All of the above are ways Angiotensin II can increase MAP.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding an increase in stroke volume? a. An increase in cardiac output and a decrease in sympathetic activity. b. An increase in MAP and a decrease in glomerular filtration rate. c. A decrease in MAP and a decrease in the action potential frequency of arteriole baroreceptors. d. A decrease in cardiac output and a decrease in venous return. e. An increase in arteriole blood pressure and an increase in glomerular filtration pressure.

Which of the following is a chemical class of a neurotransmitter? a. Acetylcholine b. Biogenic Amines c. Amino Acids d. Catecholamines e. All of the above

Which of the following is a reason why proteins can not cross the blood-brain barrier? a. There are no pores in between endothelial cells b. There are astrocytes on the capillaries helping maintain the tight junctions between the endothelial cells using unknown mechanisms c. Transcytosis cannot occur in brain capillaries. d. Hydrophilic molecules must be transported across the endothelial cell's membrane via transport systems e. All of the above are reasons why proteins can not cross the blood-brain barrier

Which of the following is likely to cause a decrease in the stroke volume of the left ventricles? a. A decrease in parasympathetic activity b. An increase in the activity of sympathetic nerves to the heart c. An increase in central venous pressure d. An increase in end diastolic pressure e. An increase in vascular resistance

Which of the following is the most commonly found photoreceptor located in the eye? a. Bipolar Cells b. Amacrine Cells c. Hair cells d. Ganglion Cells e. Rods

Which of the following is the most correct answer regarding the function/activity of the Sympathetic Nervous System? a. Contraction of the circular muscle of the iris b. Increase blood flow to the smooth muscle of the digestive system c. Decreased the kidney's Glomerular Filtration Rate d. The neurotransmitter Ach binds to Cholinergic receptors located in the heart e. End Systolic volume is lower than the Normal Volume

Which of the following is the pressure exerted by the fluid in the upper portion of the proximal convoluted tubule? a. Glomerular Osmotic Pressure b. Glomerular Capillary Osmotic Pressure c. Glomerular Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure d. Bowman's Capsule Osmotic Pressure e. Bowman's Capsule Hydrostatic Pressure

Which of the following is true about myopia? A. It is also known as far-sightedness B. The cornea is too strong for the length of the eyeball C. To correct vision, you would use a concave lens D. The eye can focus on close-up objects without accommodation E. B, C, and D are trur

Which of the following is true about the respiratory system? a. Air travels first through the oral cavity, then the trachea, pharynx, primary bronchi, and finally the lungs b. The major entrance/exit for the respiratory system is through the mouth c. The nasal cavity is composed mostly of alveolar cells, which are epithelial cells used that produce mucus that help trap foreign debris d. The pulmonary artery originates in the pulmonary trunk and carries oxygenated blood to the alveoli e. The parasympathetic NS causes bronchoconstriction, while the sympathetic NS causes bronchodilation

Which of the following is true regarding the concentrations of solutes? a. Extra cellular fluid is rich in Ca+ b. Intra cellular fluid is rich in K+ c. Intra cellular fluid is rich in Ca+ d. Extra cellular fluid is rich in Na+ e. Two of the above are correct

Which of the following is true regarding the epinephrine? a. Epinephrine binds to β-1 adrenergic receptors on cardiac muscle. b. Epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla during sympathetic stimulation causing bronchodilation. c. Post ganglionic thoracolumbar nerves secrete epinephrine from their varicosities. d. The primary function of epinephrine is to act as a hormone. e. All of the above are true

Which of the following scenarios does NOT involve the use smooth muscle? a. Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in order to increase total peripheral resistance and increase MAP b. Contraction of the detrusor muscle by the parasympathetic nervous system in the bladder c. Contraction of the circular muscle of the eye during parasympathetic stimulation d. Peristalsis in the GI tract e. Contraction of the external anal sphincter in defecation

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding carrier transmembrane proteins in facilitated diffusion? a. Carrier transmembrane proteins undergo a conformational change to release the molecule into the cell. b. Carriers have multiple binding sites c. Carriers are specific for certain substances d. Glucose is a substance that would need a carrier protein to cross the plasma into the cell e. All of the above are correct

Which of the following statements is true about the phototransduction cascade? A. All-trans-retinal changes confirmation to 11-cis-retinal causing the alpha unit to slide over. B. When light triggers the cascade phosphodiasterase lowers cGMP levels causing Na+ influx and depolarization. C. Rods, which detect color vision, contain the protein retinal & retinal activates the shape change from 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal. D. Phototransduction occurs in the outermost layer of the cornea, which helps regulate the amount of light entering the eye. E. When light triggers the cascade phosphodiasterase lowers cGMP levels causing hyperpolarization.

Which of the statements is true regarding acetylcholine? a. It is a hormone released by the parasympathetic nervous system during times of "resting and digesting". b. Its actions would be inhibited by the addition of a nicotinic agonist. c. It is released by the nervous system to activate motor neurons. d. It binds only to muscarinic receptors. e. It is produced by cholinergic neurons.

Which of these functions is not true of the the adrenal medulla? A. It produces messengers for the sympathetic nervous system B. It helps a person cope with physical and emotional stress C. It does not secrete aldosterone which helps maintain blood volume and pressure D. The amygdala alarms the hypothalamus to eventually stimulate this organ E. Its products allow for intrinsic control of vasodilation to deliver blood to reconditioning organs

Which of these statements is true regarding the addition of Pilocarpine to the heart? a. Pilocarpine is an Acetylcholine agonist and binds to muscarinic cholinergic receptors; pilocarpine will increase the frequency of pacemaker potentials, which will cause an increase in heart rate. b. Pilocarpine is an Acetylcholine agonist and binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors; pilocarpine will increase the frequency of pacemaker potentials, which will cause an increase in heart rate. c. Pilocarpine is an Acetylcholine antagonist and binds to muscarinic cholinergic receptors; pilocarpine will decrease the frequency of pacemaker potentials, which will cause a decrease in heart rate. d. Pilocarpine is an Acetylcholine antagonist and binds to adrenergic receptors; pilocarpine will decrease the frequency of pacemaker potentials, which will cause a decrease in heart rate. e. Pilocarpine is an Acetylcholine agonist and binds to muscarinic cholinergic receptors; pilocarpine will decrease the frequency of pacemaker action potentials, which causes a decrease in heart rate.

You are stressed out and cramming for finals, causing your body to release excess amounts of cortisol. Which statement is TRUE about cortisol? a. It is a lipophobic steroid hormone that derived from cholesterol, which requires a transmembrane protein in order to enter your cells. b. It is released when ACTH binds to receptors in your zona glomerulosa. c. It increases the concentration of glucose, ketone bodies, amino acids, and fatty acids in your blood plasma. d. It is secreted during a parasympathetic response and binds to muscarinic cholinergic receptors. e. Prolonged release of cortisol will act on your thymus to increase your immune response, preventing you from getting sick.

You have just walked out of the movie theater exit into bright sunshine. Your eyes are overwhelmed by the intensity, but in a few moments your vision is restored to normal. Which of the following best explains what has happened to you? a. The cones have become hyperpolarized, unable to code for any additional brightness b. The rods have become hyperpolarized, unable to code for any additional brightness c. Rhodopsin has absorbed light, and the opsin is in its active form d. Opsin has absorbed light, and the rhodopsin is in its active form e. More than one of the above is correct

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