Physiology Final exam (older material)

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Factors that influence GFR:

-filtration coefficient (surface area of glomerulus and permeability) -net filtration pressure

predict how each of the following scenarios will shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociate curve -Each option may be used more than once or not at all. A.Right B.Left C.No change 1.Increased plasma concentration of H+ ________ 2.Decreased PCO2 in the plasma ________ 3.Increased production of red blood cells (RBC) ________

1.)A 2.)B 3.)C

A ligand binds to a receptor and a cellular response is observed, as noted below. In each case, decide which type of receptor was most likely activated. Choose the BEST answer. Ion channel opens after a few seconds A.ligand-gated B.enzyme receptor C.G-protein coupled receptor D.enzyme receptor or G-protein coupled receptor E.all three

A cell with a resting membrane potential of -65mV becomes more permeable to chloride (Cl-) allowing the ion to flow more. If the equilibrium potential for chloride is -70mV, would you expect the resting membrane potential to change? A.more negative B.more positive C.not change

A drug that blocks the action of carbonic anhydrase in pancreatic cells would result in which of the following effects? A.Increased release of pancreatic enzymes from acinar cells B.Increased release of bicarbonate from the duct cells of the pancreas C.Increased nutrient absorption by the small intestine D.All of these could happen E.None of these would happen

A ligand binds to a receptor and a cellular response is observed, as noted below. In each case, decide which type of receptor was most likely activated. Choose the BEST answer. Ion channel opens within 1 millisecond A.ligand-gated B.enzyme receptor C.G-protein coupled receptor D.enzyme receptor or G-protein coupled receptor E.all three

A renal disease leading to the destruction of the macula densa could cause which of the following? A.Inability to locally regulate glomerular filtration rate B.Inability to regulate the passive reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- back into the peritubular capillaries C.A and B D.None of the above

Catabolism would be best described as a processes that ________. A.breaks down complex structures to simpler ones B.elevates glucagon levels C.builds up triglycerides during the post absorptive state D.causes a decline in circulating ketone bodies

Consider a thermostatic heating system in a home in terms of homeostatic regulation.You want your home to stay around a nice comfortable temperature of 70oC. a. furnace b. opening outside door c. 70oF d. room temperature e. thermometer f. thermostat g. turning on a space heater What is the effector?

Damage leading to a thickening of the proximal convoluted tubule epithelium could result in which of the following? A.A significant drop in blood volume resulting in a decrease in blood pressure B.Inability to hormonally regulate Na+reabsorption C.No glucose in the urine D.None of the above E.All of the above

Efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction causes the glomerular-capillary blood pressure to _____________ leading to a(an) __________________ in the net filtration pressure and a resultant ________________ in the glomerular filtration rate. A.Increase; increase; increase B.Decrease; decrease; decrease C.Increase; decrease; decrease D.Decrease; increase; increase

If GFR is 1.72 L/day, and renal clearance of urea is 20 ml/min: predict how the kidneys handled urea. A.There has been a net secretion of urea B.There is a net reabsorption of urea C.Urea has neither been reabsorbed nor secreted D.There is not enough information to predict renal handling

If a neurotransmitter caused ion channels to open and Na+ flowed into the cell, the cell would(depolarize, hyperpolarize); if Cl-flowed out of the cell, the cell would (depolarize, hyperpolarize). A.depolarize, depolarize B.depolarize, hyperpolarize C.hyperpolarize, depolarize D.hyperpolarize, hyperpolarize

If blood glucose levels increased, what would you expect to happen to glucagon levels? A.Decrease B.Increase C.not change.

If the receptive field increased in an area of skin, how would the sensitivity of that region be affected, if at all? A.Decrease B.Increase C.not change

In a typical neuron, where would you expect to observe a graded potential? Choose any that apply. Base your answer on what we discussed in lecture A.Dendrite B.presynaptic terminal C.trigger zone

Mark decides he wants to see the effect of hyperventilation on his blood chemistry, in particular his blood pH. If Mark hyperventilates and does this for an extended period of time, what will happen to his blood pH? A.Increase; become more basic B.Decrease; become more acidic C.Will not change

Match the following structures and divisions of the nervous system. Each answer should be used once. 4) innervates skeletal muscles A.somatic nervous system B.autonomic nervous system C.peripheral nervous system D.efferent division E.afferent division

Mrs. Smith has been seeing a cardiologist about her atherosclerosis. Her Dr. has told her that the radius of her right coronary artery has decreased by half. Which of the following changes would you expect? A.Flow through the vessel has decreased 16X B.Resistance within the vessel has decreased 16X C.Flow through the vessel has decreased 4X D.A and B E.None of the above

Organophosphate insecticides are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. A person with organophosphate poisoning would experience what changes to parasympathetic activity? A.parasympathetic hyperactivity B.parasympathetic hypoactivity C.no change in parasympathetic activity

Pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin are all endopeptidases. Pepsin digests in the stomach while chymotrypsin and trypsin are active in the small intestine. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for why there are three different variations of endopeptidases? A.Pepsin looses its function when it enters into the small intestine B.Pepsin is used up by the time proteins reach the small intestine C.Trypsin is capable of breaking more bonds that pepsin D.All of the above

Place the events of O2exchange between the alveolus and the pulmonary capillary in the correct order. 1. PO2of plasma matches PO2of alveolus 2. Movement of fresh air from the atmosphere into the alveolus 3. O2diffuses from the alveolus to blood plasma 4. O2binds to hemoglobin A.2, 3, 4, 1 B.2, 1, 3, 4 C.2, 4, 3, 1 D.2, 3, 1, 4

Predict how each of the following scenarios would affect blood volume. A.Increase B.Decrease Activation of the RAAS system?

Recently it has been shown that as much as 50% of insulin secretion is stimulated by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). GLP-1 and GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide) are incretins produced by cells of the ileum and jejunum in response to nutrient ingestion. The incretions travel through the circulation to pancreatic beta cells and may reach them even before the first glucose is absorbed. The anticipatory release of insulin in response to these hormones prevents a sudden surge in plasma glucose concentrations when the meal is absorbed. What type of control does 'this' represent? A.Feedforward B.negative feedback C.positive feedback

Regarding the previous condition, how would the O2-Hb saturation curve change? A.Right shift B.Left shift C.No change

Repeated exposure to hot environments when combined with exercise improves exercise capacity, with less discomfort upon subsequent heat exposure. One thing that changes is that a person begins sweating sooner and they sweat more (nearly double).Sweating sooner represents what type of change? a. decreased threshold b. increased threshold c. decreased set point. d. increased set point

Sarah has been awake all night vomiting. Which of the following physiological responses would expect to see given Sarah's condition? A.Increased reabsorption of H+ atoms by the collecting duct B.Hyperventilation (rapid, shallow breaths) C.Decreased pH of the blood plasma D.A and B E.A, B, and C

The anterior pituitary releases hormones secreted by endocrine cells. How do these signals get to their target cells, and how close are their target cells? A.Blood; long distance B.Extracellular fluid; local C.Blood; local D.A and B E.A, B, and C

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) is released ontoboth cardiac and skeletal muscle.When ACh binds to cholinergic receptors on cardiomyocytes, slowing of the heart rate occurs; when it binds to cholinergic receptors in skeletal muscle you get increased muscle contraction. How is it possible that the same neurotransmitter can produce two different responses? A.Because it is not the ligand (neurotransmitter) that determines the outcome, it is the receptor that the ligand binds to that determines the effect on the cell B.Because the neurotransmitter molecules flow through the receptors into the cells and bind to different proteins that elicit different responses based on the type the cell. C.Because the enzymes responsible for degrading the neurotransmitter molecules are different and change the activity of the neurotransmitter. D.Because the receptors are different and change the activity of the neurotransmitter and its effect on the presynaptic cell. E.Because there are different types of ACh which have different effects.

The secretin family is a series of hormones released into the small intestine in response to the entrance of chyme into the small intestine from the stomach. Which of the following similar effects would you predict them to have and what type of feedback does it represent? A.Enzyme secretion; negative feedback B.Inhibit gastric function; positive feedback C.Promote gastric function; negative feedback D.These gastric hormones should not have any similar effects E.None of the above

Transport work A.) ATP used to moves particles across the membrane B.) ATP for membrane to engulf the particles C.) ATP used to build cytoskeletal proteins as they disassemble for phagocytosis

What type of motor unit would you expect to find in the superior rectus muscle of the eye versus the rectus femoris of the quadriceps? A.Small; large B.Large; large C.Large; small D.Small; small

Which direction will Na+ (ENa = +60mV) flow if the cell membrane potential is -65mV? What if the membrane potential were +65mv? A.Into the cell, out of the cell B.Out of the cell, in to the cell C.Not enough information to tell

Which of the following DOES NOT activate the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system? (HINT: think about blood volume) A.Decreased intracellular fluid (ICF) Na+concentration B.Decreased extracellular fluid (ECF) Na+concentration C.Decreased ECF volume D.Dehydration

Which of the following blood vessels would you expect to have the highest velocity of blood flow? A.Aorta B.Capillaries C.Inferior vena cava D.Great saphenous vein E.Not enough information to tell

Which of the following would change the most when comparing lung volumes at rest compared to exercise? A.Tidal Volume B.Vital Capacity C.Residual Volume D.Inspiratory reserve volume

Which type of hormone is exocytosed from the cell via secretory vesicles? A.peptide B.steroid C.both D.neither

Which type of hormone is produced in the rough endoplasmic reticulum? A.peptide B.steroid C.both D.neither

Why is the electrical signal directed to the AV node and down the purkinje fibers instead of directly to the contractile cells? A.Ensures that ventricles contract from the bottom up B.Ensures that the ventricles completely empty and pump out ALL the blood delivered by the atria C.A and B D.Neither A or B

match the correct region of the nephron with its major function. Use each term only once. A. Glomerulus and bowman's capsule B. Proximal convoluted tubule C. Loop of henle D. Collecting duct Site where blood is filtered, forming filtrate?

use the terms in A, B and C to describe the mechanism of heat loss observed in each scenario. Each term may be used only once. A.Radiation B.Convection C.Conduction Standing next to Boulder creek on a cold winter day?

In what 3 forms is energy stored in the body? Choose any that apply. a. chemical bonds b. concentration gradients c. electrical gradients d. entropy e. kinetic energy

A, B, C

What are some examples of molecules that would not need a receptor in/on the extracellular surface of cells? Choose any that apply A.small, gaseous molecules B.nonpolar molecules C.polar molecules D.lipophilic molecules E.lipophobic molecules

A, B, D

Some neurons release neurotransmitter which affects neighboring cells, as well as themselves. This is an example of what type of signaling? Choose any that apply. A.autocrine B.juxtacrine C.paracrine

A, C

The image to the right shows an action potential (change in membrane potential) recorded from Dionaea (Venus Flytrap), a carnivorous plant that catches and eats insects. The depolarizing phase of this action potential, marked with an 'A', could be produced by the cell becoming more permeable to which ion(s)? Choose any that apply. A.sodium, Na+ B.potassium, K+ C.calcium, Ca++

A, C

What type(s) of cell signaling mechanism require(s) a receptor in the target cell for information to be transferred to another cell? Choose any that apply. A.autocrine B.gap C.paracrine D.hormonal

A, C, D

Match the neurotransmitter (acetylcholine, epinephrine & norepinephrine, none) with the name of its receptor. Each neurotransmitter can be used more than once, and each receptor may match more than one neurotransmitter. A.alpha adrenergic receptors B.beta adrenergic receptors C.cholinergic receptors D.muscarinic receptors E.nicotinic receptors

A= Epinephrine, Norepinephrine B= Epinephrine, Norepinephrine C= Acetylcholine D= Acetylcholine E= Acetylcholine

Bronchoconstriction is controlled by the

ANS . The PNS releases ACH which bind to muscarinic receptors →constriction of smooth muscle in bronchioles → wheezing The SNS releases Epi which binds to Beta-2 adrenergic receptors →dilation of bronchioles and increased air flow

A cell with a resting membrane potential of -65mV becomes more permeable to chloride (Cl-) allowing the ion to flow more. If the equilibrium potential for chloride is -60mV, would you expect the resting membrane potential to change? A.more negative B.more positive C.not change

All homeostatic pathways require integration from the nervous system A.True B.False

Amy is out with her family and eats a strange berry. She suddenly starts wheezing and it becomes very difficult for her to bring in sufficient air. Which of the following statements could be true? A.Epinephrine release has increased B.A chemical in the berry acts as an agonist of muscarinic receptors C.Amy has had an allergic reaction causing her histamine levels to decrease D.B and C E.A, B, and C

An increased stimulus of the baroreceptors would result in all of the following EXCEPT. A.Decrease in cardiac output B.Increase in parasympathetic input to vasculature C.Decreased sympathetic input to vasculature D.Decreased myocardial contractility

As a sarcomere shortens, which of the following will occur? A.A band shortens B.I band shortens C.M line shortens D.A and B E.A, B, and C

As the diaphragm contracts and the thoracic cavity expands, which of the following would be true about the pressure in the alveoli? A.Alveolar pressure increases B.Alveolar pressure decreases C.There would be no change in alveolar pressure

Cassandra has been very sick with diarrhea for the past 24 hours. This excessive amount of fluid loss via the intestinal tract has caused her body to lose a lot of HCO3-. Her mom notices that she is acting strange and decides to take her into the ER. Upon triage, what would you expect the nurse to observe with regard to Cassandra's ventilation? A.Hypoventilating B.Hyperventilating C.She should be breathing normally

Consider a thermostatic heating system in a home in terms of homeostatic regulation.You want your home to stay around a nice comfortable temperature of 70oC. Does the temperature in the house remain constant at 70oFor does it vary around 70oF? a. remains constant b. varies

Curare was once used as the sole anesthetic for surgery until it was realized that the patients sense of feeling was unaffected. Patients experienced the pain of surgery, but could not react until the curare "wore off". Predict how curare could block patients from reacting to pain but not from feeling pain. A.Curare affects transmission of information between sensory neurons and their postsynaptic cells, but not between motor neurons and their postsynaptic cells B.Curare affects transmission of information between motor neurons and their postsynaptic cells, but not between sensory neurons and their postsynaptic cells C.Curare affects transmission of information between both sensory neurons and their postsynaptic cells, and motor neurons and their postsynaptic cells

Determine whether the following statements are mechanistic or teleological in nature. "Glucose is transported from blood into cells by transporters in response to insulin." "Glucose is transported from blood into cells because cells require glucose to meet their energy needs." a. mechanistic, mechanistic b. mechanistic, teleological c. teleological, mechanistic d. teleological, teleological

If a steroid hormone is not coupled with a protein, then it will not be found in the plasma of the blood. A.True B.False

If the absolute refractory period increases in duration, would there be any effect on the peak firing rate (number of action potentials delivered per second)? A.Yes, peak firing rate would increase B.Yes, peak firing rate would decrease C.No, not effect on peak firing rate

If the alveolar PO2 is 20 mmHg and the PO2 in the blood entering the lungs is 40 mmHg, predict the direction of O2 diffusion A.Into the pulmonary capillary B.Into the alveolus C.No O2 movement in either direction

Increased [Ca++]i is the signal for NT release. What type of channel was activated to allow for this increase in the axon terminal? A.Chemical gated Ca++ Channels B.Voltage gated Ca++ channels C.Mechanically gated Ca++ channels

Insulin is a peptide hormone released after a meal. The role of Insulin is to facilitate glucose uptake for most cells throughout the body as well as increase the rate of anabolic pathways. How would you expect insulin to interact with its receptor? A.Turn off enzymes associated with building proteins B.Increase channels available for glucose transport C.Turn on enzymes associated with the break down of glycogen D.A and B E.B and C

John has decided to enter a body building competition. He gets a gym membership and begins his journey. As he enters the weight room, he picks up a dumb bell and brings it up to his chest. What type of work was primarily used to accomplish this task? A.Transport work B.Mechanical work C.Chemical work D.Not enough information to conclude

Match the following structures and divisions of the nervous system. Each answer should be used once. 5) innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands A.somatic nervous system B.autonomic nervous system C.peripheral nervous system D.efferent division E.afferent division

Mechanical work A.) ATP used to moves particles across the membrane B.) ATP for membrane to engulf the particles C.) ATP used to build cytoskeletal proteins as they disassemble for phagocytosis

Please select the statement that explains why diastolic blood pressure in the major arteries of the systemic circulation does not fall to zero. A.Capillaries contract and relax creating a pressure wave B.Major, elastic arteries expand and store pressure in elastic walls C.Atria act as secondary pumps to suction blood from the veins

Predict how each of the following scenarios would affect blood volume. A.Increase B.Decrease A competitive inhibitor of the receptor for vasopressin?

Predict how each of the following scenarios would affect blood volume. A.Increase B.Decrease Release of atrial natriuretic peptide?

Put the steps of protein digestion in order: 1.Proteins are split into individual amino acids by exopeptidases or into longer chains by endopeptidases 2.Protein is denatured by HCl 3.Oligopeptides absorbed via transcytosis 4.Zymogens in pancreatic juice are activated by trypsinogen a)1, 3, 2, 4 b)2, 4, 1, 3 c)1, 3, 4, 2 d)2, 4, 3, 1

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for slowing the conduction rate of the autorhythmic cells. Using your knowledge of the ion channels, which of the following conclusions can you make about the role of Ach on autorhythmic cells? A.Increases the permeability of Na+ B.Increases the permeability to K+ C.Increase the number of open If channels D.A and C E.B and C

Think back to your stack of textbooks. Initially, the textbooks cause your arm to drop but you correct by holding them parallel to the floor. Which reflex (muscle spindle or golgi tendon) facilitates this action? What if I were to place 3 more books on top of the original pile such that you increase muscle force but end up dropping the books? A.Muscle spindle; muscle spindle B.Muscle spindle; golgi tendon C.Golgi tendon; muscle spindle D.Golgi tendon; golgi tendon

Water is polar; organic solvents (for ex., gasoline, ether, carbon tetrachloride and benzene) are nonpolar. A substance is found to dissolve in organic solventsbut not in the water. Is this substance most likely polar or nonpolar, or both? a. both b. nonpolar c. polar

What is the role of bile in digestion? A.Chemically digest fats B.Emulsify fats (keep droplets separated) C.Facilitate absorption of fats D.B and C E.A, B, and C

What will happen if the number of co-transport molecules for glucose is not sufficient to handle an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the filtrate? A.Sympathetic fibers will induce co-transport to work faster B.Not all glucose will be reabsorbed leading to glucosuria (glucose in the urine) C.It will take longer for all of the glucose to be reabsorbed D.Proximal tubular cells will form more co-transport channels

What would you expect to happen as a result of the overproduction of TH? Hint: you might want to refer to hypothalamic - pituitary - target tissue organ figure A.Increased release of TSH B.Increased inhibition of the anterior pituitary C.Increased stimulus of the hypothalamus D.A and B E.A, B, and C

Which compound will produce the most ATP when oxidized? A.acetyl CoA B.fatty acid C.glycerol D.lactate E.pyruvate

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of increased cellular levels of cAMP? A.Activation of a kinase cascade B.Activation of a G-protein C.Activation of protein kinase A D.Increasedphosphorylation of a protein E.Stimulation of phosphorylation-mediated activity.

Which of the following is a teleological answer for the following: Why do the lungs expand during inspiration? A.Because contraction of the diaphragm causes thoracic cavity volume to increase B.Because air needs to be brought into the lungs for gas exchange

Which of the following manipulations will NOT alter the resting membrane potential (at least not for a few hours)? A.altering the concentration of Na+ inside the cell B.applying ouabain, an inhibitor of the Na/K ATPase C.increasing the number of leakage K+ channels

Which region of a neuron typically serves as the input region? A.Axon B.Dendrite C.node of Ranvier D.presynaptic terminalE.soma

Which type of hormone is exocytosed from the cell via simple diffusion across the bilayer? A.peptide B.steroid C.both D.neither

Which type of hormone is produced in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? A.peptide B.steroid C.both D.neither

use the terms in A, B and C to describe the mechanism of heat loss observed in each scenario. Each term may be used only once. A.Radiation B.Convection C.Conduction Walking outside on a hot, dry, windy summer day?

How would a decrease in the number of adipocytes affect the release of Neuropeptide Y? a)The release of Neuropeptide Y would decrease b)The release of Neuropeptide Y would increase

B Adipocytes release leptin, which inhibits the release of NPYDecrease in adipocytes → decrease in leptin → increase in NPY

Na+] is higher outside of the cell while [K+] is higher on the inside of the cell. The Na+/K+ ATPase is a channel protein that maintains this concentration. What type of carrier protein carries out this function? A.Symporter B.Antiporter C.Uniporter D.Gated channel What is the energy requirement for the same scenario? A.Facilitated diffusion B.Primary active transport C.Secondary active transport D.Simple diffusion

B (both)

In a typical neuron, where would you expect to find voltage-gated Na+ channels? Choose any that apply. Base your answer on what we discussed in lecture. A.Dendrite B.Presynaptic terminal C.trigger zone

B, C

Your roommate Sara recently came down with the stomach flu, and she is having a hard time keeping food down. A nurse recommended she not eat solid food for 24 hours but she should drink fluids, such as water or Gatorade. During this 24 hour time period, most of the energy will come from her cellular energy stores. What are two examples of catabolic reactions that most likely may be occurring in her body at this time? A.protein stores (muscle tissue breakdown) B.glycogen stores (glycogen to glucose) C.fat stores (fat to fatty acids + glycerol) D. ketoacidosis

B, C

Cells can regulate their responsiveness to chemical messengers. For example, a cell that 'wanted' to decrease its physiological response evoked by a chemical messenger could theoretically do so by which mechanism(s)? Assume all these are possible, which one could produce the desired effect. Circle any that apply. A.Degrade a lipophilic first messenger more slowly. B.Downregulate the number of receptors for the chemical messenger. C.Phosphorylate a molecule in the intracellular signaling pathway to decrease its activity. D.Phosphorylate the receptor so that it has a decreased affinity for the chemical messenger. E.Remove a second messenger more quickly.

B, C, D, E

Which of the following would be an example of mechanical work? Choose any that apply. a.ATP donating phosphate group to an enzyme b. beating of cilia c. cell changing shape d. movement of organelles in cell e. movement of glucose across cell membrane f. muscle contraction

B, C, D, F

Gas composition: PO2 decreases Bronchioles:? Pulmonary arteries:? Systemic arteries:?

Bronchioles: Dilate Pulmonary arteries: Constrict Systemic arteries: Dilate

Gas composition:PCO2 decreases Bronchioles:? Pulmonary arteries:? Systemic arteries:?

Bronchioles:Constrict Pulmonary arteries: Dilate Systemic arteries: Constrict

Gas composition:PO2 increases Bronchioles:? Pulmonary arteries:? Systemic arteries:?

Bronchioles:Constrict Pulmonary arteries: Dilate Systemic arteries: Constrict

Gas composition:PCO2 increases Bronchioles:? Pulmonary arteries:? Systemic arteries:?

Bronchioles:Dilate (decrease resistance, increase flow, helps get rid of CO2) Pulmonary arteries: Constrict (protective keeps blood away from alveoli with high [CO2] and reserves blood for alveoli with high [O2] ) Systemic arteries:Dilate

A compressed spring represents what type of energy? When the spring is allowed to 'spring', or decompress, what type of energy does this represent? a. kinetic, kinetic b. kinetic, potential c. potential, kinetic d. potential, potential

A drug is administered that interferes with the secretion functions of the kidney, which of the following could occur as a result? A.Wastes within the filtrate will not be properly eliminated from the body B.Valuable products within the filtrate will not be delivered back to the body C.The peritubular capillaries will not be able to eliminate waste products into the filtrate D.The glomerulus will produce much less filtrate

A ligand binds to a receptor and a cellular response is observed, as noted below. In each case, decide which type of receptor was most likely activated. Choose the BEST answer. cAMP levels rise A.ligand-gated B.enzyme receptor C.G-protein coupled receptor D.enzyme receptor or G-protein coupled receptor E.All of the above.

A patient walks into the ER with very mild dehydration. The nurse grabs the wrong saline solution and accidentally administers an IV of a fluid that is very hypotonic (very low in solutes). How would hormone release change in order to compensate? A.Increase vasopressin; increase aldosterone; increase natriuretic peptide B.Increase renin; increase aldosterone; decrease natriuretic peptide C.Decrease vasopressin; increase aldosterone; decrease natriuretic peptide D.Decrease aldosterone; increase vasopressin; increase natriuretic peptide

Both curare and a-bungarotoxin bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and block its action.Curare binds temporarily to the protein, while a-bungarotoxin binds to it irreversibly. Which shows the most affinity? a. acetylcholine b. curare c. α-bungarotoxin d. both acetylcholine and curare e. No difference in affinity

Chemical work A.) ATP used to moves particles across the membrane B.) ATP for membrane to engulf the particles C.) ATP used to build cytoskeletal proteins as they disassemble for phagocytosis

Conn's disease is an illness characterized by an increased production and release of aldosterone. Which of the following would be possible symptoms of this problem? A.Lower concentration of Na+ in the plasma B.Decreased blood pressure C.Increased concentration of K+ in the urine D.All of the above

Consider two ligand-gated channels, similar in structure and function. Channel A is in the presence of higher ligand concentration than channel B. Would this influence the probability that channel A will open, compared to channel B? If so, how would it influence the probability? A.No, more ligand would not increase the probability. B.Yes, more ligand would increase the probability. C.Yes, more ligand would increase the probability up to a point.

Fesoterodine is a medication used to treat overactive bladder (sudden urge to urinate). How might this medication act? A. Stimulating the stretch receptors found within the smooth muscle lining of the bladder B. An inhibitor of the motor neuron leading to the external sphincter C. Antagonist of the muscarinic receptors located on the smooth muscle of the bladder D. The drug mimics the actions of Ach

Food is pushed along the digestive tract by ____. A.Tonic contractions of smooth muscle in digestive tract walls B.beating cilia lining the digestive organs C.peristaltic contractions of smooth muscle in digestive tract walls D.contraction of skeletal muscles surrounding the digestive tract

Identify each of the following as either an isometric, eccentric, or concentric contraction. Picking up a text book and bringing it to your chest, holding the textbook in front of you parallel to the floor, extending (lowering towards the floor) your arm with the textbooks in hand. A.Eccentric; isometric; concentric B.Isometric; eccentric; concentric C.Concentric; isometric; eccentric D.Concentric; eccentric; isometric

John's hard work is paying off! Over the next several months, John notices an increase in the size of his biceps brachii, what type of work was primarily used to cause this increase in muscle mass? A.Transport work B.Mechanical work C.Chemical work D.Not enough information to conclude

Liver failure can lead to a significant decrease in plasma protein production. Which of the following effects associated with capillary fluid exchange would you expect to see as a result of this liver failure? A.Net fluid movement will occur into the capillary B.Fluid movement will not change significantly C.Net fluid movement will occurout of the capillaries

Match the following structures and divisions of the nervous system. Each answer should be used once. 1) consists of nerves carrying information between the periphery and central nervous system A.somatic nervous system B.autonomic nervous system C.peripheral nervous system D.efferent division E.afferent division

Sarah suffers from Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). This condition is characterized by inflammation of the lungs and an increased production and thickening of mucus in the lumen of the bronchiole. Chronic inflammation of the lungs can lead to the buildup of scar tissue. Which of the following symptoms would you expect to see? A.Increased surface area for O2 and CO2 exchange due to more fluid in the lung B.Ease inflating the lungs due to an increased compliance of the lungs C.Reduced airflow due to a decrease in airway diameter D.B and C E.A, B, and C

The concentration of free hormone in the blood can depend on which of the following? 1. rate of hormone secretion 2. rate at which the hormone is metabolized 3. the rate of anaerobic ATP synthesis within the cells 4. the number of cells in the body with active sodium-potassium pumps 5. the amount of hormone transported bound to carrier proteins A.All five B.1, 3, 5 C.1, 2, 5 D.3, 4,5 E.2, 4,5

The temperature control center within the posterior region of the hypothalamus is activated by ________________ and initiates reflexes that mediate _______________. A.cold, decrease non-shivering thermogenesis B.warmth, decrease in skeletal muscle contractions C.cold, increase in skeletal muscle contractions D.warmth, vasodilation of cutaneous vessels

There is an amino acid transporter that only transports acidic amino acids, another that transports basic amino acids, and a third that transports neutral amino acids. This is an example of which protein characteristic? (3pts) a. affinity b. saturation c. specificity

What class of hormone would you expect to bind to an extracellular receptor? Cytoplasmic or nuclear receptor? A.Steroid, protein B.Protein, protein C.Protein, steroid D.Steroid, steroid

What effect can release of neurotransmitter by presynaptic neurons have on the membrane potential of postsynaptic neurons? A.Depolarization B.hyperpolarization C.both D.neither

What is the advantage to the stomach controlling the rate at which food enters the small intestine? A.To ensure that all nutrients are completely digested by the stomach first B.To ensure adequate absorption of nutrients by the stomach C.To ensure adequate absorption of nutrients by the small intestine D.A and B E.A and C

Which ion species is a cell membrane (such as a neuron) most permeable to at rest (i.e., resting membrane potential)? A.Ca++ B.Cl- C.K+ D.Mg++ E.Na+

Which of the following is a mechanistic answer for the following: How does the collecting duct of the kidney conserve water? A.Because the body needs to maintain a homeostatic balance of ionic concentration B.Because blood pressure depends on blood volume C.Because vasopressin inserts additional water pores which results in an increase in water retention

Which of the following is true regarding digestion and metabolism? A.Both are responsible for the immediate production of usable energy B.Digestion involves catabolic pathways while metabolism does not C.Both metabolism and digestion utilize enzymes as catalysts D.B and C E.A, B, and C

Which of the following might lead to a decrease in stroke volume within a single cardiac cycle? A.Increased ESV (end systolic volume) B.Increased release of norepinephrine C.Increased afterload D.B and C E.A, B, and C

You administer a drug that results in Ca++ release from the sacroplasmic reticulum ,you are able to observe that tropomyosin moves but the skeletal muscle does not contract. What structure on the actin filament could this drug be directly interfering with? A.Troponin B.Binding site for ATP C.Binding site for myosin D.Tropomyosin

You have just landed on a strange, NEW planet. Your intrigue has led you to collect and analyze a gas sample. Below are the results of your analysis, PO2= 187 mmHg PCO2= 20 mmHg PH2O = 0 mmHg PN2= 15 mmHg How would the Hb-saturation curve shift if a person from earth were to breathe air from a planet who's total pressure is 450 mmHg and the percent O2on the planet is 84%? A.Shift to the left, increasing O2 unloading B.Shift to the right, decreasing O2 unloading C.Shift to the left, decreasing O2 unloading D.Shift to the right, increasing O2 unloading

f the connection between the hypothalamus and pituitary were severed, damaging the neurons, the secretion of which type of chemical messenger (signal) would most directly be affected? A.chemokines B.neurotransmitters C.releasing hormone D.trophic hormone

if you increase the cell's permeability to K+ do you think resting membrane potential will change? A.No, will not change B.Yes, become more positive C.Yes, become more negative

use the terms in A, B and C to describe the mechanism of heat loss observed in each scenario. Each term may be used only once. A.Radiation B.Convection C.Conduction Sitting on a cold seat in Folsom Field watching the Buffs beat the Rams in football?

How are enzymes typically inactivated in the human body? Choose any that apply. a.changing pH in cytoplasm to 7.4 b.changing temperature to 37oC c.denaturation d.interaction with inhibitor e.interaction with zymogen

C, D

As you hyperventilate → exhale more ________ than normal → [Co2] in blood decrease → the bicarbonate/carbonic acid shifts to the left → [HCO3-] in blood decrease → increase in pH (becomes more basic)

CO2,

What does a long refractory period prevent?

Cardiac muscle tetanus

Air flow is proportional to the -

Change in Pressure/ Resistance

A drug that blocks the reabsorption of HCO3-in the proximal convoluted tubule would result in which of the following effects? A.Increased activity of the Type A intercalated cells of the collecting duct B.Increased respiratory rate C.Increased reaction rate of plasma enzymes D.A and B E.A, B, and C

A patient has an autoimmune disease causing inactivation of ACTH receptors. How would the levels of CRH, ACTH and cortisol compare to those in a normal individual? A. CRH = low ACTH = low cortisol = low B. CRH = low ACTH = low cortisol = high C. CRH = low ACTH= high cortisol = high D. CRH = high ACTH = high cortisol = low E. CRH = high ACTH = low cortisol = low F. CRH = high ACTH = high cortisol = high

A terminal bronchiole has become constricted, what is going to happen to the arterioles directly associated with this alveolus? A.Dilate due to a decrease in O2 delivery B.Constrict due to an decrease in CO2 concentration C.Dilate due to a increase in CO2 concentration D.Constrict due to a decrease in O2 delivery

If you were to introduce a chemical that destroys the glycoprotein layer of the ascending limb of the loop of henle, which of the following effects would you expect? A.Decreased urinary output B.Increased osmolarity of the renal medulla C.Increased blood pressure D.A and C E.A, B and C

Many people die each year from ingesting antifreeze solutions. Antifreeze contains ethylene glycol, which the human body converts to oxalic acid in the presence of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. Oxalic acid exists in crystalline form and these crystals can severely damage kidneys. Ethanol is administered to victims with ethylene glycol poisoning because ethanol binds to the active site of alcohol dehydrogenase, inhibiting the formation of oxalate crystals. How would you classify ethanolin this scenario? a. allometric inhibitor of ethylene glycol b. allosteric inhibitor of ethylene glycol c. cofactor of ethylene glycol d. competitive inhibitor of ethylene glycol e. covalent inhibitor of ethylene glycol

Match the following structures and divisions of the nervous system. Each answer should be used once. 3) division of the peripheral nervous system that transmits signals from central nervous system A.somatic nervous system B.autonomic nervous system C.peripheral nervous system D.efferent division E.afferent division

Put the following steps of carbohydrate digestion and absorption in order: 1.Monosaccharide transport into cells 2.Breakdown of carbohydrates by disaccharidases 3.GLUT2 transport of glucose into the blood 4.Chemical digestion of carbohydrates by amylase A.2,4,1,3 B.4,1,2,3 C.2,1,4,3 D.4,2,1,3

Recently it has been shown that as much as 50% of insulin secretion is stimulated by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). GLP-1 and GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide) are incretins produced by cells of the ileum and jejunum in response to nutrient ingestion. The incretions travel through the circulation to pancreatic beta cells and may reach them even before the first glucose is absorbed. The anticipatory release of insulin in response to these hormones prevents a sudden surge in plasma glucose concentrations when the meal is absorbed. What type of signaling molecules are the incretins? A.autocrine signals B.paracrine signals C.juxtacrine signals D.classic hormones

The brain is an example of what level of organization (highest level of organization)? A. atom B. cell C. molecule D. organ E. organ system F. tissue

What is preventing the ion from reaching electrochemical equilibrium? A.Varying permeabilities B.Difference in cell size C.Different types and numbers of ion channels D.A and C E.A, B, and C

What is the correct sequence of signal transduction? (There can be missing steps, but thesequence must be correct.) A.sensory stimulus -> receptor potential in afferent -> action potential(s) in afferent -> neurotransmitter release by afferent B.neurotransmitter release by afferent -> action potential(s) in efferent -> neurotransmitter release by efferent -> end plate potential -> muscle contraction C.synaptic potential in efferent -> action potential(s) in efferent -> neurotransmitter release by efferent -> muscle contraction D.All of the above are correct E.None of the above are correct.

What will influence the magnitude of a target cell's response to a hormone? A.concentration of free hormone in the blood B.number of receptors on the target cell C.whether or not the hormone is a second messenger D.a and b E.a and c F.b and c

When we ingest large molecules, they must undergo several processes before they may be completely digested. One of these processes uses both skeletal and smooth muscle contractions. This is called _____________. A.Absorption B.Secretion C.Chemical digestion D.Mechanical digestion

Which of the following could occur if there was an abnormal, increased secretion of gastrin? A.Somatostatin levels would begin to significantly decline B.Too much pepsinogen would be activated to pepsin C.There would be an increased production of H+ D.B and C E.A, B and C

Which of the following factors would decrease glomerular filtration rate? A.A significant fall in plasma protein concentration B.A blood clot in the efferent arteriole C.Vasodilation of the afferent arterioles D.None of these

Which of the following might occur if the podocyte foot processes were to increase in surface area? A.Increase the amount of filtrate produced B.Decrease the amount of waste products filtered C.Increase blood osmolality (concentration of solutes in the blood) D.B and C E.A and C

Which of the following molecules do you think has the greatest amount of stored energy? a. carbon monoxide b. cholesterol c. fructose d. glycogen e. All would have the same amount of free energy.

Which of the following molecules will be absorbed by a SGLT on the apical surface of the enterocyte? A.Fructose B.Galactose C.Glucose D.B&C E.A, B, and C

Which of the substances would be able to readily/easily cross the plasma membrane? A.Glucose - polar B.Na+ - polar C.Water - polar D.Oxygen - nonpolar E.Proteins - polar

Which types of cellular transport allow molecules to flow from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration? a) facilitated diffusion b) primary active transport c) secondary active transport d) b & c e) a, b, & c

You have just landed on a strange, NEW planet. Your intrigue has led you to collect and analyze a gas sample. Below are the results of your analysis, PO2= 187 mmHg PCO2= 20 mmHg PH2O = 0 mmHg PN2= 15 mmHg What is the total pressure in the surrounding environment and what gas law did you use to arrive at your answer? A.222 mmHg, Boyle's law B.760 mmHg, Dalton's law C.760 mmHg, Boyle's law D.222 mmHg, Dalton's law

Below is a scrambled list of steps relating to cell signaling involving the release of a hormone from a cell in an endocrine gland. Unscramble and assign a number for the correct order to each option. 1.) Receptor interaction on hormone's target cell 2.)Release from endocrine cell 3.)Physiological response to hormone 4.)Synthesis in endocrine cell 5.)Transport in plasma

Double check answer 4,2,5,1,3

A ligand binds to a receptor and a cellular response is observed, as noted below. In each case, decide which type of receptor was most likely activated. Choose the BEST answer. Intracellular Ca++ levels rise A.ligand-gated B.enzyme receptor C.G-protein coupled receptor D.enzyme receptor or G-protein coupled receptor E.All of the above.

A person is taking a drug that causes, among other things, dryness of the mouth and speeding of the heart rate but no impairment of the ability to use the skeletal muscles. What type of receptor does this drug probably block? A.Adrenergic B.GABAergic C.glycinergic D.nicotinic acetylcholine E.muscarinic acetylcholine

According to the Glucostatic theory of appetite, when the metabolic activity of hypothalamic neurons is low... a)Adipocytes release leptin b)Blood glucose levels are low c)Feeding center is turned on d)Satiety center is turned off e)B and D f)All of the above

Aldosterone has been shown to increase the activity of the Na+/H+ exchange protein. If excessive amounts of aldosterone are released onto the PCT cells, which of the following would you expect? A.Decreased pH of the blood plasma B.Increased blood volume C.Increased concentration of H+ in the urine D.A and B E.B and C

Blocking afferent action potentials from chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid artery would interfere with the brains ability to regulate breathing, through these receptors, in response to changes in which of the following? A.Plasma partial pressure of O2 B.Plasma partial pressure of CO2 C.Plasma concentration of H+ D.B and C E.A, B, and C

CIf cardiac output decreases significantly, which physiological compensation mechanisms would you expect to see in order to maintain MAP? A.Decrease in total peripheral resistance B.Decrease in arteriolar diameter C.Increase in heart rate D.A and C E.B and C

Ethanol has been shown to inhibit the formation of vasopressin. Which of the following effects regarding kidney function would you expect after alcohol consumption? A.Decreased osmolarity of the blood B.Increased urinary output C.Decrease in blood pressure D.A and B E.B and C

Ethanol has been shown to inhibit the formation of vasopressin. Which of the following effects regarding kidney function would you expect to see after alcohol consumption? A.Decreased osmolality of the blood B.Increased urinary output C.Decrease in BP D.A and B E.B and C

Given the following equilibrium potentials (ENa - 60 mV; EK - -90mV; and ECl - -60mV) which ion is at electrochemical equilibrium when considering a cell at rest? A.Cl- B.K+ C.Na+ D.All of the above E.None of the above

If you had an alveolus with an initial volume of 3 ml of air with a total pressure of810 mmHg and you decrease the volume of this alveolus to 1.7 ml, what would the new pressure be and how would this affect air flow? Assume you are at sea level. A.459 mmHg; air flow into the alveolus from the environment B.760 mmHg; no net movement of air C.1429 mmHg; air flow into the alveolus from the environment D.459 mmHg; air flow out of the alveolus to the environment E.1429 mmHg; air flow out of the alveolus to the environment

Match the following structures and divisions of the nervous system. Each answer should be used once. 2) division of the peripheral nervous system that transmits signals to central nervous system A.somatic nervous system B.autonomic nervous system C.peripheral nervous system D.efferent division E.afferent division

What are the targets (effectors) of the efferent nervous system? A.cardiac muscles B.endocrine glands C.skeletal muscles D.smooth muscles E.All of the above F.None of the above.

What could be the significance of the AV node delay? A.Ensure complete filling of the atria before they contract B.Prevent simultaneous contraction of the two ventricles and the two atria C.Ensure adequate filling of the ventricles before they contract D.A and B E.B and C

What is a characteristic that distinguishes between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion? a)In simple diffusion, active transport is used; in facilitated diffusion, it is not. b)In simple diffusion, energy is not required; in facilitated diffusion, energy is required. c)In simple diffusion, hydrophilic molecules cross the membrane; in facilitated diffusion, hydrophobic molecules cross the membrane. d)In simple diffusion, molecules move up their concentration gradient; in facilitated diffusion, they move down their concentration gradients. e)In simple diffusion, molecules pass through the lipid bilayer; in facilitated diffusion, they pass through a protein.

When a second EPSP from the activating the same synapse arrives at the trigger zone before the effects of a first have disappeared, what occurs? A.decrease in speed of impulse transmission B.extinction of the impulse C.hyperpolarization D.spatial summation E.temporal summation

Which of the following is the most direct result of depolarizing the presynaptic membrane of an axon terminal? A.an EPSP or IPSP is generated in the postsynaptic cell B.ligand-gated channels open, allowing neurotransmitters to enter the synaptic cleft C.synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane D.the postsynaptic cell produces an action potential E.voltage-gated Ca++ channels in the membrane open

Which of the following might occur as a direct result if the basement membrane between the glomerular endothelial cells and Bowman's capsule was removed? A.Increase filtrate production B.Decrease amount of waste products filtered C.Abnormally high protein concentration in the urine D.B and C E.A and C

Which of the following would NOT influence the time necessary for an action potential to be propagated the length of a particular neuron? A.absence of nodes of Ranvier B.diameter of the axon C.length of the axon D.presence or absence of a myelin sheath E.type of neuron (e.g., whether axon is sensory or motor)

Which phases of digestion can be controlled by reflexes integrated only in the enteric nervous system? a)Cephalic Phase b)Gastric Phase c)Intestinal Phase d)A and B e)A, B, and C

Which statement(s) about control strategies is/are incorrect? Choose any that apply. (5pts) a.An advantage of a feedforward system is that it allows the body to anticipate a change, or prepare for something to happen. b.A disadvantage of a feedforward system is it doesn't allow you to respond to an unexpected change. c.An advantage of a positive feedback system is allows for rapid changes to a regulated variable. d.A disadvantage of a positive feedback system is that it is not homeostatic. e.A disadvantage of a negative feedback system is it requires some outside event to stop the response. f.All of the above are correct.

Which type of amino acid would you expect to find crossing the plasma membrane? a) hydrophobic b) hydrophilic c) lipophilic d) hydrophobic and hydrophilic e) hydrophobic and lipophilic

Vomiting will lower the amount of ___________ because you are throwing up stomach acid and would increase the ______ of the blood plasma. Hyperventilation is a mechanism to rid the body of _______ because you can get rid of protons by getting rid of CO2.

H+ ions, pH, H+

A right shift in O2-HB saturation curve means? →

Hb has decreased affinity for oxygen (ie oxygen has a harder time binding and an easier time unloading) decreases in pH, exercising, increase in PCo2, increase in 2,3-DPG (BPG), high altitude (decrease in Po2), increase temperature, & anemia

A left shift O2-HB saturation curve means? →

Hb has increased affinity for oxygen ( ie oxygen has an easier time binding and a harder time unloading) Increased pH, decreased PCo2, decreased 2,3-DPG (BPG), decreased altitude (increased in Po2), decreased temperature

Match each enzyme to where it is found in the digestive tract 1.Pepsin 2.Aminopeptidase 3.Salivary amylase 4.Secretin a)Mouth b)Stomach c)Small intestine

Pepsin --> Stomach Aminopeptidase --> Small intestine Salivary amylase --> Mouth Secretin --> Small intestine

Henry's Law: Movement of Gases depends on three things?

Pressure gradient, solubility (how easily gases dissolve in liquid), and temperature (ignore this). Gases move down their gradient, from high to low pressure.

Functional residual capacity = ERV +

Functional residual capacity -

The amount of air left in the lungs after a tidal breath out

Vital capacity (VC) -

The amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs after a maximal inspiration.

Total lung capacity (TLC) -

The volume of gas contained in the lung at the end of maximal inspiration

Inspiratory capacity (IC) = IRV + ?

Vasopressin stimulates the reabsorption of _________ by signaling to the cells in the collecting duct to move ____________ to the membrane

Water, aquaporins

A blood clot in the efferent arteriole would increase or decrease GFR?

a blood clot in the efferent arteriole would increase GFR due to increased pressure and vasodilation of afferent arteriole would increase GFR due to an increase in blood flow and decrease in resistance

2,3-DPG increase in response to

anemia or hypoxia.

(phase of digestion) Intestinal is started during the

cephalic phase to begin release of digestive enzymes in anticipation

Motor neuron is constantly firing to keep sphincter ________, inhibiting them would ________

closed, increase urination

The scar tissue in lungs _______ the radius = increases the resistance = _________ in airflow

decreases, decrease

when vasopressin is not released, we _________ ___________ as much water and excrete it instead

don't reabsorb

the renal threshold is the where the level of glucose

exceeds the transport maximum and must be excreted

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) -

extra volume of air that can be maximally expired beyond VT

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) -

extra volume of air that can be maximally inspired beyond VT

Parietal cells (also known as oxyntic cells) are epithelial cells in the stomach that secrete

hydrochloric acid

Metabolic Acidosis is compensated for by

hyperventilation ( to get rid CO2 which gets rid of H+)

Metabolic Alkalosis is compensated by

hypoventilation (to hold on to CO2 to make H+)

Aldosterone functions to ___________ sodium reabsorption and ___________ potassium secretion. When aldosterone is released, it will increase the [Na+] in the plasma and it would increase BP because water would follow sodium into the plasma and ___________ blood volume

increase, increase, increase

A significant fall in plasma protein concentration would increase or decrease GFR?

increases GFR because it deceases colloid osmotic pressure and increases capsule fluid pressure

Something to keep in mind: diarrhea usually causes _____________ and vomiting usually causes _____________

metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis.

Secretin → inhibition of gastric phase through stimulation

of pancreas to release bicarbonate

Salivary amylase → breakdown of

polysaccharides in the mouth

Pepsin breaks down -

proteins in the stomach

Parietal cells release ___________ → stimulate release of ______________ Protons also converted into HCl → denature proteins into primary structure

protons, somatostatin

(phase of digestion) Cephalic initiated by

sight, small, thought of food, causes salivation (CNS)

Increasing the surface area of the podocytes means the filtrations slits are ___________, which leads to ______ waste being filtered and __________ in plasma osmolality

smaller, less, increase

Macula densa are responsible for sensing _________ and _________ in the filtrate, they will provide feedback about whether GFR is appropriate or not

sodium, chloride

Na+/H+ exchanger means we are __________ these two molecules. We know aldosterone ___________ Na+ reabsorption, so H+ would be put into the urine from the blood which would increase _______.

swapping, enhances, pH

(phase of digestion) Gastric initiated via

vagus nerve integrated in the enteric plexus, stimulates g cell to release gastrin

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