Physiology MasteringA&P Questions

The type of cell junction that closes off the space between epithelial cells, thereby limiting the passage of small molecules, is the (A) desmosome. (B) adherens junction. (C) gap junction. (D) tight junction.

(D) tight junction.

Which of the following best describes the way in which epithelial tissues are characterized? (A) By the arrangement of the nuclei (B) By the presence of an extracellular matrix (C) By whether the tissue is a liquid or a solid (D) By the types and numbers of cells that make up the tissue (E) By the shape of the cells at the apical surface (F) By the shape of the cells at the apical surface and the arrangement of the nuclei

(F) By the shape of the cells at the apical surface and the arrangement of the nuclei

A muscle fiber is (A) an intercalated disc. (B) part of a striation of a muscle cell. (C) the same as a collagen fiber that is viewed by electron microscopy. D) a muscle cell.

D) a muscle cell.

Dense regular connective tissue is characterized by giving strength in all directions. True False

False

In bony tissues, chondrocytes are found in the lacunae.

False

The type of stratified squamous epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis is __________.

Keratinized

Organizing Connective Tissue Drag and drop each of the following types of connective tissue proper so that it matches with the correct classification.

Loose connective tissue: areolar, adipose, reticular. Dense connective tissue: Regular, Irregular, elastic.

__________ are the cells of the nervous system that nourish, insulate, and protect neurons.

Neuroglia

__________ fibers form an internal skeleton (stroma) for support of cells in the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.

Reticular

The primary role of transitional epithelial tissue is __________.

Stretching

Skeletal muscle is characterized by obvious striations (seen microscopically) and multinucleate cells. True or False

True

Inflamed tissue is often warm to the touch because of infiltration by neutrophils. leakage of clotting proteins. accumulation of bacterial toxins. increased blood flow to the area.

increased blood flow to the area.

What physical property do collagen fibers contribute to the connective tissue? (A) Collagen resists tension and provides structural strength. (B) Collagen resists compression and provides stiffness. (C) Collagen fibers create a mesh-like network that creates the internal structure of certain organs (spleen, lymph nodes). (D) Collagen allows for stretching and recoil of this connective tissue.

(A) Collagen resists tension and provides structural strength.

Which statement below is NOT a characteristic of epithelia? (A) Epithelia are highly vascularized. (B) Epithelia have a "free" apical region and a basal region adjacent to underlying connective tissue. (C) Epithelia is innervated; it contains nerve endings. (D) Epithelia contain many cells closely packed together with little extracellular material.

(A) Epithelia are highly vascularized.

Tissue types which are known as mucous and serous membranes are comprised of sheets of epithelial cells and (A) areolar connective tissue. (B) elastic connective tissue. (C) adipose tissue. (D) reticular connective tissue

(A) areolar connective tissue.

In which connective tissue is the matrix NOT produced by cells in that tissue? (A) blood (B) bone (C) dense irregular connective tissue (D) hyaline cartilage

(A) blood

Fibrocartilage is distinguished from other types of cartilage by the following characteristic. (A) collagen fibers predominate (B) it contains no blood vessels or nerves (C) it contains osteoclasts (D) it maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility (E) chondroblasts secrete matrix

(A) collagen fibers predominate

In connective tissues, the primary extracellular molecules responsible for resisting tension are (A) collagen fibers. (B) proteoglycans (C) intermediate filaments in fibroblasts. (D) elastin fibers.

(A) collagen fibers.

Use logic to deduce which of the following tissues is on the anterior surface of a person's eyeball. (A) epithelial (B) nervous (C) muscle (D) connective

(A) epithelial

Which one of the following basic types of tissues functions as a covering tissue for the body? (A) epithelial (B) connective (C) muscle (D) nervous

(A) epithelial

Of the following, the tissue with the greatest capacity for regeneration is (A) epithelium. (B) smooth muscle. (C) neurons. (D) skeletal muscle.

(A) epithelium.

In connective tissue, extracellular matrix is not exactly the same as ground substance, because the matrix also contains (A) fibers. (B) an epithelium. (C) cells. (D) blood.

(A) fibers.

In connective tissue proper, ground substance is manufactured and secreted by which type of cell? (A) fibroblast (B) chondroblasts (C) endothelial cell (D) osteocytes

(A) fibroblast

Cancer can arise from each of the following except (A) induced apoptosis. (B) inactivation of a tumor-suppressor gene. (C) turning on of oncogenes. (D) exposure to a carcinogen.

(A) induced apoptosis.

How would you distinguish pseudostratified columnar epithelium from all other tissues? (A) it is composed of a single layer of cells of varying heights; not all cells reach the free surface; and nuclei are at varying heights within cells (B) it is technically not a tissue, because it is "pseudostratified" (C) it is the only tissue found in both the kidney tubules and in the kidney glomeruli, so if you view a kidney section you can be sure it is pseudostratified columnar epithelium (D) it is ciliated and composed of cuboidal cells and columnar cells, with some nucleated and some anucleate cells

(A) it is composed of a single layer of cells of varying heights; not all cells reach the free surface; and nuclei are at varying heights within cells

The primary contractile tissue of the heart characterizes tissues in this category. (A) muscle (B) nervous (C) connective (D) epithelial

(A) muscle

The functions of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue include which of the following? (A) secretion and absorption (B) absorption, secretion, and ion transport (C) secretion of mucus and/or enzymes (D) diffusion, filtration, and secretion (E) protection and distension

(A) secretion and absorption

An epithelium in which the basal layer of cells is cuboidal and the apical layer has cells that are thin, flat and irregular in shaper is a ________ epithelium. (A) stratified squamous (B) stratified cuboidal (C) simple columnar (D) simple cuboidal

(A) stratified squamous

Which feature of the muscle tissue is shared with skeletal muscle tissue? (A) striations (B) branched muscle cells (C) intercalated discs join adjacent cells (D) centrally located nucleus

(A) striations

The role of tight junctions is __________. (A) to prevent molecules from passing between cells (B) intercellular communication (C) to attach actin microfilaments to bind adjacent cells (D) All of the listed response are correct.

(A) to prevent molecules from passing between cells

Which type of cell junction is also referred to as an anchoring junction? (A) Adhesion proteins (B) Desmosome (C) Gap junction (D) Tight junction

(B) Desmosome

Why is tissue repair less efficient in the elderly than in younger people? (A) Elderly people always eat too much protein, resulting in poor tissue repair. (B) The amount of collagen in the body declines. (C) Tissues divide uncontrollably, usually leading to cancer. (D) There are no stem cells remaining to allow for tissue repair.

(B) The amount of collagen in the body declines.

What is the importance of the fat in adipose tissue located around the heart, around lymph nodes, and in bone marrow (as individual fat cells)? (A) These fat deposits are for the general nutrient needs of the entire body. (B) These fat deposits serve local nutrient needs of highly active organs. (C) These fat deposits are localized areas of brown fat. (D) These areas of fat do not serve an important function around these tissues.

(B) These fat deposits serve local nutrient needs of highly active organs.

The difference between a basal lamina and a basement membrane is that (A) they lie on opposite surfaces of the epithelium. (B) a basal lamina plus a layer of reticular fibers equals a basement membrane. (C) only the basal lamina can be seen by light microscopy. (D) the basal lamina is thicker.

(B) a basal lamina plus a layer of reticular fibers equals a basement membrane.

The distinguishing characteristic between tight junctions and adherens junctions is that (A) adherens junctions involve integral membrane proteins, whereas tight junctions do not. (B) adherens junctions attach to the actin myofilaments of the cytoskeleton, whereas tight junctions do not. (C) tight junctions involve fusion of proteins on adjacent cells, whereas adherens junctions create tunnels between adjacent cells. (D) tight junctions are present near apical lateral borders, whereas adherens junctions are located near basal lateral borders.

(B) adherens junctions attach to the actin myofilaments of the cytoskeleton, whereas tight junctions do not.

A structure that secretes hormones into the blood is (A) an exocrine gland. (B) an endocrine gland. (C) a plasma cell. (D) a goblet cell.

(B) an endocrine gland.

Connective tissue proper includes which of the following tissue types? (A) fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage connective tissue (B) areolar connective tissue and reticular connective tissue (C) blood connective tissue (D) spongy bone and compact bone (E) All of the listed responses are categories of connective tissue proper.

(B) areolar connective tissue and reticular connective tissue

A type of connective tissue that is not a connective tissue proper is (A) adipose tissue. (B) cartilage. (C) dense irregular connective tissue. (D) areolar tissue.

(B) cartilage.

Which feature distinguishes cartilage from connective tissue proper? (A) collagen fibers (B) cells located within lacunae (C) gelatinous ground substance (D) amorphous matrix

(B) cells located within lacunae

Which description of smooth muscle tissue is most accurate? (A) involuntary control; branched cells; and striated cells (B) centrally located nucleus; involuntary control; and propels substances or objects (C) multinucleate; striated cells; and voluntary control (D) contains myofilaments; is a composite tissue; and contains actin and myosin

(B) centrally located nucleus; involuntary control; and propels substances or objects

Which one of the following basic types of tissues has an extracellular matrix? (A) epithelial (B) connective (C) muscle (D) nervous

(B) connective

Of the types of lining and covering membranes, the only one that is drier than the others is (A) mucous. (B) cutaneous. (C) serous. (D) parietal.

(B) cutaneous.

How do epithelial tissues receive nutrients? (A) through regeneration of cells (B) from capillaries in underlying connective tissue (C) through capillaries located in the basal regions of all epithelial tissues (D) from the nerves located within epithelial tissues

(B) from capillaries in underlying connective tissue

When cells from a cancerous tumor travel to other parts of the body, this process is called (A) transformation. (B) metastasis. (C) carcinogenesis. (D) malignancy.

(B) metastasis.

This tissue type, in addition to certain muscle tissues, is capable of generating electrical impulses. (A) muscle (B) nervous (C) connective (D) epithelial

(B) nervous

Simple squamous epithelia would not provide (A) secretion. (B) protection from abrasion. (C) diffusion. (D) filtration.

(B) protection from abrasion.

Which of the following provides the least resistance to diffusion? (A) stratified squamous epithelium (B) simple squamous epithelium (C) simple cuboidal epithelium (D) simple columnar epithelium

(B) simple squamous epithelium

A stratified epithelium that thins and flattens as the tissue stretches is a (A) stratified squamous epithelium. (B) transitional epithelium. (C) pseudostratified epithelium. (D) stratified cuboidal epithelium.

(B) transitional epithelium.

__________ are branched and interdigitate at specialized cell junctions called intercalated discs. (A) Skeletal muscle cells (B) Smooth muscle cells (C) Cardiac muscle cells (D) All epithelial cells (E) All connective tissue cells

(C) Cardiac muscle cells

Which of the following statements describing cilia is false? (A) At the base of each cilium is a centriole, called a basal body. (B) Cilia produce a propulsive thrust to create the one-way flow of fluid over an epithelial surface. (C) Cilia increase the apical surface area of an epithelial tissue to maximize transport across the surface membrane. (D) Cilia contain microtubules.

(C) Cilia increase the apical surface area of an epithelial tissue to maximize transport across the surface membrane.

In non-regenerating tissues or in extremely severe wounds, what is the main disadvantage of the scar tissue that replaces the lost tissue? (A) It forms edema that affects other organs. (B) It is very strong. (C) It is unable to perform the functions of the lost tissue. (D) It lacks flexibility and elasticity.

(C) It is unable to perform the functions of the lost tissue.

Which statement is true of serous membranes? (A) Their openings are made of stratified squamous epithelial tissue. (B) They secrete mucus. (C) They line closed cavities such as the pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities. (D) They cover small areas within the body. (E) They are dry and form the epithelia of the skin.

(C) They line closed cavities such as the pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities.

Which property of bone tissue allows it to withstand strong tension? Which property of bone tissue allows it to withstand strong tension? (A) presence of inorganic calcium salts (B) the unique characteristics of osteoblasts (C) abundance of collagen fibers (D) the abundant blood vessels

(C) abundance of collagen fibers

How are stratified epithelia named? (A) by the shape of the cells in the middle two layers of the particular epithelium (B) according to the shape of the cells in their basal layer (C) according to the shape of the cells in their apical layer (D) by whether the cells are star-shaped, transitional, or pseudostratified (E) None of the responses lists how stratified epithelia are named.

(C) according to the shape of the cells in their apical layer

It might be argued that all the defense mechanisms in areolar connective tissue act to prevent infection from reaching which other tissue type? (A) muscle (B) bone (C) blood (D) epithelium

(C) blood

A connective tissue that has a liquid matrix is (A) epithelium. (B) areolar connective tissue. (C) blood. (D) tissue fluid.

(C) blood.

Histologists consider blood to be an example of what primary tissue category? (A) muscle (B) nervous (C) connective (D) epithelial

(C) connective

Ligaments are examples of tissues in this category. (A) muscle (B) nervous (C) connective (D) epithelial

(C) connective

Tissues in this category are characterized by an extracellular matrix that holds some amount of fluid. (A) muscle (B) nervous (C) connective (D) epithelial

(C) connective

Despite their name, many types of cell junction are not very strong at joining and holding cells together. The cell junctions that best keep cells from being pulled apart are (A) tight junctions. (B) gap junctions. (C) desmosomes. (D) zonula occludens.

(C) desmosomes.

Which of the following is not associated with connective tissue? (A) areolar (B) chondrocytes (C) goblet cells (D) collagen

(C) goblet cells

Based on what you learned here and in Chapter 2 in your textbook, the increased glucose in the basement membrane would most likely result in____________. (A) more fat molecules in the basement membrane (B) more protein molecules in the basement membrane (C) more water molecules in the basement membrane (D) None of the listed responses is correct.

(C) more water molecules in the basement membrane

The major function of stratified squamous epithelium is (A) absorption. (B) diffusion. (C) protection from abrasion. (D) filtration.

(C) protection from abrasion.

The lateral surfaces of epithelial cells are characterized by _____. (A) cilia (B) microvilli (C) specialized cell junctions (D) a basal lamina

(C) specialized cell junctions

Which of the following are characteristics of epithelia in general? (A) regenerates poorly (B) lacks nerve endings (C) specialized contacts (D) large amount of space between cells

(C) specialized contacts

In diabetes mellitus, the hormone insulin is either lacking or unable to stimulate tissue cells to bring glucose into the cells from the blood. Using deductive reasoning, elevated blood glucose levels in diabetes can mean that___________. (A) as capillary (and larger blood vessel) basement membranes thicken and compromise circulation, the diabetic's risk of other vascular disease such as hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis) increases (B) while blood glucose levels are elevated, a diabetic's cells may be deprived of glucose and starving for an energy source (C) hunger centers in the brain can continue to register the need to eat, even though the serum glucose level is high (D) All of the listed responses are correct.

(D) All of the listed responses are correct.

As a result of the basement membrane thickening in retinal capillaries, one might reasonably expect______________. (A) increased ability to remove carbon dioxide from the retina (B) increased blood supply to the retina (C) increased oxygen supply to the retina (D) None of the listed responses is correct.

(D) None of the listed responses is correct. (Capillary basement membrane thickening of the retina will increase the diffusion distance of all molecules across the capillary lumen. The greater the diffusion distance, the more compromised the delivery of nutrients and the more compromised the removal of waste products.)

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the inflammatory response? (A) involves release of chemicals that cause local vasodilation (B) results in edema and delivery of chemicals needed for repair (C) occurs within connective tissue (D) attacks and eliminates specific foreign molecules

(D) attacks and eliminates specific foreign molecules

Which factor that acts to bind epithelial cells to one another is the most important? (A) adhesion proteins in the plasma membranes of adjacent cells (B) wavy contours of the membranes of adjacent cells (C) the basement membrane (D) cell junctions

(D) cell junctions

Fat is a form of ________ tissue. (A) muscle (B) nervous (C) epithelial (D) connective

(D) connective

Connective tissue that must resist forces pulling it from many different directions without stretching would most likely be (A) areolar connective tissue. (B) dense regular connective tissue. (C) reticular connective tissues. (D) dense irregular connective tissue.

(D) dense irregular connective tissue.

Cells lining the digestive tube are characteristic of this tissue category. (A) muscle (B) nervous (C) connective (D) epithelial

(D) epithelial

Which major tissue category includes tissues that function in secretion, absorption, and filtration? (A) muscle (B) nervous (C) connective (D) epithelial

(D) epithelial

Microvilli can perform all of the following functions except (A) enhance the rate of secretion. (B) enhance the rate of absorption. (C) anchoring mucus. (D) moving and propelling fluids.

(D) moving and propelling fluids.

What is the role of goblet cells in pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue of the upper respiratory tract? (A) propel mucus (B) increase surface area for absorption (C) formation of centrioles (D) secrete mucin (E) protection of underlying tissues

(D) secrete mucin

The major function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium is (A) protection. (B) filtration. (C) absorption. (D) secretion.

(D) secretion.

A pseudostratified epithelium is always (A) cuboidal. (B) ciliated. (C) stratified. (D) simple.

(D) simple.

When unstretched, transitional epithelium looks most like ________ epithelium. (A) pseudostratified columnar (B) stratified squamous (C) simple squamous (D) stratified cuboidal

(D) stratified cuboidal

Defining the Function of Connective Tissue Match each of the following connective tissue types with the correct phrase/description.

1) loose connective tissue: surrounds the human eye in order to protect and cushion it. 2) Dense connective tissue: attaches muscle to bone and has the ability to to resist tension to the ability due to thick collagen fibers. 3) Bone: has organic and inorganic substances in the extracellular matrix. 4) Blood: Fluid medium used for the transport of gases and nutrients. 5) Cartilage: ground substance is able to hold fluid and is resistant to compression.

Match each of the types of epithelial tissue at the left to the correct following functions at the right.

1) simple squamous:thin layer of cells that allows the fast diffusion of substances. 2) stratified squamous: Many layers of cells stacked on top of one another, providing a significant amount of protection of abrasion. 3) simple cuboidal: allows for rapid diffusion but also produces secretions. 4) Stratified cuboidal: produces secretions while preventing damage to the underlying layers. 5) simple columnar: cells are the most active in secretion and absorption.

Match the following:

1. adipose tissue : insulation, fuel reserve, protects organs 2. elastic connective tissue : maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids in passive recoil of lungs following inspiration 3. fibrocartilage : provides tensile strength, with the ability to absorb compressive shock 4. hyaline cartilage : located in fetal skeleton, covers ends of long bones, costal cartilage of ribs, nose, trachea, and larynx 5. dense irregular connective tissue : located in the deep dermis of the skin, fibrous capsules of organs and joints 6. dense regular connective tissue : attaches muscles to bone, attaches bone to bone; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction

Differentiating Between Epithelial Tissue and Connective Tissue Sort each of the following phrases into the appropriate bin - the two bins represent the two categories of tissues: epithelial and connective. Epithelial Tissue:

Apical surface that faces an open space, straitified columnar, can aid diffusion and protection, tightly packed cells held together by cell-to-cell adhesion molecules, can aid in absorption and secretion. Connective tissue: Dense irregular, binds and protects, stores nutrients and transports, can have large amount of collagen

The __________ of a neuron serves to propagate nerve impulses and transmits them away from the cell body.

Axon

The tissue that functions to carry O2, CO2, nutrients, and wastes is __________.

Blood

The type of cell junction that permits small sugar molecules and ions to pass from the cytoplasm of one cell to that of another is a (A) zonula occludens. (B) tight junction. (C) gap junction. (D) desmosome.

C) gap junction.

Reticular fibers are bundles of a special type of __________.

Collagen

All __________ tissues are characterized by having a great deal of space between cells, secretion of matrix, and origination from mesenchyme.

Connective

Which of the following statements is NOT a benefit of inflammatory edema? (A) It brings in oxygen and nutrients from the blood. (B) It brings antibodies from the blood to fight infection. (C) It helps dilute toxins secreted by bacteria. (D) It contributes to the sensation of pain, which is important for letting the body know something is wrong.

D) It contributes to the sensation of pain, which is important for letting the body know something is wrong.

Unlike other connective tissues, bone is not considered to be a living tissue. True False

False

The proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans of the ground substance of most connective tissues are secreted by __________.

Fibroblasts

__________ is the proliferation of a fibrous connective tissue called scar tissue.

Fibrosis

Superficial fascia refers to the fatty hypodermis below the skin, whereas deep fascia are the sheets of tissue that wrap around muscles, large blood vessels, etc. True False

True

The mesothelium comprises the superficial layer of the serous membranes of the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities. True False

True