physiology of the skeletal system

ossification

Bone formation, soft tissues becoming calcified and hardened.

osteoclasts

bone absorbing cells that break down bone, remove worn cells and deposit calcium in the blood.

Which type of bone is usually found on the external surface of bone: Spongy or compact?

compact bone

This type of fracture occurs when one end of the bone is pushed inside the other.

impacted

closed (simple) fracture

occur when the bone breaks but remains within the skin.

impacted fracture

occurs when one end of the broken bone shaft is pushed inside the other part of the bone.

greenstick fracture

occurs when the bone bends and breaks, but not all the way across. (common in children because the bone tissue is still developing and soft)

open (compound) fracture

occurs when the bone breaks, but part of the bone shaft breaks out of the skin.

epiphysis

on the ends of each long bone , there's a proximal & distal one

Which type of bone cell is responsible for removing worn bone cells?

osteoclasts

osteoarthritis (old-age arthritis)

the articular cartilage at the ends of the bones disintegrates. The two bones of the joint become rough and irregular so that it becomes painful to move the joint. (affects the joints that have received the greatest use over the years)

intramembranous ossification

the formation of flat bones from connective tissue.

Endochondral ossification

the ossification of long bones from hyaline cartilage.

compact bone

the solid outer layer of the bone

rheumatoid arthritis

the synovial membrane becomes inflamed and thickens.

lacunae

tiny chambers that are arranged in concentric circles around center canals. the center canals contain blood vessels and nerves

True or false: Intramembranous ossification is the formation of flat bones from connective tissue.

true

Name and describe the function of the contents of the Medullary cavity of bone.

-Yellow bone marrow is a fat storage tissue found mainly in long bones. -Red bone marrow is found primarily in short and flat bones, primarily to produce red blood cells.

osteoporosis

a bone tissue disease when bone tissue degenerates faster than is replaced, the bones become weak. Brittle bones cause increased pain and are more likely to fracture.

osteocytes (bone cells)

a cell that lies within the substance of fully formed bone. it occupies a small chamber called lacunae

articular cartilage

a layer within the joints, that helps cushion joints & enables them to move freely. found specifically at joint articulations

cartilage

another type of connective tissue, but the matrix is flexible

This special type of cartilage is found at joint articulations.

articular cartilage

spongy bone

contains numerous bony bars & plates separated by irregular spaces. The solid portions follow lines of stress.

osteons

cylindrical structures that contain a mineral matrix and living osteocytes connected by canaliculi, which transport blood.

The center length of a long bone is called the _______________.

diaphysis

True or false: Only children require calcium in their diet to promote the work of building bone.

false; Adults and children alike require regular calcium in the diet to promote the work of osteoblasts.

comminuted fracture

happens when a bone is broken into more than two segments.( typically repaired surgically.)

osteoblasts

repairs the destruction cause by osteoclasts. As they form new bone, osteoblasts take calcium from the blood. Eventually, some of these cells get caught in the matrix they secrete and are converted to osteocytes

Which type of bone is lighter: Spongy or compact?

spongy bone