Physiology test 3

The four types of teeth that occur in mammals are the A)incisors, molars, precanines, and canines. B)incisors, bicuspids, tricuspids, and canines. C)incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. D)incisors, canines, epimolars, and molars

incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.

The basic mechanism for short-term sensitization begins with A)decreased neurotransmitter release. B)increased presynaptic calcium. C)increased expression of CREB-1. D)increased potassium conductance.

increased presynaptic calcium

The simplest reflex arc, containing only a primary afferent and an effector neuron, is sometimes referred to as A)monosynaptic. B)bineural. C)convergent. D)voluntary.

monosynaptic

The __________ nervous system is sometimes referred to as the "rest and digest" nervous system.

parasympathetic

The space between the body wall and the GI tract of vertebrates is known as the A)gastric vestibule. B)peritoneal cavity. C)visceral mass. D)abdominal lumen.

peritoneal cavity

A two-way gut system (i.e., gastrovascular cavity) is a characteristic of A)platyhelminths. B)annelids. C)arthropods. D)molluscs.

platyhelminths

Central pattern generators do NOT control A)rhythmic behaviors. B)motor pathways. C)reflex arcs. D)locomotion.

reflex arcs

What is the role of the myenteric plexus? A)regulation of gut motility and enzyme secretion B)ion and water transport by the gut C)regeneration of the intestinal epithelium and mucus secretion D)all of the above

regulation of gut motility and enzyme secretion

Among other things, the hindbrain is responsible for A)regulation of involuntary behaviors such as breathing. B)coordination of visual and auditory information. C)regulation of eating and reproduction. D)conversion of short-term memories into long-term memories.

regulation of involuntary behaviors such as breathing.

The beak of birds is covered by a sheath of overlapping keratin scales called the A)rhamphotheca. B)rostrum. C)osculum. D)manubrium.

rhamphotheca

The three main regions of the vertebrate brain are the prosencephalon, the mesencephalon, and the __________.

rhombencephalon

_________ is a hormone secreted by the stomach that stimulates appetite. A)Gastrin B)Ghrelin C)Leptin D)Secretin

Ghrelin

_________ are most important as part of a metabolic stress response. A)Glucocorticoids B)Insulin and glucagon C)Epinephrine and norepinephrine D)Acetylcholine and nitric oxide

Glucocorticoids

In the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, the preganglionic neuron releases the neurotransmitter A)acetylcholine. B)nicotine. C)glycine. D)epinephrine.

acetylcholine

All vertebrate motor neurons release the neurotransmitter __________

acetylcholine (ACh)

The enamel of the mammalian tooth is composed of crystals of A)calcium carbonate. B)calcium fluoride. C)calcium phosphate. D)calcium chloride.

calcium phosphate

In vertebrates, substances from the blood can access the central nervous system by A)gap junctions. B)pinocytosis. C)catalyzed transport. D)all of the above

catalyzed transport.

Whales house chitinolytic bacteria in their A)esophagus B)crop C)ceca D)stomach

ceca

Which of the following generally passes through the GI tracts of animals undigested? A)glycogen B)disaccharides C)cellulose D)proteins

cellulose

__________ is the evolutionary trend that describes the concentration of nervous tissue and sense organs at one end of the body.

cephalization

Which of the following structures is NOT included in the limbic system? A)amygdala B)hypothalamus C)olfactory bulb D)cerebellum

cerebellum

The ventricles of the vertebrate brain contain A)neurons. B)glia. C)cerebrospinal fluid. D)dura mater.

cerebrospinal fluid.

Lacking a mouth and digestive system, in many ways the anatomy of this invertebrate resembles that of a gut turned inside out. A)sponge B)Hydra C)cestode D)sea urchin

cestode

During development in __________, the blastopore develops into the anus and the mouth is secondarily derived. A)molluscs B)annelids C)arthropods D)echinoderms

echinoderms

__________ neurons relay information from integrating centers such as the brain to effector organs like muscles or glands.

efferent

Of the cells lining the gastric pits of the stomach, which does NOT secrete a substance into the lumen? A)mucous neck cells B)parietal cells C)chief cells D)enteroendocrine cells

enteroendocrine cells

Relative to other major groups of vertebrates, mammals and birds both have an enlarged A)forebrain. B)midbrain. C)hindbrain. D)dorsoventricular ridge.

forebrain

The hippocampus is important for the A)formation of long-term memories. B)regulation of body temperature. C)Integration of sensory information. D)maintenance of body posture.

formation of long-term memories

NMDA and AMPA receptors both bind the neurotransmitter __________.

glutamate

In species with cortical folds, the outer regions of the folds are called __________ and the inner grooves are called __________.

gyri; sulci

The tendency to reduce the magnitude of a response following repeated stimulation is called __________.

habituation

In a newly discovered vertebrate, the area in the somatosensory cortex devoted to body part A is larger than the area devoted to body part B. This means that body part A A)is bigger than body part B. B)has more sensory neurons. C)is evolutionarily older. D)has more motor control.

has more sensory neurons.

Which structure is important for the formation of long-term memory in mammals? A)hippocampus B)hypothalamus C)cortex D)medulla oblongata

hippocampus

Homeostasis is maintained by the A)hypothalamus. B)cerebral cortex. C)hippocampus. D)limbic system

hypothalamus

Which type of lipoprotein is synthesized by the enterocytes of the small intestine? A)chylomicron B)VLDL C)LDL D)HDL

chylomicron

Although derived from three germ layers, the __________ lack coeloms. A)cnidarians B)platyhelminths C)rotifers D)nematodes

cnidarians

The interior lining of the stomach is composed of __________ epithelial cells. A)squamous B)cuboidal C)columnar D)transitional

columnar

Split-brain syndrome follows from severing the __________.

corpus callosum

The mammalian cerebral hemispheres are connected by a mass of white matter called the __________.

corpus callosum

In vertebrates, the __________ nerves exit directly from the braincase.

cranial

By which process do the fatty acids and monoglycerides of micelles cross the enterocyte cell membranes? A)active transport B)diffusion C)pinocytosis D)phagocytosis

diffusion

Which vitamin plays a major role in the absorption of dietary calcium (Ca2+)? A)vitamin A B)vitamin C C)vitamin D D)vitamin E

vitamin C

The same caloric equivalent of a gram of protein or carbohydrate is A)2 kcal. B)4 kcal. C)9 kcal. D)12 kcal.

4 kcal

How many distinct layers does the mammalian cortex have? A)6 B)4 C)3 D)2

6

Of the 20 amino acids that animals use to construct proteins, how many are essential? A)8 B)10 C)12 D)all 20

8

Which statement(s) is (are) true with respect to the giant vent worms (Riftia pachyptila)? A) These worms have a complete digestive tract. B) Nutrients are derived from a trophosome filled with chemolithotrophic bacteria. C) The worm's hemoglobin transports hydrogen sulfide and oxygen to its symbiont. D) B and C

B and C

Unlike humans, bottlenose dolphins do not suffer from the effects of sleep deprivation. Why? A) Dolphins "catnap" throughout the day, so they don't need to go into deep sleep. B) In dolphins, one half of their brain sleeps while the other half of the brain remains active. C) Sleep is required to maintain brain function in humans, but not in dolphins. D) Dolphins take turns waking each other up, so all have a chance to sleep.

In dolphins, one half of their brain sleeps while the other half of the brain remains active.

What does the midbrain do in fish and amphibians? A)It coordinates reflex responses to auditory and visual stimuli. B)It detects the presence of pheromones. C)It is responsible for maintaining body posture. D)It controls heart rate and blood pressure.

It coordinates reflex responses to auditory and visual stimuli.

Which of the following statements is true about learning? A)It refers to the retention and retrieval of stored information. B)It occurs only in vertebrates. C)It normally represents a permanent change. D)It occurs as the result of nervous system plasticity.

It occurs as the result of nervous system plasticity

The mechanism of acid secretion by the parietal cells of the stomach involves the actions of the A)enzyme pepsid anhydrase. B)K+/H+ ATPase proton pump. C)Cl-/H+ exchanger. D)all of the above

K+/H+ ATPase proton pump

How can you explain the substantial lag between a signal and response in the phylum Porifera? A) Lag occurs because sponges are asymmetrical. B) Lag occurs because sponges show no cephalization. C) Lag occurs because action potentials in cells of sponges are slow compared to action potentials in neurons. D) Lag occurs because the signal has to be very strong in order to see any response.

Lag occurs because action potentials in cells of sponges are slow compared to action potentials in neurons.

__________ is an appetite-suppressing hormone secreted by white adipose tissue. A)Gastrin B)Ghrelin C)Leptin D)Secretin

Leptin

Which of the following events is most likely to occur when blood glucose levels are high and the pancreas responds by secreting insulin? A)glycogen breakdown in the liver is stimulated B)adipose tissue uptake of glucose and its conversion to triglycerides is stimulated C)down regulation of the GLUT-4 transporter in skeletal muscle D)all of the above

adipose tissue uptake of glucose and its conversion to triglycerides is stimulated

In the vertebrate spinal cord, the dorsal horn is associated with __________ neurons, and the ventral horn is associated with __________ neurons. A)motor; sensory B)inter; sensory C)afferent; efferent D)spinal; cranial

afferent; efferent

Animals have been shown to increase the total number of SGLT-1 transporters in the gut by A)producing more transporters per unit surface area of the gut. B)increasing the surface area of the gut per unit length. C)increasing the total length of the intestine D) all of the above

all of the above

Digestive physiology is concerned with A)the sensory system employed to locate food. B)the mechanical disruption of food. C)the chemical conversion of food molecules into transportable forms. D)all of the above

all of the above

During embryonic development in vertebrates, the foregut gives rise to the A)esophagus. B)stomach. C)anterior region of the duodenum. D)all of the above

all of the above

Pancreatic proteases include which of the following? A)trypsin B)chymotrypsin C)carboxypeptidase D)all of the above

all of the above

The limbic system is associated with A)emotion. B)motivation. C)decision-making. D)all of the above

all of the above

What is the composition of bile? A)cholesterol B)phospholipids C)pigments and salts D)all of the above

all of the above

What is the function of saliva? A)initiation of enzymatic degradation B)lubrication and dissolution of ingested food C)antimicrobial cleansing of the mouth D)all of the above

all of the above

_____________ is a structure of the limbic system that is involved in emotional responses, such as fear or aggression

amygdala

In the vertebrate brain and spinal cord, white matter consists of __________ and gray matter consists of __________. A)axons and myelin; cell bodies and dendrites B)sensory neurons; motor neurons C)axons and myelin; ganglia D)the dorsal horn; the ventral horn

axons and myelin; cell bodies and dendrites

The upper GI tract of __________ is more complex than that of other vertebrates due to the presence of a crop. A)sharks B)amphibians C)reptiles D)birds

birds

The vertebrate central nervous system is physiologically separated from the rest of the nervous system by the __________.

blood-brain barrier (BBB)

The most important phagostimulants of insects are A)Sugars. B)amino acids. C)fatty acids. D)both A and B

both A and B

Treatments for excessive stomach-acid secretion target the A)K+/H+ ATPase proton pump of the parietal cells. B)H2 receptors of the parietal cells. C)neuroendocrine G cells of the stomach that release gastrin. D)both A and B

both A and B

The brains of taxi drivers in London, England, differ from the brains of other people. This can be attributed to A) brain plasticity, because brains have the ability to alter their structure and function as a result of learning and/or experience. B) the hippocampus of London taxi drivers increasing with age. C) accident of birth; the people driving taxis in London were born with a smaller hippocampus, which then increased in size over time. D) A and B

brain plasticity, because brains have the ability to alter their structure and function as a result of learning and/or experience.

In mammals, the midbrain can be grouped together with the pons and medulla oblongata, and is called the __________.

brainstem

Integrating centers typically contain large numbers of A) interneurons. B)sensory neurons. C)efferent neurons. D)motor neurons.

interneurons

The bacterium, Clostridium difficile, A) is readily treated with drugs. B) is dangerous because it causes severe digestive dysfunction. C) is outcompeted by ingesting "good" bacteria. D) A and B

is dangerous because it causes severe digestive dysfunction.

Which of the following is the standard unit of measurement that describes the energy of dietary items? A)joules B)moles C)B.T.U. D)°C

joules

The autonomic nervous system can be differentiated into three branches. Which of the following is NOT one of them? A)enteric B)sympathetic C)parasympathetic D)limbic

limbic

The hormone _______________ is secreted by the pineal gland.

melatonin

The protective layer of connective tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord is called the __________.

meninges

In most vertebrates, except the mammals, the __________ contains the regions that are involved in interpreting visual information.

midbrain

In nonmammalian vertebrates, the optic lobes are located in the A)forebrain. B)midbrain. C)hindbrain. D)spinal cord.

midbrain

This brain structure is greatly reduced in mammals relative to other vertebrates. A)cerebellum B)midbrain C)forebrain D)isocortex

midbrain

Moving from the lumen outward, which of the following describes the correct order of the layers comprising the intestinal wall? A)mucosa, submucosa, circular smooth muscle, longitudinal smooth muscle B)circular smooth muscle, longitudinal smooth muscle, mucosa, submucosa C)circular smooth muscle, mucosa, submucosa, longitudinal smooth muscle D)submucosa, mucosa, circular smooth muscle, longitudinal smooth muscle

mucosa, submucosa, circular smooth muscle, longitudinal smooth muscle

The axons of afferent and efferent neurons are usually organized into structures called A)nuclei. B)ganglia. C)nerves. D)tracts.

nerves

What receptors do the neurosecretory chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla express? A)adrenergic B)muscarinic cholinergic C)nicotinic cholinergic D)glutamatergic

nicotinic cholinergic

Which one of the following enzymes is incorrectly paired with its substrate? A)lipase : triglycerides B)trypsin : proteins C)amylase : polysaccharides D)nuclease : oligosaccharides

nuclease : oligosaccharides

In the mammalian brain, the __________ lobe is involved with visual processing. A)frontal B)parietal C)occipital D)temporal

occipital

An increase in a response following exposure to a strong or noxious stimulus is called __________.

sensitization

The only organ controlled by efferent motor neurons is __________.

skeletal muscle

Invertebrates possess a A)solid ventral nerve cord. B)hollow ventral nerve cord. C)solid dorsal nerve cord. D)hollow dorsal nerve cord.

solid ventral nerve cord.

The efferent branch of the peripheral nervous system is composed of the __________ and __________ divisions. A)somatic motor; autonomic B)visceral; emotional C)sympathetic; parasympathetic D)autonomic; involuntary

somatic motor; autonomic

Which animal is incorrectly matched with the anatomical feature associated with feeding? A)sponge : choanocytes B)Hydra : tentacles C)snail : radula D)spider : proboscis

spider : proboscis

The locomotor pattern generator is located in the A)spinal cord. B)brainstem. C)autonomic nervous system. D)peripheral nervous system

spinal cord

The following structures of the mammalian nervous system, from posterior to anterior, are laid out in the following order: A)spinal cord, medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum. B)spinal cord, pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata. C)medulla oblongata, spinal cord, cerebellum, pons. D)pons, cerebellum, spinal cord, medulla oblongata.

spinal cord, medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum.

The __________ layer of the intestinal wall is primarily composed of connective tissue. A)mucosa B)submucosa C)circular smooth muscle D)longitudinal smooth muscle

submucosa

The __________ nervous system is sometimes referred to as the "fight or flight" nervous system. A) autonomic B) somatic C) parasympathetic D) sympathetic

sympathetic

Hearing a loud and unexpected noise in the night activates the A)sympathetic nervous system. B)parasympathetic nervous system. C)somatic nervous system. D)enteric nervous system.

sympathetic nervous system

The __________ nervous system is most active during periods of stress or physical activity, while the __________ nervous system is most active during periods of rest. A)sympathetic; parasympathetic B)parasympathetic; sympathetic C)voluntary; involuntary D)parasympathetic; enteric

sympathetic; parasympathetic

The __________ is essentially a relay station that filters sensory information and forwards it to the cortex.

thalamus

The root cause of beriberi is A)vitamin C deficiency. B)thiamine deficiency. C)niacin deficiency. D)vitamin D deficiency.

thiamine deficiency

Most sympathetic pathways originate in the __________ regions of the CNS. A)thoracic and lumbar B)hindbrain and sacral C)cranial D)postganglionic

thoracic and lumbar

The somatosensory cortex and primary motor cortex are organized __________. That is, each part of the cortex corresponds to the specific part of the body that it governs.

topographically

Hyperphagy A) is an important adaptation for survival in all animals, including humans. B) is common in large mammals, but rare in small mammals and birds. C) translates into fat deposition, which is important for migration, reproduction, and dormancy. D) A and C

translates into fat deposition, which is important for migration, reproduction, and dormancy

Which one of the following vitamins is fat soluble, can be stored, and has the potential to be toxic? A)vitamin A B)niacin (B3) C)riboflavin (B2) D)vitamin C

vitamin A