physiology unit one quizzes
Arrange the following events in protein secretion in the proper sequence. 1. The polypeptide chain enters the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. 2. A secretory vesicle is formed. 3. A transport vesicle is formed. 4. The polypeptide chain enters the lumen of the Golgi complex. Select one: a.1, 2, 3, 4 b.1, 3, 2, 4 c.1, 3, 4, 2 d.4, 3, 1, 2 e.3, 1, 4, 2
1, 3, 4 ,2
The following is a list of several levels of organization that make up the human body. 1. tissue 2. cell 3. organ 4. molecule 5. organism 6. organ system The correct order from the smallest to the largest is
2, 4, 1, 3, 6, 5
The thickest protein fibers from the following group are Select one: a.microtubules. b.neurofilaments. c.microfilaments. d.myosin molecules. e.keratin filaments.
A
A reversible reaction is one where Select one: a.there are large changes in the net free energy from substrate to product. b.there are small changes in the net free energy from substrate to product. c.there is no change in the net free energy from substrate to product. d.a reaction between products is unlikely due to the high activation energy.
A
Cyclic AMP activates Select one: a.a G protein. b.adenylyl cyclase. c.protein hormones. d.protein kinase A. e.hormone receptors.
D
Enzymes increase reaction rate by Select one: a.lowering the activation energy of a reaction. b.increasing the free energy in the products. c.raising the activation energy of a reaction. d.converting an endergonic reaction to an exergonic reaction.
A
Every substance that enters or leaves the internal environment of the body must cross an epithelium. Select one: a.True b.False
A
Following post-translational modification, any misfolded protein will be destroyed by Select one: a.ubiquitin. b.chaperones. c.methylation. d.ribonucleases.
A
Peroxisomes Select one: a.use an enzyme to destroy H2O2 that is toxic to the cell. b.are a type of lysosome. c.are responsible for the atrophy of unused muscles. d.are sites for synthesis of fatty acids, steroids, and phospholipids. e.All of the answers accurately describe peroxisomes.
A
The cell membrane acts as a good Select one: a.electrical insulator. b.electrical conductor. c.electrical gradient. d.source of ions.
A
When a chemical reaction is in equilibrium, Select one: a.there is no net change in the amount of substrates or products. b.the reaction is proceeding at its maximum rate. c.the reaction has stopped. d.there are equivalent amounts of substrates and products
A
Which of the following consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes? Select one: a.rough endoplasmic reticulum b.smooth endoplasmic reticulum c.mitochondria d.nucleoli e.Golgi apparatus
A
Which of the following is a way for solutes in an aqueous solution to move from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration? Select one: a.only facilitated diffusion b.only osmosis c.only active transport d.both facilitated diffusion and osmosis e.None of the answers are correct.
A
Which of the following is an example of a membranous organelle? Select one: a.lysosome b.cilia c.centriole d.ribosome e.cytoskeleton
A
Which proteins assist in the movement of vesicles along microtubules? Select one: a.kinesins b.mitochondria c.rough endoplasmic reticulum d.ribosomes e.Golgi complex
A
A molecule positioned on the high-concentration side of a concentration gradient stores ________ energy. Select one: a.chemical b.potential c.kinetic
B
A molecule that loses electrons during a reaction is Select one: a.reduced. b.oxidized. c.dehydrated. d.hydrated.
B
All of the triplet codes needed to produce exactly one functional piece of RNA are found in one Select one: a.chromosome. b.gene. c.codon. d.anticodon. e.None of the answers are correct.
B
Centrioles Select one: a.function as pipelines to move fluid through the cell. b.direct the movement of DNA during cell division. c.hold the cell's ribosomes in place. d.are white blood cells out of vessels. e.provide shape and stability to a cell.
B
Compared to the outside surface, the inside of a resting cell membrane is Select one: a.positively charged. b.negatively charged. c.electrically neutral. d.continuously reversing its electrical charge. e.positively charged whenever the sodium-potassium pump is active.
B
In the absence of a signal sequence, a newly synthesized protein localizes to the Select one: a.mitochondria. b.cytoplasm. c.peroxisome. d.nucleus. e.plasma membrane.
B
In the aerobic metabolism of glucose, ________ acts as the final electron acceptor. Select one: a.water b.oxygen c.carbon dioxide d.lactate e.ATP
B
Oxytocin is a hormone that is released in response to cervical dilation. It in turn causes more uterine contractions that will further dilate the cervix. Which type of feedback loop does oxytocin trigger? Select one: a.negative feedback b.positive feedback c.local control d.nociceptive feedback
B
Substances that readily dissolve in water and do not readily dissolve in lipids are Select one: a.hydrophobic and lipophobic. b.hydrophilic and lipophobic. c.hydrophobic and lipophilic. d.hydrophilic and lipophilic.
B
The most significant difference between a paracrine and an autocrine is Select one: a.the cell that releases it. b.the cell that responds to it. c.the method of transport. d.the route of transport. e.There are no differences—they are the same.
B
The proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are then sent to the Select one: a.smooth endoplasmic reticulum for storage. b.Golgi complex for packaging. c.lysosome for modification. d.cell membrane for secretion. e.nucleus for cellular use.
B
The resting membrane potential in a typical nerve cell is approximately Select one: a.+70 mV. b.-70 mV. c.+35 mV. d.-35 mV. e.0 mV.
B
The term meaning "programmed cell death" is Select one: a.necrosis. b.apoptosis. c.oncogenesis. d.diuresis. e.cytocide.
B
Why do some normal cells fail to respond to a chemical signal? Select one: a.Chemical signals are only delivered to specific cells. b.Some cells lack the necessary receptors. c.Some cells are completely without receptors. d.Some cells are completely without ligands. e.Signal chemicals often break down before reaching a distant target.
B
________ is a protective layer made up of mostly membrane carbohydrates. Select one: a.Epidermis b.Glycocalyx c.Connective tissue d.Focal Adhesion e.Cadherin
B
________ proteins extend all the way across the cell membrane. Select one: a.Nuclear b.Transmembrane c.Cytoskeletal d.Peripheral e.Glycolipid
B
Facilitated diffusion and active transport differ in that Select one: a.facilitated diffusion uses cell membrane proteins to move substances, whereas active transport does not. b.facilitated diffusion uses a substrate to bind to a protein carrier, whereas active transport does not. c.ATP is necessary for active transport, but not for facilitated diffusion. d.facilitated diffusion moves water across the cell membrane, whereas active transport does not. e.potential energy is required for active transport but not for facilitated diffusion.
C
For each NADH molecule that moves through the electron transport system, what is the potential yield of ATP molecules? Select one: a.1 b.2 c.2.5 d.3.5 e.4
C
Homeostasis is the ability of the body to Select one: a.prevent the external environment from changing. b.prevent the internal environment from changing. c.quickly restore changed conditions to normal. d.ignore external stimuli to remain in a state of rest. e.prevent excessive blood loss.
C
If a cell lacked lysosomes, it would not be able to Select one: a. synthesize lipids. b. produce enzymes. c. digest cellular wastes and bacteria. d. destroy H2O2. e .transport water-soluble molecules.
C
Information stored in the nucleus is translated into Select one: a.carbohydrates. b.lipids. c.proteins. d.phospholipids. e.None of the answers are correct.
C
The means by which a cell transports large molecules out of the cell is called Select one: a.phagocytosis. b.endocytosis. c.exocytosis. d.diffusion. e.active transport.
C
The reactions of glycolysis occur in the cell's ________; the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in the ________. Select one: a.cytoplasm, cytoplasm b.mitochondria, mitochondria c.cytoplasm, mitochondria d.mitochondria, cytoplasm
C
Which of the following is NOT a molecule synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)? Select one: a.fatty acids b.steroids c.proteins d.lipids e.All are synthesized in the SER.
C
Which of the following is NOT involved in creating the resting potential of a neuron? Select one: a.diffusion of potassium ions out of the cell b.diffusion of sodium ions into the cell c.resting membrane permeability for sodium ions greater than potassium ions d.resting membrane permeability for potassium ions greater than sodium ions
C
Which of the following statements about the resting membrane potential is TRUE? Select one: a.It is normally equal to zero volts. b.The inside of the membrane is positively charged compared to the outside. c.It results, in part, from the concentration gradients for Na+ and K+. d.It is due in part to the presence of extracellular proteins.
C
Which property of diffusion best helps explain the necessity of the circulatory system in multicellular organisms? Select one: a.Molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. b.Diffusion can take place in an open system or across a partition that separates two systems. c.Diffusion is rapid over short distances but much slower over long distances. d.Diffusion rate is inversely related to molecule size.
C
Which substance is responsible for activating the digestive enzymes inside lysosomes? Select one: a.air b.water c.acid d.enzymes e.base
C
Cell membranes are said to be ________ because they allow some substances to pass but not others. Select one: a.hydrophilic b.a physical barrier c.structural d.selectively permeable e.metabolically active
D
Gated channels for sodium ions may include Select one: a.mechanical gates, which respond to pressure. b.chemical gates, which respond to ligands. c.voltage gates, which respond to electrical signals. d.All of the answers are correct. e.None of the answers are correct.
D
Lipophilic hormones Select one: a.bind to receptors on the surface of the cell. b.function by way of a second messenger system. c.cannot diffuse through the cell membrane. d.bind to receptors inside the cytoplasm or nucleus. e.function by activating cAMP.
D
Neurotransmitters and neurohormones both Select one: a.are released by neurons. b.affect only cells with a specific receptor. c.travel in the blood to their target cell. d.are released by neurons and affect only cells with specific receptors. e.are produced by all cells.
D
The addition of a phosphate group to a substrate is called ________. The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is referred to as a ________. Select one: a.proteolysis, phosphatase b.phosphorylation, phosphatase c.proteolysis, kinase d.phosphorylation, kinase
D
The type of protein found in gap junctions is the Select one: a.claudin. b.occludin. c.cadherin. d.connexin. e.integrin.
D
Which of the following would increase the rate of diffusion across a cell membrane? Select one: a.a decrease in the surface area of the membrane b.a decrease in the concentration gradient c.a decrease in membrane permeability d.a decrease in membrane thickness
D
________ proteins attach loosely to other membrane proteins or polar regions of phospholipids. Select one: a.Nuclear b.Transmembrane c.Cytoskeletal d.Peripheral e.Glycolipid
D
An enzyme that transfers phosphates from ATP to a substrate molecule is a Select one: a.hydrolase. b.lipase. c.transferase. d.ligase. e.kinase.
E
Diacylglycerol is produced from Select one: a.cyclic AMP. b.phospholipase C. c.a G protein. d.protein kinase A. e.phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate.
E
Intermediate filaments Select one: a.provide the cell with strength. b.stabilize the position of organelles. c.transport materials within the cytoplasm. d.form the neurofilaments in nerve cells. e.All of the answers are correct.
E
Microtubules Select one: a.are composed of tubulin. b.are hollow, filamentous structures. c.form cilia that aid in cell movement. d.are the largest cytoplasmic fibers. e.All of the answers are correct.
E
Passive transport refers to a process that requires Select one: a.no energy at all. b.no cellular energy. c.no pressure gradient. d.no concentration gradient. e.no electrical gradient.
E
Phosphate groups may be transferred from one molecule to another during Select one: a.hydrolysis reactions only. b.addition reactions only. c.dehydration reactions only. d.exchange reactions only. e.addition and exchange reactions.
E
Which body fluid compartment contains higher levels of Na+, Cl-, and HCO3-? Select one: a.plasma only b.interstitial fluid only c.intracellular fluid only d.both plasma and intracellular fluid e.both plasma and interstitial fluid
E
Which of the following molecules can move across the phospholipid bilayer by simple diffusion? Select one: a.lipids b.steroids c.water d.lipids and water e.All of the answers are correct.
E