Piaget's cognitive-Development Theory

Why does Vygostsky believe that Culture is important?

Development is related to how children participate in cultural activities

What is the importance of Dramatic Play?

Facilitates Symbol Use and helps kids internalize social norms

What are two major challenges of Piagets theory?

His Account of Cognitive change and stages of development

What is the Short Term Memory Store

Holds Limited amount of information that is worked on the facilitate memory and problem solving

What is the A-Not-B-Error?

If the baby reaches several times for an object at one hiding place (A), then see it moved to another (B), they still search for it in the first hiding place (A).

What does Piaget believe to influnce the speed at which children move through stages?

Individual differences in gentic and enviornmental factors

What is the Core Knowledge Perspective?

Infants begin life with innate, special-purpose knowledge systems referred to as core domains of thought. Each of these "prewired" understandings permits a ready grasp of new, related information & therefore supports early, rapid development of certain aspects of cognition

What is disequilibrium?

It occurs during a time of rapid change where children shift from assimilation to accommodation

What happens in accomodations?

New schemes are created or old ones are adjusted after noticing that out current way of thinkin does not capture the enviornement completly.

What happens during assimilation?

Our current schemes are used to interpret the external world.

What are the types of knowledge associated with the core Knowledge perspective?

Physical numerical

Constructive approach

Piaget's theory that children develop or construct viturally all knowledge about their world through their own activity.

What is the Sensory Register?

Represents Sights and Sounds and Stores them Briefly

What is Cutlure?

Shared beliefes values and knowledes Customes, socialization practive and symbols Social settings, physical settings, objects, influenced by history

What are schemes?

Specific psychological structures that are organized ways of making sense of experience and change with age.

Why does infintile amnesia happen?

Because memory processing in non verbal

What are the three factors that contribute to conitive change?

Brain Devlopment Practive with schemes and Formation of central concept stuctures

As sustained attention increases

Children become better at focusing on only aspects that help them accomplish their goals

What kind of changes does the theory theory suggest?

Stagelike

What is The Zone of Promiman Development?

The differnce between Actual Development and Potential Development

What is cognitive equalibrium?

a period when children are not chaning much and they assimilate more than they accomodate

What is organization?

a process that occurs internally, apart from direct contact with the envionrment, that can change schemes. The linking of schemes with other schemes to create a strongly interconneced cognitive system

what is a gist?

a vauge fuzzy version of interaction which perserves essetial meaning without details

What is Scaffolding?

adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance Tailoring instruction to specific problems

What is the Theory Theory?

after children observe an event, they draw on innate concepts to explain, or theorize about, its cause; then they test their naive theory against experience, revising it when it cannot adequately account for new information

What does cognition include?

all mental activity--attending, remembering, symbolyzing, catergorizing, planning, reasoning, problem solving, creating, and fantasizing.

What is Case's Neo-Piagetian Theory?

as children become more efficient processors, the amount of information they can hold & combine in working memory expands, making movement to a higher stage possible

Effective strategy use

by the mid-elementary school years, children use strategies consistently, & performance improves

what are concepts?

categories in which similar objects or events are grouped together.

What is adaptation?

it involves building schemes through direct interaction with the envionrment

Improvemtny in recall is associated with

language development

What is Infintile Amnesia?

loss of memory for events that occurred before the age of 3

What does Piaget's theory focus on?

mechanisms of cognitive change - biological, psychological, & environmental factors

What happens each time equilbration occurs?

more effective schemes are produced.

individuals who are skilled at inhibition can

prevent the mind from straying to alternative attractive thoughts & can keep stimuli unrelated to a current goal from capturing their attention

What is Theory of mind?

psychological knowledge of self & others that forms rapidly during the first few years;

what is Production deficiency?

reschoolers rarely engage in attentional strategies. In other words, they usually fail to produce strategies where they could be helpful

Piaget's 4 stages

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

What is Guided participation?

shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants, without specifying the type of communication

Utilization deficiency

slightly later, children execute strategies consistently, but their performance either does not improve or improves less than that of older children

What is inhibition?

the ability to control internal & external distracting stimuli

What is numerical Knowledge?

the capacity to keep track of multiple objects & to add & subtract small quantities

Cognition

the inner processes and products of the mind that lead to "knowing".

What is Piaget's most complex stage of development?

the sensorimotor stage

What is Phyical Knowledge?

understanding of objects & their effects on one another

What is the difference between the core knowledge persepective and Vygotsky's social theory?

views children as building more adequate structures largely through their own activity; pays little attention to learning in interaction with others (Vygotsky)

Control deficiency?

young elementary school children sometimes produce strategies, but not consistently. They have difficulty controlling, or executing strategies effectively.

What is Reciprocal teaching ?

• Group consist of teacher and 2-4 students • Take turns leading a dialogue on the content of a text passage • Consists of 4 cognitive strategies o Questioning o Summarizing o Clarifying o Prediction

What are the Limitations of Dramatic Play?

• No account for the importance of biology in cognitive development • Too ethnocentric (evaluating other people and cultures according to the standards of ones own

What are the important characteristics of Piaget's stage sequence?

1. They Provide a GENERAL theory of development. 2. The Stages are INVATIANT. 3. The Stages are UNIVERSAL

What is an example of accomodations?

A preschooler calling a camel a "lumpy horse"

What is an example of assimulation?

A preschooler calling a camel a horse

According to piaget, What two processes account for sensorimotor to representational schemes?

Adaptation and organization

What Does it mean to have a General Theory of development?

All aspects of cognition change in an integrated fashion, following a similar course.

What is working memory?

The number of items that can BREIFLY be held in the mind

What is object permanence?

The understanding that objects continue to exist when they are out of sight.

fuzzy trace theory

Theory that when we first encode info--we reconstruct it automatically, creating a gist

What is the Central Execuitive?

Thinking about Thinking; Coordinates incoming information, conscious part of te mind.

The Development of Cognition According to Piaget.

Using perceputal and motor activities psychological are built

What are examples of findings that led researchers to challenge Piaget's theory?

What child does to equilibrate is unclear child's efforts to assimilate, accommodate & reorganize structures cannot adequately explain patterns of change overemphasis on child's initiative - too narrow a notion of how learning takes place

What are Naive Theories?

explanations of events that differ among core domains