Pituitary Disorder NCLEX Questions

The nurse is caring for a patient who is receiving desmopressin acetate (DDAVP). Which assessments are important while caring for this patient? a. Blood pressure and serum potassium b. Heart rate and serum calcium c. Lung sounds and serum magnesium d. Urine output and serum sodium

D

The charge nurse is making client assignments for the medical-surgical unit. Which client will be best to assign to an RN who has floated from the pediatric unit? a) Client in Addisonian crisis who is receiving IV hydrocortisone b) Client admitted with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secondary to lung cancer c) Client being discharged after a unilateral adrenalectomy to remove an adrenal tumor d) Client with Cushing's syndrome who has elevated blood glucose and requires frequent administration of insulin

D An RN who works with pediatric clients would be familiar with glucose monitoring and insulin administration. A client in Addisonian crisis would best be monitored by an RN from the medical-surgical floor. Although the float RN could complete the admission history, the client with SIADH secondary to lung cancer might require teaching and orientation to the unit that a nurse more familiar with that area would be better able to provide. Discharge teaching specific to adrenalectomy should be provided by the RN who is regularly assigned to the medical-surgical floor and is more familiar with taking care of postoperative adult clients with endocrine disorders.

How does the drug desmopressin (DDAVP) decrease urine output in a client with diabetes insipidus (DI)? a) Blocks reabsorption of sodium b) Increases blood pressure c) Increases cardiac output d) Works as an antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the kidneys

D Desmopressin is a synthetic form of ADH that binds to kidney receptors and enhances reabsorption of water, thus reducing urine output. Desmopressin does not have any effect on sodium reabsorption. It may cause a slight increase or a transient decrease in blood pressure, but this does not affect urine output. Desmopressin does not increase cardiac output.

A nurse cares for a client after a pituitary gland stimulation test using insulin. The client's post-stimulation laboratory results indicate elevated levels of growth hormone (GH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). How should the nurse interpret these results? a. Pituitary hypofunction b. Pituitary hyperfunction c. Pituitary-induced diabetes mellitus d. Normal pituitary response to insulin

D Some tests for pituitary function involve administering agents that are known to stimulate the secretion of specific pituitary hormones and then measuring the response. Such tests are termed stimulation tests. The stimulation test for GH or ACTH assessment involves injecting the client with regular insulin (0.05 to 1 unit/kg of body weight) and checking circulating levels of GH and ACTH. The presence of insulin in clients with normal pituitary function causes increased release of GH and ACTH.

The nurse is reviewing the laboratory test results for a client admitted with a possible pituitary disorder. Which information has the most immediate implication for the client's care? A. Blood glucose 125 mg/dL B. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 40 mg/dL C. Serum potassium 5.2 mEq/L D. Serum sodium 110 mEq/L

D The normal range for serum sodium is 135 to 145 mEq/L; a result of 110 mEq/L is considered hyponatremia and is extremely dangerous. The client is at risk for increased intracranial pressure, seizures, and death. The RN must act rapidly because this situation requires immediate intervention. The normal range for fasting blood glucose is 60 to 110 mg/dL; 125 mg/dL is high, but is not considered dangerous. The normal range for BUN is 7 to 20 mg/dL; 40 mg/dL is high. An elevated BUN can be an indication of kidney failure, dehydration, fever, increased protein intake, and shock, so the client should have a creatinine drawn for a more complete picture of kidney function. The normal range for serum potassium is 3.5 to 5.2 mEq/L; 5.2 mEq/L is high normal.

A patient has developed DI after a head injury. Which medication should the nurse anticipate to be prescribed for the management of DI? A. Corticotrophin (Acthar) B. Octreotide (Sandostatin) C. Somatropin (Genotropin) D. Desmopressin (DDAVP)

D Vasopressin (Pitressin) and desmopressin (DDAVP) are used to prevent or control polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyuria, and dehydration in patients with DI caused by a deficiency of endogenous antidiuretic hormone.

A client has a serum calcium level of 7.2 mg/dl. During the physical examination, the nurse expects to assess: 1. Trousseau's sign. 2. Homans' sign. 3. Hegar's sign. 4. Goodell's sign.

1

The nurse is admitting a client diagnosed with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Which clinical manifestations should be reported to the health-care provider? 1. Serum sodium of 112 mEq/L and a headache. 2. Serum potassium of 5.0 mEq/L and a heightened awareness. 3. Serum calcium of 10 mg/dL and tented tissue turgor. 4. Serum magnesium of 1.2 mg/dL and large urinary output.

1

The nurse is providing care to a patient following a non-accidental traumatic brain injury. The patient has developed diabetes insipidus due to the injury. What medication is most often used in the management of diabetes insipidus? 1. desmopressin (DDAVP) 2. corticotrophin (Acthar) 3. octreotide (Sandostatin) 4. somatropin (Humatrope)

1

What would the nurse assess when monitoring for the therapeutic effectiveness of vasopressin? 1. Fluid balance 2. Patient's pain scale 3. serum albumin levels 4. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels

1

Which laboratory value should be monitored by the nurse for the client diagnosed with diabetes insipidus? 1. Serum sodium. 2. Serum calcium 3. Urine glucose. 4. Urine white blood cells.

1

The nurse is admitting a client diagnosed with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Which clinical manifestations should be reported to the healthcare provider? 1. Serum sodium of 112 mEq/L and a headache. 2. Serum potassium of 5.0 mEq/L and a heightened awareness. 3. Serum calcium of 10 mg/dL and tented tissue turgor. 4. Serum magnesium of 1.2 mg/dL and large urinary output.

1 A serum sodium level of 112 mEq/L is dangerously low, and the client is at risk for seizures. A headache is a symptom of a low sodium level.`

When caring for a client with diabetes insipidus, the nurse expects to administer: 1. vasopressin (Pitressin Synthetic). 2. furosemide (Lasix). 3. regular insulin. 4. 10% dextrose.

1 Because diabetes insipidus results from decreased antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) production, the nurse should expect to administer synthetic vasopressin for hormone replacement therapy. Furosemide, a diuretic, is contraindicated because a client with diabetes insipidus experiences polyuria. Insulin and dextrose are used to treat diabetes mellitus and its complications, not diabetes insipidus.

The client diagnosed with a pituitary tumor developed syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Which interventions should the nurse implement? 1. Assess for dehydration and monitor blood glucose levels. 2. Assess for nausea and vomiting and weigh daily. 3. Monitor potassium levels and encourage fluid intake. 4. Administer vasopressin IV and conduct a fluid deprivation test.

2

The nurse is admitting a client to the neurological intensive care unit who is postoperative transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. Which data warrant immediate intervention? 1. The client is alert to name but is unable to tell the nurse the location. 2. The client has an output of 2,500 mL since surgery and an intake of 1,000 mL. 3. The client's vital signs are T 97.6°F, P 88, R 20, and BP 130/80. 4. The client has a 3-cm amount of dark-red drainage on the turban dressing.

2

The nurse would question an order for somatrem (Protropin) in a patient with which condition? 1. Dwarfism 2. Acromegaly 3. Growth failure 4. Hypopituitarism

2

Which endocrine disorder should the nurse assess for in the client who has a closed head injury with increased intracranial pressure? 1. Pheochromocytoma. 2. Diabetes insipidus. 3. Hashimoto's thyroiditis. 4. Gynecomastia.

2

Which of the following would indicate that a client has developed water intoxication secondary to treatment for diabetes insipidus? 1. Confusion and seizures 2. Sunken eyeballs and spasticity 3. Flaccidity and thirst 4. Tetany and increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels

1 Classic signs of water intoxication include confusion and seizures, both of which are caused by cerebral edema. Weight gain will also occur. Sunken eyeballs, thirst, and increased BUN levels indicate fluid volume deficit. Spasticity, flaccidity, and tetany are unrelated to water intoxication.

Which outcome indicates that treatment of a client with diabetes insipidus has been effective? 1. Fluid intake is less than 2,500 ml/day. 2. Urine output measures more than 200 ml/hr. 3. Blood pressure is 90/50 mm Hg. 4. Heart rate is 126 beats/min.

1 Diabetes insipidus is characterized by polyuria (up to 8 L/day), constant thirst, and an unusually high oral intake of fluids. Treatment with the appropriate drug should decrease both oral fluid intake and urine output. A urine output of 200 ml/hr indicates continuing polyuria. A blood pressure of 90/50 mm Hg and a heart rate of 126 beats/min indicate compensation for the continued fluid deficit, suggesting that treatment hasn't been effective.

A client is diagnosed with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). The nurse should anticipate which laboratory test result? 1. Decreased serum sodium level 2. Decreased serum creatinine level 3. Increased hematocrit 4. Increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level

1 In SIADH, the posterior pituitary gland produces excess antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin), which decreases water excretion by the kidneys. This, in turn, reduces the serum sodium level, causing hyponatremia. In SIADH, the serum creatinine level isn't affected by the client's fluid status and remains within normal limits. Typically, the hematocrit and BUN level decrease.

A client is diagnosed with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). The nurse informs the client that the physician will prescribe diuretic therapy and restrict fluid and sodium intake to treat the disorder. If the client does not comply with the recommended treatment, which complication may arise? 1. Cerebral edema 2. Hypovolemic shock 3. Severe hyperkalemia 4. Tetany

1 Noncompliance with treatment for SIADH may lead to water intoxication from fluid retention caused by excessive antidiuretic hormone. This, in turn, limits water excretion and increases the risk for cerebral edema. Hypovolemic shock results from, severe deficient fluid volume; in contrast, SIADH causes excess fluid volume. The major electrolyte disturbance in SIADH is dilutional hyponatremia, not hyperkalemia. Because SIADH doesn't alter renal function, potassium excretion remains normal; therefore, severe hyperkalemia doesn't occur. Tetany results from hypocalcemia, an electrolyte disturbance not associated with SIADH.

The client is diagnosed with diabetes insipidus. Which laboratory value should bemonitored by the nurse? 1. Serum sodium. 2. Serum calcium 3. Urine glucose. 4. Urine white blood cells.

1 The client will have an elevated sodium level as a result of low circulating blood volume. The fluid is being lost through the urine. Diabetes means "to pass through" inGreek, indicating polyuria, a symptom shared with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes insipidus is a totally separate disease process.

When teaching a patient regarding desmopressin (DDAVP), the nurse will inform the patient to monitor for which potential side effects? 1. Headache 2. Weight gain 3. Nasal irritation 4. Hyperglycemia 5. Hypotension

123

The nurse is planning the care of a client diagnosed with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Which interventions should be implemented? Select all that apply. 1. Restrict fluids per health-care provider order. 2. Assess level of consciousness every two (2) hours. 3. Provide an atmosphere of stimulation. 4. Monitor urine and serum osmolality. 5. Weigh the client every three (3) days.

124

The nurse is planning the care of a client diagnosed with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Which interventions should be implemented? Select all that apply. 1. Restrict fluids per health-care provider order. 2. Assess level of consciousness every two (2) hours. 3. Provide atmosphere of stimulation. 4. Monitor urine and serum osmolality. 5. Weigh the client every three (3) days.

124 Fluids are restricted to 500-600 mL per 24hours. Orientation to person, place, and times should be assessed every two (2) hours or more often. A safe environment, not a stimulating one, is provided. Urine and serum osmolality are monitored to determine fluid volume status. The client should be weighed daily.

The nurse is performing an admission assessment on a client diagnosed with diabetes insipidus. Which findings should the nurse expect to note during the assessment? (SATA) 1. Extreme polyuria 2. Excessive thirst 3. Elevated systolic blood pressure 4. Low urine specific gravity 5. Bradycardia 6. Elevated serum potassium level

124 Signs and symptoms of diabetes insipidus include an abrupt onset of extreme polyuria, excessive thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes, tachycardia, and hypotension. Diagnostic studies reveal low urine specific gravity and osmolarity and elevated serum sodium. Serum potassium levels are likely to be decreased, not increased.

A client who suffered a brain injury after falling off a ladder has recently developed syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). What findings indicate that the treatment he's receiving for SIADH is effective? (SATA) 1. Decrease in body weight 2. Rise in blood pressure and drop in heart rate 3. Absence of wheezes in the lungs 4. Increase in urine output 5. Decrease in urine osmolarity

145 SIADH is an abnormality involving an abundance of diuretic hormone. The predominant feature is water retention with oliguria, edema, and weight gain. Successful treatment should result in weight reduction, increased urine output, and a decrease in the urine concentration (urine osmolarity).

A client whose physical findings suggest a hyperpituitary condition undergoes an extensive diagnostic workup. Test results reveal a pituitary tumor, which necessitates a transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. The evening before the surgery, the nurse reviews preoperative and postoperative instructions given to the client earlier. Which postoperative instruction should the nurse emphasize? 1. "You must lie flat for 24 hours after surgery." 2. "You must avoid coughing, sneezing, and blowing your nose." 3. "You must restrict your fluid intake." 4. "You must report ringing in your ears immediately."

2 After a transsphenoidal hypophysectomy, the client must refrain from coughing, sneezing, and blowing the nose for several days to avoid disturbing the surgical graft used to close the wound. The head of the bed must be elevated, not kept flat, to prevent tension or pressure on the suture line. Within 24 hours after a hypophysectomy, transient diabetes insipidus commonly occurs; this calls for increased, not restricted, fluid intake. Visual, not auditory, changes are a potential complication of hypophysectomy.

When caring for a client who is having clear drainage from his nares after transsphenoidal hypophysectomy, which action by the nurse is appropriate? 1. Lower the head of the bed. 2. Test the drainage for glucose. 3. Obtain a culture of the drainage. 4. Continue to observe the drainage.

2 After hypophysectomy, the client should be monitored for rhinorrhea, which could indicate a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. If this occurs, the drainage should be collected and tested for glucose, indicating the presence of CSF. The head of the bed should not be lowered to prevent increased intracranial pressure. Clear nasal drainage would not indicate the need for a culture. Continuing to observe the drainage without taking action could result in a serious complication.

The client diagnosed with a pituitary tumor has developed syndrome of inappropriateantidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Which interventions would the nurse implement? 1. Assess for dehydration and monitor blood glucose levels. 2. Assess for nausea and vomiting and weigh daily. 3. Monitor potassium levels and encourage fluid intake. 4. Administer vasopressin IV and conduct a fluid deprivation test.

2 Early signs and symptoms are nausea and vomiting. The client has a syndrome of the inappropriate secretion of the antidiuresis(against allowing the body to urinate) hormone. In other words, the client is producing a hormone that will not allow the client to urinate.

The nurse is discharging a client diagnosed with diabetes insipidus. Which statementmade by the client warrants further intervention? 1. "I will keep a list of my medications in my wallet and wear a Medi bracelet." 2. "I should take my medication in the morning and leave it refrigerated at home." 3. "I should weigh myself every morning and record any weight gain." 4. "If I develop a tightness in my chest, I will call my health-care provider."

2 Medication taken for DI is usually every8-12 hours, depending on the client. The client should keep the medication close at hand.

After several diagnostic tests, a client is diagnosed with diabetes insipidus. The nurse understands that which symptom is indicative of this disorder? 1. Diarrhea 2. Polydipsia 3. Weight gain 4. Blurred vision

2 Polydipsia and polyuria are classic symptoms of diabetes insipidus. The urine is pale in color, and its specific gravity is low. Anorexia and weight loss occur. Diarrhea, weight loss, and blurred vision are not manifestations of the disorder.

A nurse is reviewing the postoperative prescriptions for a client who had a transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. Which health care provider's prescription, if noted on the record, indicates the need for clarification? 1. Instruct the client about the need for a Medic-Alert bracelet. 2. Apply a loose dressing if any clear drainage is noted. 3. Monitor vital signs and neurological status. 4. Instruct the client to avoid blowing the nose.

2 The nurse should observe for clear nasal drainage, constant swallowing, and a severe, persistent, generalized, or frontal headache. These signs and symptoms indicate cerebrospinal fluid leak into the sinuses. If clear drainage is noted following this procedure, the health care provider needs to be notified immediately. Options 1, 3, and 4 indicate appropriate postoperative interventions.

The nurse is admitting a client to the neurological intensive care unit who is postoperative transsphenoidal hypophysectomy . Which data would warrant immediate intervention? 1. The client is alert to name but is unable to tell the nurse the location. 2. The client has an output of 2500 mL since surgery and an intake of 1000 mL. 3. The client's vital signs are T 97.6, P 88, R 20, and BP 130/80. 4. The client has a 3-cm amount of dark-red drainage on the turban dressing.

2 The output is more than double the intake in a short time. This client could be developing diabetes insipidus, a complication of trauma to the head.

The nurse is caring for clients on a medical floor. Which client should be assessed first? 1. The client diagnosed with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) who has a weight gain of 1.5 pounds since yesterday. 2. The client diagnosed with a pituitary tumor who has developed diabetes insipidus (DI) and has an intake of 1,500 mL and an output of 1,600 mL in the last 8 hours. 3. The client diagnosed with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) who is having muscle twitching. 4. The client diagnosed with diabetes insipidus (DI) who is complaining of feeling tired after having to get up at night.

3

Which is a priority nursing diagnosis for a patient receiving desmopressin (DDAVP)? 1. Risk for injury 2. Acute pain 3. Excess fluid volume 4. Deficient knowledge regarding medication

3

A nurse caring for a client scheduled for a transsphenoidal hypophysectomy to remove a tumor in the pituitary gland assists to develop a plan of care for the client. The nurse suggests including which specific information in the preoperative teaching plan? 1. Hair will need to be shaved. 2. Deep breathing and coughing will be needed after surgery. 3. Toothbrushing will not be permitted for at least 2 weeks following surgery. 4. Spinal anesthesia is used.

3 Based on the location of the surgical procedure, spinal anesthesia would not be used. In addition, the hair would not be shaved. Although coughing and deep breathing are important, specific to this procedure is avoiding toothbrushing to prevent disruption of the surgical site. Also, coughing may disrupt the surgical site.

A client with primary diabetes insipidus is ready for discharge on desmopressin (DDAVP). Which instruction should the nurse provide? 1. "Administer desmopressin while the suspension is cold." 2. "Your condition isn't chronic, so you won't need to wear a medical identification bracelet." 3. "You may not be able to use desmopressin nasally if you have nasal discharge or blockage." 4. "You won't need to monitor your fluid intake and output after you start taking desmopressin."

3 Desmopressin may not be absorbed if the intranasal route is compromised. Although diabetes insipidus is treatable, the client should wear medical identification and carry medication at all times to alert medical personnel in an emergency and ensure proper treatment. The client must continue to monitor fluid intake and output and get adequate fluid replacement.

Following hypophysectomy, a client complains of being very thirsty and having to urinate frequently. The initial nursing action is to: 1. Document the complaints. 2. Increase fluid intake. 3. Check the urine specific gravity. 4. Check for urinary glucose.

3 Following hypophysectomy, diabetes insipidus can occur temporarily because of antidiuretic hormone deficiency. This deficiency is related to surgical manipulation. The nurse should check the urine for specific gravity and report the results if they are less than 1.005. Urinary glucose and diabetes mellitus is not a concern here. In this situation, increasing fluid intake would require a health care provider's prescription. The client's complaint would be documented but not as an initial action.

The nurse is caring for clients on a medical floor. Which client should be assessed first? 1. The client diagnosed with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone(SIADH) who has a weight gain of 1.5 pounds since yesterday. 2. The client diagnosed with a pituitary tumor who has developed diabetes insipidus(DI) and has an intake of 1500 mL and an output of 1600 mL in the last 8 hours. 3. The client diagnosed with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone(SIADH) who is having muscle twitching. 4. The client diagnosed with diabetes insipidus (DI) who is complaining of feelingtired after having to get up at night.

3 Muscle twitching is a sign of early sodium imbalance. If an immediate intervention is not made, the client could begin to seize.

A nurse is assessing a client who has had cranial surgery and is at risk for development of diabetes insipidus. The nurse would assess for which signs or symptoms that could indicate development of this complication? 1. Diarrhea 2. Infection 3. Polydipsia 4. Weight gain

3 Polydipsia and polyuria are classic symptoms of diabetes insipidus. The urine is pale, and the specific gravity is low. Diarrhea is not indicative of the complication. Infection is not associated with diabetes insipidus. Anorexia and weight loss also may occur.

The client is admitted to the medical unit with a diagnosis of rule out diabetes insipidus(DI). Which instructions should the nurse teach regarding a fluid deprivation test? 1. The client will be asked to drink 100 mL of fluid as rapidly as possible and then will not be allowed fluid for 24 hours. 2. The client will be given an injection of antidiuretic hormone, and urine output will be measured for four (4) to six (6) hours. 3. The client will be NPO, and vital signs and weights will be done hourly until theend of the test. 4. An IV will be started with normal saline, and the client will be asked to try and hold the urine in the bladder until a sonogram can be done.

3 The client is deprived of all fluids, and if the client has DI the urine production will not diminish. Vital signs and weights are taken every hour to determine circulatory status. If a marked decrease in weight or vital signs occurs, the test is immediately terminated.

The unlicensed nursing assistant complains to the nurse that she has filled the water pitcher four (4) times during the shift for a client diagnosed with a closed head injury and the client has asked for the pitcher to be filled again. Which intervention should the nurse do first? 1. Tell the unlicensed nursing assistant to fill the pitcher again. 2. Instruct the unlicensed nursing assistant to start measuring I & O. 3. Assess the client for polyuria and polydipsia. 4. Check the client's BUN and creatinine levels.

3 The first action should be to determine if the client is experiencing polyuria and polydipsia as a result of developing diabetes insipidus, a complication of the head trauma.

The male client diagnosed with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone(SIADH) secondary to cancer of the lung tells the nurse that he would like to discontinue the fluid restriction and does not care if he dies. Which action by the nurse would be an example of the ethical principle of autonomy? 1. Discuss the information the client told the nurse with the health-care provider and significant other. 2. Explain that it is possible that the client would seize if he drank fluid beyond the restrictions. 3. Notify the health-care provider of the client's wishes and give the client fluids as desired. 4. Allow the client an extra drink of water and explain that the nurse could get into trouble if the client tells the health-care provider.

3 This is an example of autonomy (the client has the right to decide for himself).

A client is admitted for treatment of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Which nursing intervention is appropriate? 1. Infusing I.V. fluids rapidly as ordered 2. Encouraging increased oral intake 3. Restricting fluids 4. Administering glucose-containing I.V. fluids as ordered

3 To reduce water retention in a client with the SIADH, the nurse should restrict fluids. Administering fluids by any route would further increase the client's already heightened fluid load.

After administering somatropin (Serostim), the nurse would assess for adverse effects by monitoring which parameters? 1. Serum potassium levels 2. Mental status 3. Respiratory rate 4. Serum glucose levels

4

The nurse admitting a patient with acromegaly anticipates administering which medication? 1. desmopressin (DDAVP) 2. corticotropin (Acthar) 3. somatropin (Nutropin) 4. octreotide (Sandostatin)

4

Which sign/symptom should the nurse expect in the client diagnosed with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)? 1. Excessive thirst. 2. Orthopnea. 3. Ascites. 4. Concentrated urine output.

4

A client with severe head trauma sustained in a car accident is admitted to the intensive care unit. Thirty-six hours later, the client's urine output suddenly rises above 200 ml/hour, leading the nurse to suspect diabetes insipidus. Which laboratory findings support the nurse's suspicion of diabetes insipidus? 1. Above-normal urine and serum osmolality levels 2. Below-normal urine and serum osmolality levels 3. Above-normal urine osmolality level, below-normal serum osmolality level 4. Below-normal urine osmolality level, above-normal serum osmolality level

4 In diabetes insipidus, excessive polyuria causes dilute urine, resulting in a below-normal urine osmolality level. At the same time, polyuria depletes the body of water, causing dehydration that leads to an above-normal serum osmolality level. For the same reasons, diabetes insipidus doesn't cause above-normal urine osmolality or below-normal serum osmolality levels.

The nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with diabetes insipidus (DI). Which nursing intervention should be implemented? 1. Monitor blood glucoses before meals and at bedtime. 2. Restrict caffeinated beverages. 3. Check urine ketones if blood glucose is 250. 4. Assess tissue turgor every four (4) hours.

4 The client is excreting large amounts of dilute urine. If the client is unable to take in enough fluids, the client will quickly become dehydrated, so tissue turgor should be assessed frequently.

A client is scheduled for a transsphenoidal hypophysectomy to remove a pituitary tumor. Preoperatively, the nurse should assess for potential complications by: 1. testing for ketones in the urine. 2. testing urine specific gravity. 3. checking temperature every 4 hours. 4. performing capillary glucose testing every 4 hours.

4 The nurse should perform capillary glucose testing every 4 hours because excess cortisol may cause insulin resistance, placing the client at risk for hyperglycemia. Urine ketone testing isn't indicated because the client does secrete insulin and, therefore, isn't at risk for ketosis. Urine specific gravity isn't indicated because although fluid balance can be compromised, it usually isn't dangerously imbalanced. Temperature regulation may be affected by excess cortisol and isn't an accurate indicator of infection.

A client with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone is admitted with a serum sodium level of 105 mEq/L. Which request by the health care provider does the nurse address first? a) Administer infusion of 150 mL of 3% NaCl over 3 hours. b) Draw blood for hemoglobin and hematocrit. c) Insert retention catheter and monitor urine output. d) Weigh the client on admission and daily thereafter.

A The client with a sodium level of 105 mEq/L is at high risk for seizures and coma. The priority intervention is to increase the sodium level to a more normal range. Ideally, 3% NaCl should be infused through a central line or with a small needle through a large vein to prevent irritation. Monitoring laboratory values for fluid balance and monitoring urine output are important, but are not the top priority. Monitoring client weight will help in the assessment of fluid balance; however, this is also not the top priority.

A nurse collaborates with an unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) to provide care for a client who is prescribed a 24-hour urine specimen collection. Which statement should the nurse include when delegating this activity to the UAP? a. Note the time of the client's first void and collect urine for 24 hours. b. Add the preservative to the container at the end of the test. c. Start the collection by saving the first urine of the morning. d. It is okay if one urine sample during the 24 hours is not collected.

A

The nurse should encourage fluids every 2 hours for older adult clients because of a decrease in which factor? A. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) production B. General metabolism C. Glucose tolerance D. Ovarian production of estrogen

A A decrease in ADH production causes urine to be more dilute, so urine might not concentrate when fluid intake is low. The older adult is at greater risk for dehydration as a result of urine loss. A decrease in general metabolism causes decreased tolerance to cold, decreased appetite, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure; it is not related to fluid intake or hydration. A decrease in glucose tolerance does not affect fluid intake or hydration. A decrease in estrogen production causes a decrease in bone density and is not related to fluid intake and hydration.

After receiving change-of-shift report about these four clients, which client does the nurse attend to first? a) Client with acute adrenal insufficiency who has a blood glucose of 36 mg/dL b) Client with diabetes insipidus who has a dose of desmopressin (DDAVP) due c) Client with hyperaldosteronism who has a serum potassium of 3.4 mEq/L d) Client with pituitary adenoma who is reporting a severe headache

A A glucose level of 36 mg/dL is considered an emergency; this client must be assessed and treated immediately. Although it is important to maintain medications on schedule, the client requiring a dose of desmopressin is not the first client who needs to be seen. A serum potassium of 3.4 mEq/L in the client with hyperaldosteronism may be considered normal (or slightly hypokalemic), based on specific hospital levels. The client reporting a severe headache needs to be evaluated as soon as possible after the client with acute adrenal insufficiency. As an initial measure, the RN could delegate obtaining vital signs to unlicensed assistive personnel.

A client has been admitted to the medical intensive care unit with a diagnosis of diabetes insipidus (DI) secondary to lithium overdose. Which medication is used to treat the DI? a) Desmopressin (DDAVP) b) Dopamine hydrochloride (Intropin) c) Prednisone d) Tolvaptan (Samsca)

A Desmopressin is the drug of choice for treatment of severe DI. It may be administered orally, nasally, or by intramuscular or intravenous routes. Dopamine hydrochloride is a naturally occurring catecholamine and inotropic vasopressor; it would not be used to treat DI. Prednisone would not be used to treat DI. Tolvaptan is a selective competitive arginine vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist and is not used with DI.

A client with diabetes insipidus (DI) has dry lips and mucous membranes and poor skin turgor. Which intervention does the nurse provide first? a) Encourage fluids b) Offer lip balm c) Perform a 24-hour urine test d) Withhold desmopressin acetate (DDAVP)

A Dry lips and mucous membranes and poor skin turgor are indications of dehydration, which can occur with DI. This is a serious condition that must be treated rapidly. Encouraging fluids is the initial step, provided the client is able to tolerate oral intake. Lip balm may make the client more comfortable, but does not address the problem of dehydration. A 24-hour urine test will identify loss of electrolytes and adrenal androgen metabolites, but will not correct the dehydration that this client is experiencing. Desmopressin acetate is a synthetic form of antidiuretic hormone that is given to reduce urine production; it improves DI and should not be withheld.

After administering somatropin (Genotropin) to a patient, the nurse would assess for potential adverse effects of this medication by monitoring which laboratory test result? A. Glucose B. Platelets C. Potassium D. Magnesium

A Hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia are potential adverse effects of somatropin therapy

The nurse is teaching a client about how to monitor therapy effectiveness for syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. What does the nurse tell the client to look for? a) Daily weight gain of less than 2 pounds b) Dry mucous membranes c) Increasing heart rate d) Muscle spasms

A The client must monitor daily weights because this assesses the degree of fluid restriction needed. A weight gain of 2 pounds or more daily or a gradual increase over several days is cause for concern. Dry mucous membranes are a sign of dehydration and an indication that therapy is not effective. An increased heart rate indicates increased fluid retention or dehydration and hypovolemia, and either condition is an indication that therapy is not effective. Muscle spasms are associated with hyponatremia and are an indication of a change in the client's neurologic status. Untreated hyponatremia can lead to seizures and coma.

When teaching a patient the adverse effects of desmopressin (DDAVP), the nurse will instruct the patient to monitor for which potential adverse effects? (Select all that apply.) A. Headache B. Weight gain C. Hypotension D. Nasal irritation E. Hyperglycemia

ABD Desmopressin works to decrease urine output; thus, the patient could retain fluid and gain weight. Other common adverse effects include increased blood pressure, fever, headache, abdominal cramps, and nausea. Desmopressin does not affect serum glucose levels. Because it is administered intranasally, it can be irritating; thus, nostrils should be rotated.

Which statements made by a client who has diabetes insipidus indicate to the nurse that more teaching is needed? (Select all that apply.) a. If I gain more than 2 lbs. (1 kg) in a day, I will limit my fluid intake. b. If I become thirstier, I will take another dose of the drug. c. I will avoid aspirin and aspirin-containing substances. d. I will stop taking the drug for 24 hours before I have any dental work performed. e. I will limit my intake of salt and sodium to no more than 2 g daily. f. I will wear my medical alert bracelet at all times.

ACDE

A nurse assesses clients with potential endocrine disorders. Which clients are at high risk for hypopituitarism? (SATA) a. A 20-year-old female with benign pituitary tumors b. A 32-year-old male with diplopia c. A 41-year-old female with anorexia nervosa d. A 55-year-old male with hypertension e. A 60-year-old female who is experiencing shock f. A 68-year-old male who has gained weight recently

ACDE Pituitary tumors, anorexia nervosa, hypertension, and shock are all conditions that can cause hypopituitarism. Diplopia is a manifestation of hypopituitarism, and weight gain is a manifestation of Cushing's disease and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. They are not risk factors for hypopituitarism.

A nurse assesses a client with anterior pituitary hyperfunction. Which clinical manifestations should the nurse expect? (SATA) a. Protrusion of the lower jaw b. High-pitched voice c. Enlarged hands and feet d. Kyphosis e. Barrel-shaped chest f. Excessive sweating

ACDEF Anterior pituitary hyperfunction typically will cause protrusion of the lower jaw, deepening of the voice, enlarged hands and feet, kyphosis, barrel-shaped chest, and excessive sweating.

After teaching a client who is recovering from an endoscopic trans-nasal hypophysectomy, the nurse assesses the client's understanding. Which statement made by the client indicates a correct understanding of the teaching? a. I will wear dark glasses to prevent sun exposure. b. I'll keep food on upper shelves so I do not have to bend over. c. I must wash the incision with peroxide and redress it daily. d. I shall cough and deep breathe every 2 hours while I am awake.

B After this surgery, the client must take care to avoid activities that can increase intracranial pressure. The client should avoid bending from the waist and should not bear down, cough, or lie flat. With this approach, there is no incision to clean and dress. Protection from sun exposure is not necessary after this procedure.

A nurse assesses clients for potential endocrine dysfunction. Which client is at greatest risk for a deficiency of gonadotropin and growth hormone? a. A 36-year-old female who has used oral contraceptives for 5 years b. A 42-year-old male who experienced head trauma 3 years ago c. A 55-year-old female with a severe allergy to shellfish and iodine d. A 64-year-old male with adult-onset diabetes mellitus

B Gonadotropin and growth hormone are anterior pituitary hormones. Head trauma is a common cause of anterior pituitary hypofunction. The other factors do not increase the risk of this condition.

A client is hospitalized for pituitary function testing. Which nursing action included in the client's plan of care will be most appropriate for the RN to delegate to the LPN/LVN? A. Assess the client for clinical manifestations of hypopituitarism. B. Inject regular insulin for the growth hormone stimulation test. C. Palpate the thyroid gland for size and firmness. D. Teach the client about the adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test.

B Injection of insulin is within the LPN/LVN scope of practice. Client assessment for clinical manifestations of hypopituitarism, palpating the thyroid gland, and client education are complex skills requiring training and expertise, and are best performed by an RN.

The nurse would question a prescription for somatropin (Genotropin) in a patient with which condition? A. Dwarfism B. Acromegaly C. Growth failure D. Hypopituitarism

B Somatropin is a synthetic form of human growth hormone. Acromegaly is caused by excessive growth hormone, and thus this drug would be contraindicated

A client has undergone a transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. Which intervention does the nurse implement to avoid increasing intracranial pressure (ICP) in the client? a) Encourages the client to cough and deep-breathe b) Instructs the client not to strain during a bowel movement c) Instructs the client to blow the nose for postnasal drip d) Places the client in the Trendelenburg position

B Straining during a bowel movement increases ICP and must be avoided. Laxatives may be given and fluid intake encouraged to help with this. Although deep breathing is encouraged, the client must avoid coughing early after surgery because this increases pressure in the incision area and may lead to a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. If the client has postnasal drip, he or she must inform the nurse and not blow the nose; postnasal drip may indicate leakage of CSF. The head of the bed must be elevated after surgery.

A nurse cares for a male client with hypopituitarism who is prescribed testosterone hormone replacement therapy. The client asks, "How long will I need to take this medication?" How should the nurse respond? a. When your blood levels of testosterone are normal, the therapy is no longer needed. b. When your beard thickens and your voice deepens, the dose is decreased, but treatment will continue forever. c. When your sperm count is high enough to demonstrate fertility, you will no longer need this therapy. d. With age, testosterone levels naturally decrease, so the medication can be stopped when you are 50 years old.

B Testosterone therapy is initiated with high-dose testosterone derivatives and is continued until virilization is achieved. The dose is then decreased, but therapy continues throughout life. Therapy will continue throughout life; therefore, it will not be discontinued when blood levels are normal, at the age of 50 years, or when sperm counts are high.

A nurse cares for a male client with hypopituitarism who is prescribed testosterone hormone replacement therapy. The client asks, How long will I need to take this medication? How should the nurse respond? a. When your blood levels of testosterone are normal, the therapy is no longer needed. b. When your beard thickens and your voice deepens, the dose is decreased, but treatment will continue forever. c. When your sperm count is high enough to demonstrate fertility, you will no longer need this therapy. d. With age, testosterone levels naturally decrease, so the medication can be stopped when you are 50 years old.

B Testosterone therapy is initiated with high-dose testosterone derivatives and is continued until virilization is achieved. The dose is then decreased, but therapy continues throughout life. Therapy will continue throughout life; therefore, it will not be discontinued when blood levels are normal, at the age of 50 years, or when sperm counts are high.

A nurse cares for a client who possibly has syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). The client's serum sodium level is 114 mEq/L. Which action should the nurse take first? a. Consult with the dietitian about increased dietary sodium. b. Restrict the client's fluid intake to 600 mL/day. c. Handle the client gently by using turn sheets for re-positioning. d. Instruct unlicensed assistive personnel to measure intake and output.

B With SIADH, clients often have dilutional hyponatremia. The client needs a fluid restriction, sometimes to as little as 500 to 600 mL/24 hr. Adding sodium to the client's diet will not help if she is retaining fluid and diluting the sodium. The client is not at increased risk for fracture, so gentle handling is not an issue. The client should be on intake and output; however, this will monitor only the client's intake, so it is not the best answer. Reducing intake will help increase the client's sodium.

A nurse cares for a client who possibly has syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). The clients serum sodium level is 114 mEq/L. Which action should the nurse take first? a. Consult with the dietitian about increased dietary sodium. b. Restrict the clients fluid intake to 600 mL/day. c. Handle the client gently by using turn sheets for re-positioning. d. Instruct unlicensed assistive personnel to measure intake and output.

B With SIADH, clients often have dilutional hyponatremia. The client needs a fluid restriction, sometimes to as little as 500 to 600 mL/24 hr. Adding sodium to the clients diet will not help if he or she is retaining fluid and diluting the sodium. The client is not at increased risk for fracture, so gentle handling is not an issue. The client should be on intake and output; however, this will monitor only the clients intake, so it is not the best answer. Reducing intake will help increase the clients sodium.

A nurse cares for a client who is prescribed vasopressin (DDAVP) for diabetes insipidus. Which assessment findings indicate a therapeutic response to this therapy? (SATA) a. Urine output is increased. b. Urine output is decreased. c. Specific gravity is increased. d. Specific gravity is decreased. e. Urine osmolality is increased. f. Urine osmolality is decreased.

BCE Diabetes insipidus causes urine output to be greatly increased, with a low urine osmolality, as evidenced by a low specific gravity. Effective treatment results in decreased urine output that is more concentrated, as evidenced by an increased specific gravity.

A nurse cares for a client who is recovering from a hypophysectomy. Which action should the nurse take first? a. Keep the head of the bed flat and the client supine. b. Instruct the client to cough, turn, and deep breathe. c. Report clear or light yellow drainage from the nose. d. Apply petroleum jelly to lips to avoid dryness.

C A light yellow drainage or a halo effect on the dressing is indicative of a cerebrospinal fluid leak. The client should have the head of the bed elevated after surgery. Although deep breathing is important postoperatively, coughing should be avoided to prevent cerebrospinal fluid leakage. Although application of petroleum jelly to the lips will help with dryness, this instruction is not as important as reporting the yellowish drainage.

A client has suspected alterations in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) function. Which diagnostic test does the nurse anticipate will be requested for this client? A. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) suppression test B. Chest x-ray C. Cranial computed tomography (CT) D. Renal sonography

C ADH is a hormone of the posterior pituitary. Brain abscess, tumor, or subarachnoid hemorrhage could cause alterations in ADH levels. These can be seen on a CT scan of the brain. ACTH triggers the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex and is not related to ADH. A chest x-ray would not show a pituitary tumor or brain abscess. Even though ADH acts on distal convoluted tubules in the kidneys, a renal sonogram would diagnose the cause of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone.

After teaching a client with acromegaly who is scheduled for a hypophysectomy, the nurse assesses the client's understanding. Which statement made by the client indicates a need for additional teaching? a. I will no longer need to limit my fluid intake after surgery. b. I am glad no visible incision will result from this surgery. c. I hope I can go back to wearing size 8 shoes instead of size 12. d. I will wear slip-on shoes after surgery to limit bending over.

C Although removal of the tissue that is oversecreting hormones can relieve many symptoms of hyperpituitarism, skeletal changes and organ enlargement are not reversible. It will be appropriate for the client to drink as needed postoperatively and avoid bending over. The client can be reassured that the incision will not be visible.

A client diagnosed with hyperpituitarism resulting from a prolactin-secreting tumor has been prescribed bromocriptine mesylate (Parlodel). As a dopamine agonist, what effect does this drug have by stimulating dopamine receptors in the brain? a) Decreases the risk for cerebrovascular disease b) Increases the risk for depression c) Inhibits the release of some pituitary hormones d) Stimulates the release of some pituitary hormones

C Bromocriptine mesylate inhibits the release of both prolactin and growth hormone. It does not decrease the risk for cerebrovascular disease leading to stroke. Increased risk for depression is not associated with the use of bromocriptine mesylate; however, hallucinations have been reported as a side effect. Bromocriptine mesylate does not stimulate the release of any hormones.

Which is a priority nursing diagnosis for a patient receiving desmopressin (DDAVP)? A. Risk for injury B. Acute pain C. Excess fluid volume D. Deficient knowledge regarding medication

C Desmopressin is a form of antidiuretic hormone, which increases sodium and water retention, leading to an alteration in fluid volume. Although the other nursing diagnoses may be appropriate, they are not a priority using Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

These data are obtained by the RN who is assessing a client who had a transsphenoidal hypophysectomy yesterday. What information has the most immediate implications for the client's care? a) Dry lips and oral mucosa on examination b) Nasal drainage that tests negative for glucose c) Client report of a headache and stiff neck d) Urine specific gravity of 1.016

C Headache and stiff neck (nuchal rigidity) are symptoms of meningitis that have immediate implications for the client's care. Dry lips and mouth are not unusual after surgery. Frequent oral rinses and the use of dental floss should be encouraged because the client cannot brush the teeth. Any nasal drainage should test negative for glucose; nasal drainage that tests positive for glucose indicates the presence of a cerebrospinal fluid leak. A urine specific gravity of 1.016 is within normal limits.

A nurse plans care for a client with a growth hormone deficiency. Which action should the nurse include in this client's plan of care? a. Avoid intramuscular medications. b. Place the client in protective isolation. c. Use a lift sheet to re-position the client. d. Assist the client to dangle before rising.

C In adults, growth hormone is necessary to maintain bone density and strength. Adults with growth hormone deficiency have thin, fragile bones. Avoiding IM medications, using protective isolation & assisting the client as she moves from sitting to standing will not serve as safety measures when the client is deficient in growth hormone.

Which laboratory result indicates that fluid restrictions have been effective in treating syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)? a) Decreased hematocrit b) Decreased serum osmolality c) Increased serum sodium d) Increased urine specific gravity

C Increased serum sodium due to fluid restriction indicates effective therapy. Hemoconcentration is a result of hypovolemic hyponatremia caused by SIADH and diabetes insipidus. Plasma osmolality is decreased as a result of SIADH. Urine specific gravity is decreased with diabetes insipidus and is increased with SIADH.

A nurse assesses a client who is recovering from a transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. The nurse notes nuchal rigidity. Which action should the nurse take first? a. Encourage range-of-motion exercises. b. Document the finding and monitor the client. c. Take vital signs, including temperature. d. Assess pain and administer pain medication.

C Nuchal rigidity is a major manifestation of meningitis, a potential postoperative complication associated with this surgery. Meningitis is an infection; usually the client will also have a fever and tachycardia. Range-of-motion exercises are inappropriate because meningitis is a possibility. Documentation should be done after all assessments are completed and should not be the only action. Although pain medication may be a palliative measure, it is not the most appropriate initial action.

The nurse admitting a patient with acromegaly anticipates administering which medication? A. Corticotropin (Acthar) B. Desmopressin (DDAVP) C. Octreotide (Sandostatin) D. Somatropin (Genotropin)

C Octreotide suppresses growth hormone, the culprit of acromegaly.

The nurse is providing discharge instructions to a client on spironolactone (Aldactone) therapy. Which comment by the client indicates a need for further teaching? a) "I must call the provider if I am more tired than usual." b) "I need to increase my salt intake." c) "I should eat a banana every day." d) "This drug will not control my heart rate."

C Spironolactone increases potassium levels, so potassium supplements and foods rich in potassium, such as bananas, should be avoided to prevent hyperkalemia. While taking spironolactone, symptoms of hyponatremia such as drowsiness and lethargy must be reported; the client may need increased dietary sodium. Spironolactone will not have an effect on the client's heart rate.

The nurse is caring for a patient with diabetes insipidus (DI) who is receiving vasopressin (Pitressin). What therapeutic effect does the nurse expect from this drug? A. Increase in thirst B. Improved skin turgor C. Decrease in urine output D. Normal serum albumin level

C Vasopressin increases the water reabsorption in the kidneys, thus decreasing urine output. It is used to treat DI, which presents with polydipsia, polyuria, and dehydration.

A patient is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of Cushing syndrome. On physical assessment of the patient, the nurse would expect to find a. HTN, peripheral edema, and petechiae b. weight loss, buffalo hump, and moon face with acne c. abdominal and buttock striae, truncal obesity, and hypotension d. anorexia, signs of dehydration, and hyper pigmentation of the skin

a. HTN, peripheral edema, and petechiae (rationale- The effects of glucocorticoid excess include weight gain from accumulation and redistribution of adipose tissue, sodium and water retention, glucose intolerance, protein wasting, loss of bone structure, loss of collagen, and capillary fragility. Clinical manifestations of corticosteroid deficiency include hypotension, dehydration, weight loss, and hyperpigmentation of the skin.)

When caring for a patient with primary hyperaldosteronism, the nurse would question a physician's order for the use of a. Lasix b. amiloride (midamor) c. spironolactone (aldactone) d. aminoglutethimide (cytadren)

a. Lasix37 (rationale- hyperaldosteronism is an excess of aldosterone, which is manifested by sodium and water retention and potassium excretion. Lasix is a potassium-wasting diuretic that would increase the potassium deficiency. Aminoglutethimide blocks aldosterone synthesis; amiloride is apotassium-sparing diuretic; and spironolactone blocks mineralocorticoid receptors in the kidney, increasing secretion of sodium and water and retention of potassium.)

A patient with acromegaly is treated with a transphenoidal hypophysectomy. Postoperatively, the nurse a. ensures that any clear nasal drainage is tested for glucose b. maintains the patient flat in bed to prevent cerebrospinal fluid leak c. assists the patient with toothbrushing Q4H to keep the surgical area clean d. encourages deep breathing and coughing to prevent respiratory complications

a. ensures that any clear nasal drainage is tested for glucose (Rationale- a transphenoidal hypophysectomy involves entry into the sella turcica through an incision in the upper lip and gingiva into the floor of the nose and the sphenoid sinuses. Postoperative clear nasal drainage with glucose content indicates CSF leakage from an open connection to the brain, putting the patient at risk for meningitis. After surgery, the patient is positioned with the head elevated to avoid pressure on the sella turcica, coughing and straining are avoided to prevent increased ICP and CSF leakage, and although mouth care is required Q4H toothbrushing should not be performed for 7-10post sx.)

Preoperative instructions for the patient scheduled for a subtotal thyroidectomy includes teaching the patient a. how to support the head with the hands when moving b. that coughing should due avoided to prevent pressure on the incision c. that the head and neck will need to remain immobile until the incision heals d. that any tingling around the lips or in the fingers after surgery is expected and temporary

a. how to support the head with the hands when moving (rationale- to prevent strain on the suture line postoperatively, the head must be manually supported while turning and moving in bed, but range-of-motion exercise for the head and neck are also taught preoperatively to be gradually implemented after surgery. There is no contraindication for coughing and deep breathing, and they should be carrier out postoperatively. Tingling around the lips or fingers is a sign of hypocalcemia, which may occur if the parathyroid glands are inadvertently removed during surgery, and should be reported immediately.)

During care of a patient with syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH), the nurse should a. monitor neurologic status Q2H or more often if needed b. keep the head of the bed elevated to prevent ADH release c. teach the patient receiving treatment with diuretics to restrict sodium intake d. notify the physician if the patient's blood pressure decreases more than 20mmHg from baseline

a. monitor neurologic status Q2H or more often if needed Rationale- the patient with SIADH has marked dilution hyponatremia and should be monitored for decreased neurologic function and convulsions every 2 hours. ADH release is reduced by keeping the head of the bed flat to increase left atrial filling pressure, and sodium intake is supplemented because of hyponatremia and sodium loss caused by diuretics. A reduction in blood pressure indicates a reduction in total fluid volume and is an expected outcome of treatment.)

The nurse determines that the patient in acute adrenal insufficiency is responding favorably to treatment when a. the patient appears alert and oriented b. the patient's urinary output has increased c. pulmonary edema is reduced as evidenced by clear lung sounds d. laboratory tests reveal serum elevations of K and glucose and a decrease in sodium

a. the patient appears alert and oriented (rationale- confusion, irritability, disorientation, or depressioni s often present in the patient with Addison's dz, and a positive response to therapy would be indicated by a return to alertness and orientation. Other indication of response to therapy would be a decreased urinary output, decreased serum potassium, and increased serum sodium and glucose. The patient with Addison's would be very dehydrated and volume-depleted and would not have pulmonary edema.)

The most important nursing intervention during the medical and surgical treatment of the patient with a pheochromocytoma is a. administering IV fluids b. monitoring blood pressure c. monitoring I&O and daily weights d. administering B-adrenergic blocking agents

b. monitoring blood pressure38 (rationale- a pheochromocytoma is a catecholamine-producing tumor of the adrenal medulla, which may cause severe, episodic HTN; severe, pounding headache; and profuse sweating. Monitoring for dangerously high BP before surgery is critical, as is monitoring for BP fluctuation during medical and surgical tx.)

When the patient with parathyroid disease experiences symptoms of hypocalcemia, a measure that can be used to temporarily raise serum calcium levels is to a. administer IV normal saline b. have the patient rebreathe in a paper bag c. administer Lasix as ordered d. administer oral phosphorous supplements

b. have the patient rebreathe in a paper bag (rationale- rebreathing in a paper bag promotes carbon dioxide retention in the blood, which lowers pH and creates an acidosis. An academia enhances the solubility and ionization of calcium, increasing the proportion of total body calcium available in physiologically active form and relieving the symptoms of hypocalcemia. Saline promotes calcium excretion, as does Lasix. Phosphate levels in the blood are reciprocal to calcium and an increase in phosphate promotes calcium excretion.)

An appropriate nursing intervention for the patient with hyperparathyroidism is to a. pad side rails as a seizure precaution b. increase fluid intake to 3000 to 4000ml/day c. maintain bed rest to prevent pathologic fractures d. monitor the patient for Trousseau's phenomenon or Chvostek's sign

b. increase fluid intake to 3000 to 4000ml/day (Rationale-A high fluid intake is indicated in hyperparathyroidism to dilute hypercalcemia and flush the kidneys so that calcium stone formation is reduced.)

A patient with SIADH is treated with water restriction and administration of IV fluids. The nurses evaluates that treatment has been effective when the patient experiences a. increased urine output, decreased serum sodium, and increased urine specific gravity b. increased urine output, increased serum sodium, and decreased urine specific gravity c. decreased urine output, increased serum sodium, and decreased urine specific gravity d. decreased urine output, decreased serum sodium, and increased urine specific gravity

b. increased urine output, increased serum sodium, and decreased urine specific gravity (rationale- the patient with SIADH has water retention with hyponatremia, decreased urine output and concentrated urine with high specific gravity. improvement in the patient's condition reflected by increased urine output, normalization of serum sodium, and more water in the urine, decreasing the specific gravity.)

A patient with hypothyroidism is treated with Synthroid. When teaching the patient about the therapy, the nurse a. explains that caloric intake must be reduced when drug therapy is started b. provides written instruction for all information related to the medication therapy c. assures the patient that a return to normal function will occur with replacement therapy d. informs the patient that medications must be taken until hormone balance is reestablished

b. provides written instruction for all information related to the medication therapy (rationale- because of the mental sluggishness, inattentiveness, and memory loss that occur with hypothyroidism, it is important to provide written instructions and repeat information when teaching the patient. Caloric intake can be increased when drug therapy is started, because of an increased metabolic rate, and replacement therapy must be taken for life. Although most patients return to a normal state with treatment, cardiovascular conditions and psychoses may persist.)

When caring for a patient with nephrogenic DI, the nurse would expect treatment to include a. fluid restriction b. thiazide diuretics c. a high-sodium diet d. chlorpropamide (DIabinese)

b. thiazide diuretics (Rationale- in nephrogenic Di the kidney is unable to respond to ADH, so vasopressin or hormone analogs are not effective. Thiazide diuretics slow the glomerular filtration rate in the kidney and produce a decrease in urine output. Low-sodium diets are also thought to decrease urine output. Fluids are not restricted, because the patient could become easily dehydrated.)

A patient with Addison's disease comes to the emergency department with complaints of N/V/D, and fever. The nurse would expect collaborative care to include a. parenteral injections of ACTH b. IV administration of vasopressors c. IV administration of hydrocortisone d. IV administration of D5W with 20mEq of KCl

c. IV administration of hydrocortisone (rationale- vomiting and diarrhea are early indicators of addisonian crisis and fever indicates an infection, which s causing additional stress for the patient. treatment of a crisis requires immediate glucocorticoid replacement, and IV hydrocortisone, fluids, sodium and glucose are necessary for 24hours. Addison's disease is a primary insufficiency of the adrenal gland, and ACTH is not effective, nor would vasopressors be effective with the fluid deficiency of Addison's. Potassium levels are increased in Addison's dz, and KCl would be contraindicated.)

A patient with DI is treated with nasal desmopression. The nurse recognize that the drug is not having an adequate therapeutic effect the the patient experiences a. headache and weight gain b. nasal irritation and nausea c. a urine specific gravity of 1.002 d. an oral intake greater than urinary output

c. a urine specific gravity of 1.002 (rationale- normal urine specific gravity is 1.003 to 1.030, and urine with a specific gravity of 1.002 is very dilute, indicating that there continues to be excessive loss of water and that treatment of DI is inadequate. H/A, weight gain, and oral intake greater the urinary output are signs of volume excess that occur with overmedication. Nasal irritation & nausea may also indicate overmedication.)

When providing discharge instructions to a patient following a subtotal thyroidectomy, the nurse advises the patient to a. never miss a daily dose of thyroid replacement therapy b. avoid regular exercise until thyroid function is normalized c. avoid eating foods such as soybeans, turnips, and rutabagas d. use warm salt water gargles several times a day to relieve throat pain

c. avoid eating foods such as soybeans, turnips, and rutabagas (Rationale- when a patient has had a subtotal thyroidectomy, thyroid replacement therapy is not given, because exogenous hormone inhibits pituitary production of TSH and delays or prevents the restoration of thyroid tissue regeneration. However, the patient should avoid goitrogens, foods that inhibit thyroid, such as soybeans, turnips, rutabagas, and peanut skins. REgular exercise stimulates the thyroid gland and is encourage. Salt water gargles are used for dryness and irritation of the mouth and throat following radioactive iodine therapy.)

To prevent complications in the patient with Cushing syndrome, the nurse monitors the patient for a. hypotension b. hypoglycemia c. cardiac arrhythmias d. decreased cardiac output

c. cardiac arrhythmias (rationale- electrolyte changes that occur in Cushing syndrome include sodium retention and potassium excretion by the kidney, resulting in hypokalemia, which may lead to cardiac arrhythmias or arrest. Hypotension, hypoglycemia, and decreased cardiac strength and output are characteristic of adrenal insufficiency.)

A patient is admitted to the hospital in thyrotoxic crisis. On physical assessment of the patient, the nurse would expect to find a. hoarseness and laryngeal stridor b. bulging eyeballs and arrhythmias c. elevated temperature and signs of heart failure d. lethargy progressing suddenly to impairment of consciousness

c. elevated temperature and signs of heart failure (rationale- a hyperthyroid crisis results in marked manifestations of hyperthyroidism, with fever tachycardia, heart failure, shock, hyperthermia, agitation, N/V/D, delirium, and coma. Although exophthalmos may be present in the patient with Gravs' dz, it is not a significant factor in hyperthyroid crisis. Hoarsness and laryngeal stridor are characteristic of the tetany of hypoparathyroidism, and lethargy progressing to coma is characteristic of myxedema coma, a complication of hypothyroidism.

A patient is scheduled for bilateral adrenalectomy. During the postoperative period, the nurse would expect administration of corticosteroids to be a. reduced to promote wound healing b. withheld until symptoms of hypocortisolism appear c. increased to promote an adequate response to the stress of surgery d. reduced because excessive hormones are released during surgical manipulation of the glands

c. increased to promote an adequate response to the stress of surgery (rationale- although the patient with Cushing syndrome has excess corticosteroids, removal of the glands and the stress of surgery require that high doses of cortisone be administered postoperatively for several days. The nurse should monitor the patient postoperatively to detect whether large amounts of hormones were released during surgical manipulation and to ensure the healing is satisfactory.)

During assessment of the patient with acromegaly, the nurse would expect the patient to report a. infertility b. dry, irritated skin c. undesirable changes in appearance d. an increase in height of 2 to 3 inches per year

c. undesirable changes in appearance (Rationale- the increased production of growth hormone in acromegaly causes an increase in thickness and width of bones and enlargement of soft tissues, resulting in marked changes in facial features, oily and coarse skin, and speech difficulties. Height is not increased in adults with growth hormone excess because the epiphyses of the bones are closed, and infertility is not a common finding because growth hormone is usually the only pituitary hormone involved in acromegaly.)

A patient with Grave's dz asks the nurse what caused the disorder. The best response by the nurse is a. "The cause of Grave's disease is not known, although it is thought to be genetic." b. "It is usually associated with goiter formation from an iodine deficiency over a long period of time." c. "Antibodies develop against thyroid tissue and destroy it, causing a deficiency of thyroid hormones" d. "In genetically susceptible persons antibodies form that attack thyroid tissue and stimulate overproduction of thyroid hormones."

d. "In genetically susceptible persons antibodies form that attack thyroid tissue and stimulate overproduction of thyroid hormones." (rationale- The antibodies present in Graves' disease that attack thyroid tissue cause hyperplasia of the gland and stimulate TSH receptors on the thyroid and activate the production of thyroid hormones, creating hyperthyroidism. The disease is not directly genetic, but individuals appear to have a genetic susceptibility to become sensitized to develop autoimmune antibodies. Goiter formation from insufficient iodine intake is usually associated with hypothyroidism.)

A patient suspected of having acromegaly has an elevated plasma growth hormone level. In acromegaly, the nurse would also expect the patient's diagnostic results to include a. hyperinsulinemia b. a plasma glucose of less than 70 c. decreased growth hormone levels with an oral glucose challenge test d. a serum sometomedin C (insulin-like growth-factor) of more than 300

d. a serum somatomedin C (Insulin-like-growth-factor) of more than 300 (rationale- a normal response to growth hormone secretion is stimulation of the liver to produce somatomedin C which stimulates growth of bones and soft tissue. The increased levels of somatomedin C normally inhibit growth hormone, but in acromegaly the pituitary gland secretes GH despite elevated somatomedin C levels.)

Causes of primary hypothyroidism in adults include a. malignant or benign thyroid nodules b. surgical removal or failure of the pituitary gland c. surgical removal or radiation of thyroid gland d. autoimmune-induced atrophy of the gland

d. autoimmune-induced atrophy of the gland (rationale- both Graves disease and Hasimotos thyroiditis are autoimmune disorders that eventually destroy the thyroid gland, leading to primary hypothyroidism. Thyroid tumors most often result in hyperthyroidism. Secondary hypothyroidism occurs as a result of pituitary failure, and iatrogenic hypothyroidism results from thyroidectomy or radiation of the thyroid gland.)

Physical changes of hypothyroidism that must be monitored when replacement therapy is started include a. achlorhydria and constipation b. slowed mental processes and lethargy c. anemia and increased capillary fragility d. decreased cardiac contractility and coronary atherosclerosis

d. decreased cardiac contractility and coronary atherosclerosis (rationale- hypothyroidism affects the heart in many ways, causing cardiomyopathy, coronary atherosclerosis, bradycardia, pericardial effusions, and weakened cardiac contractility. when thyroid replacement therapy is started, myocardial oxygen consumption is increased and the resultant oxygen demand may cause angina, cardiac arrhythmias, and heart failures. It is important to monitor patients with compromised cardiac status when starting replacement therapy.)

In a patient with central diabetes insipidus, administration of aqueous vasopressin during a water deprivation test will result in a a. decrease in body weight b. increase in urinary output c. decrease in blood pressure d. increase in urine osmolality

d. increase in urine osmolality (rationale- a patient with DI has a deficiency of ADH with excessive loss of water from the kidney, hypovolemia, hypernatreamia, and dilute urine with a low specific gravity. When vasopressin is administered, the symptoms are reversed, with water retention, decreased urinary output that increases urine osmolality, and an increase in blood pressure.)