PNB 2264 Exam IV: Practice Questions

two point discrimination is _______ on the lips than on the knee. one reason for this is because there is ________ representation of the lips on the primary somatosensory cortex.

-better -more

The upper motor neurons of the motor pathways will originate in the following areas of the brain except the ________. A Basal nuclei B Premotor cortex C Brain stem D Motor cortex

A Basal nuclei

Mechanoreceptors detect: Multiple answers: You can select more than one option A Changes in the cell membrane B Movement of cilia C Temperature changes D Cell damage

A Changes in the cell membrane B Movement of cilia D Cell damage

What is true about spasticity? (choose all that are correct.) A Cortical inhibition of the reticular formation is disrupted. B Input from the reticular formation increases tone of arm flexors C Input from the reticular formation increases tone of leg flexors D The stretch reflex is exaggerated E Stretching a spastic muscle may activate the golgi tendon organs F When passively stretching a spastic muscle, it resists stretch throughout the whole range of motion.

A Cortical inhibition of the reticular formation is disrupted. B Input from the reticular formation increases tone of arm flexors D The stretch reflex is exaggerated E Stretching a spastic muscle may activate the golgi tendon organs

The edges of structures are emphasized by ________. A Lateral inhibition B Range fractionation C Signal/noise averaging D Logarithmic compression

A Lateral inhibition

Which receptor do you think was utilized the most for the stereognosis demonstration? A Meissner's corpuscle B Pacinian corpuscle C Nociceptor D Rufini's corpuscle E Merkel cell

A Meissner's corpuscle

Consider: The muscle spindle has motor innervation. WHY would a sensory receptor need or want MOTOR innervation? What does it do? A The best stimulus is stretch. B The spindle senses stretch and tension. C Contraction of these intrafusal fibers contributes to total muscle tension. D Spindle fibers are additional motor units E This is a vestige of evolution, like the appendix and the coccyx (tailbone.)

A The best stimulus is stretch.

What did Parkinson's, Huntington's and Ballismus all have in common? (More than one answer is possible.) A They were all basal ganglia disorders. B They were all brainstem disorders. C All had akinesia (inability to initiate movement) as a symptom D All had abnormal movements while at rest E All patients had intention tremor F Patients were unable to walk

A They were all basal ganglia disorders. D All had abnormal movements while at rest

Analog-to-digital conversion is the process that allows us to _ . (More than one answer possible) A Transform a graded potential into action potentials B Communicate information about intensity of a stimulus C Stop responding to a prolonged stimulus D Transduce stimulus energy into a receptor potential

A Transform a graded potential into action potentials B Communicate information

A painful stimulus to your right index finger activates a spinal reflex that consists of ________ synapses and results in activating ________ . A Two; right upper extremity flexor muscles B Three; right upper extremity flexor muscles C One; right upper extremity extensor muscles D No; right upper extremity flexor muscles

A Two; right upper extremity flexor muscles

As extrafusal muscle fibers are stretched passively, the sensory regions of that muscle's intrafusal fibers are (also / not) [A] stretching and spindle afferent activity (increases / decreases / does not change) [B]. When extrafusal muscle is actively contracting and shortening, alpha-gamma coactivation ensures that the sensory regions of intrafusal fibers are (shortening / stretching / not changing ) [C] so that the muscle spindle (is / is not) [D]biased.

A- also B- increases C- stretching D- is

The superior colliculus is located in the (diencephalon / midbrain / basal ganglia /medulla)[A] and it communicates with the spinal cord motor neurons via the (reticulospinal/spinoreticular / tectospinal / corticospinal) [B] tract. The cerebellum functions in(coordination / motor learning / timing of movement / all ) [C] and receives sensory information via the (spinocerebellar / vestibulospinal / dorsal column ) [D] tract. Input from (vestibular / visual / proprioceptive / all) [E] system(s) is/are involved in movement control.

A- midbrain B- tectospinal C- all D- spinocerebellar E- all

This question concerns the knee jerk reflex. In response to a quick stretch of the quadriceps, (muscle spindles / Golgi Tendon Organs / both/neither) [A] activate (Ia / Ib /both / neither) [B] afferents, which transmit information about muscle length via the (fasciculus cuneatus / fasciculus gracilis / spinothalamic tract / corticospinal tract) [C]. In addition, the afferents synapse with (excitatory / inhibitory / both /neither) [D]interneurons in the (dorsal root / spinal cord / brainstem / primary motor cortex) [E] to cause the quadriceps to (contract / relax) [F] and the antagonist hamstrings to (contract / relax / neither) [G]. This deep tendon reflex is a quick screen of the motor control system (true / false) [H].

A- muscle spindles B- Ia C- fasciculus gracilis D- both E- spinal cord F- contract G- relax H- true

The abnormal exaggerated muscle tone known as spasticity occurs when the (basal ganglia / cerebellum / dorsal column nuclei / reticular formation) [A] is/are released from normal cortical (inhibition / excitation) [B] by events such as a stroke or neonatal brain damage. When a therapist tries to quickly stretch a spastic muscle, its tone will first (increase/decrease) [C], then tone will suddenly (increase/decrease) [D]. This phenomenon, known as the clasp-knife response; occurs when activity of the (muscle spindles / Golgi Tendon organs / Ia afferents / alpha motor neurons) [E] activates reflex relaxation of the spastic muscle.

A- reticular formation B- inhibition C- increase D- decrease E- Golgi Tendon organs

Which of the statements comparing/contrasting muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organ (GTO) is FALSE? A Activating muscle spindles in an extensor muscle can produce an excitatory reflex to contract that muscle, while activating GTOs in same muscle can activate an inhibitory reflex. B Afferent information from spindles travels in Dorsal Column system, while information from GTOs travels in Anterolateral system. C Spindles transduce muscle length and GTOs transduce tendon tension. D Both muscle spindle and GTOs are proprioceptors. E Both muscle spindles and GTOs are receptors.

B Afferent information from spindles travels in Dorsal Column system, while information from GTOs travels in Anterolateral system.

Damage to (which answer) causes RESTING tremor? A Cerebellum B Basal ganglia C M1 (primary motor cortex) D Thalamus E Reticular formation

B Basal ganglia

Which of the following are associated with Parkinson's Disease? Multiple answers: You can select more than one option A Damage to cerebellum B Damage to basal ganglia C Damage to lateral corticospinal tract D Intention tremor E Bradykinesia (slowness of movement) F Spastic tone G Rigid tone H Exaggerated stretch reflex I Exaggerated Golgi Tendon Organ reflex

B Damage to basal ganglia E Bradykinesia (slowness of movement) G Rigid tone

The medial lemniscus is part of the ________. A Anterolateral pathway B Dorsal column pathway C Reticulospinal pathway D First order cell

B Dorsal column pathway

Alpha-gamma co-activation is associated with which of the following? Multiple answers: You can select more than one option A Relaxation of the extrafusal muscle B Stretching of the sensory region of the spindle in response to activating striated ends of spindles C Compression of the sensory region of the spindle in response to activating striated ends of spindles D the need to "bias" the spindle so it will respond to changes in length as the whole muscle shortens E reflex contraction of the antagonistic muscle F activating the Golgi Tendon Organs in that muscle

B Stretching of the sensory region of the spindle in response to activating striated ends of spindles D the need to "bias" the spindle so it will respond to changes in length as the whole muscle shortens

The second order neuron in an ascending sensory pathway is found _________. A Within the thalamus B Within the spinal cord or brainstem C Within the dorsal root ganglion D Within the cerebral cortex

B Within the spinal cord or brainstem

Match the following motor neuron type with the muscle fiber type it innervates: Multiple answers: You can select more than one option A α-motor neurons → intrafusal skeletal muscle fibers B γ-motor neurons → intrafusal skeletal muscle fibers C α-motor neurons → extrafusal skeletal muscle fibers D γ-motor neurons → extrafusal skeletal muscle fibers

B γ-motor neurons → intrafusal skeletal muscle fibers C α-motor neurons → extrafusal skeletal muscle fibers

The ______________ the upper motor neural impulses to prevent excessive unnecessary muscle movements. A Cerebellum excites B Prefrontal cortex initiates C Basal nuclei inhibit D Association cortex stops

C Basal nuclei inhibit

Spastic hemiplegic gait is due to an abnormally exaggerated amount of tone in which muscles? A Flexors of upper and lower extremities B Extensors of upper and lower extremities C Flexors of upper and extensors of lower extremities D Extensors of upper and flexors of lower extremities

C Flexors of upper and extensors of lower extremities

Stereognosis, the ability to identify a common item by touch alone; is a great example of ___ . A Sensation B Transduction C Perception D Adequate stimulus

C Perception

Which of the following is most likely directed by a CPG? A Pitching the baseball B Catching the baseball C Running around the bases D Tagging a runner out

C Running around the bases

Pain afferents release ________ as a transmitter. Descending analgesic (pain relief) neurons that synapse with the ________ of the pain afferent may interrupt the transmission of pain information by affecting voltage gated channels. A Glutamate; axon terminal B Opioid neurotransmitters; axon terminal C Substance P; axon terminal D Substance P; axon hillock E Glutamate; cell body

C Substance P; axon terminal

Cell bodies of motor (efferent) neurons are found in the ________ of the spinal cord. A Dorsal horn B Dorsal root ganglion C Ventral horn D Anterolateral tract

C Ventral horn

Intrafusal muscle fibers __ . A Are sensory receptors B Are innervated by afferent (sensory) neurons C Are innervated by efferent (motor) neurons D All of the above E None of the above

D All of the above

Which of the following elements are not contained in muscle spindles? A Intrafusal muscle fibers B Motor neuron fibers C Sensory neuron fibers D Extrafusal muscle fibers

D Extrafusal muscle fibers

The ventral corticospinal tracts __________. A Decussate at the level of the pons B Innervate the skeletal muscles associated with chewing C Decussate at the pyramids of the medulla oblongata D Innervate the axial skeletal muscles

D Innervate the axial skeletal muscles

Which descending (motor) tract is involved in stereognosis? Which sensory (ascending) tract? A Reticulospinal; Spinothalamic B Spinothalamic; reticulospinal C Anterior corticospinal; spinothalamic D Lateral corticospinal; fasciculus cuneatus E Rubrospinal; fasciculus gracilis

D Lateral corticospinal; fasciculus cuneatus

Region(s) of the brain involved in complex movement planning and visually-guided movements include __ . A M1 (primary motor cortex) B S1 (primary somatosensory cortex C Brain stem D Premotor and supplementary motor (association) areas of cortex E All of the above

D Premotor and supplementary motor (association) areas of cortex

Most of the time, the internal globus pallidus of the basal nuclei releases ______________ to the thalamus, which decreases or inhibits thalamic activity to the motor cortex.

GABA

presynaptic inhibition involves ________ a. axo-axonal synapses b. axon terminals synapses with post synaptic cell bodies c. increased release of substance P d. all of the above

a. axo-axonal synapses

parkinson's disease results from damage affecting the _______, which causes ________ as a symptom a. basal ganglia; resting tremor b. primary motor cortex; difficulty initiating movement c. reticular formation; paralysis d. cerebellum; resting tremor

a. basal ganglia; resting tremor

like the dorsal column system, the anterolateral system __________. a. carries sensory info b. synapses and crosses in the medulla c. carries motor information d. crosses in the corpus callosum

a. carries sensory info

electrical stimulation of several CNS nuclei, including the substantia gelatinosa; can relieve pain in humans a. true b. false

a. true

when a physical therapist begins to stretch a spastic muscle, that muscle will at first __________. due to the role of the reticular formation in spasticity, this response is most likely to happen in a/an _______ flexor muscle. a. contract and resist; knee b. contract and resist; elbow c. relax and lengthen; hip d. relax and lengthen; elbow

b. contract and resist; elbow

arrange the sequence of structures making up the dorsal column system in the correct order, starting with transduction at the receptor and ending with primary somatosensory cortex (S1) a. muscle spindle; spinothalamic tract; thalamus; fasiculus gracilis; S1 b. muscle spindle; fasiculus gracicilis; medial lemniscus; thalamus; S1 c. thermoreceptor; dorsal horn; spinothalamic tract; S1 d. nociceptor; dorsal column nucleus. fasiculus cuneatus, thalamus, medial lemnicus; S1

b. muscle spindle; fasiculus gracicilis; medial lemniscus; thalamus; S1

what kind of information is carried by the spinothalamic tract? a. fine, discriminatory touch information b. pain c. motor information to influence alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord d. all of the above

b. pain

consider the motor hierarchy. at which level of the CNS do we first find the circuitry (wiring) for programming the pattern of rhythmic movements such as walking a. spinal nerve b. spinal cord c. brainstem d. M1

b. spinal cord

while a skeletal muscle is contracting, you would expect that there will be ________ within the muscle a. activation of afferent neurons innervating the muscle spindles b. activation of the gamma motor neurons innervating the muscle spindles c. both of the above d. neither of the above

c. both of the above

the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) is contained in the _________ and the primary visual cortex (V1) is contained in the ________________ a. frontal lobe; parietal lobe b. frontal lobe; occipital lobe c. parietal lobe; occipital lobe

c. parietal lobe; occipital lobe

a quick stretch (reflex hammer) to the quadriceps muscle activates ___ which synapse ___ with alpha motor neurons to the ___ a. spindle afferents; right hamstring muscles b. GTO afferents; left quadriceps muscles c. spindle afferents; left quadriceps muscles d. spindle afferents; left hamstring muscles

c. spindle afferents; left quadriceps muscles

a receptor in the finger transduces a stimulus that activates action potentials in a pathways that synapses first in the spinal cord, and then in the thalamus, before projecting to the primary somatosensory cortex. the receptor is most likely a ___________. a. meissner's corpusle b. GTO c. thermoreceptor d. pacinian's corpuscle

c. thermoreceptor

which of the following is true about the cerebellum? a. it is located in the brainstem b. when damaged, abnormal involuntary movements result c. when damaged, patient will demonstrate tremor when moving, not when resting d. all of the above

c. when damaged, patient will demonstrate tremor when moving, not when resting

the medial lemniscus _________________ a. is tract in the spinal cord b. contains axons in third order neurons projecting to S1 c. contains axons originating in M1 d. contains axons originating the medulla and projecting into the thalamus

d. contains axons originating the medulla and projecting into the thalamus

which of the following functions is/are associated with the thalamus? a. control of respiration b. control of body temp c. orienting head and eyes to a visual stimulus d. transmission of sensory info

d. transmission of sensory info

Stepping on a tack produces a painful stimulus to the right toe, and will activate which of the following a. contraction of right lower extremity flexors b. inhibition of the right lower extremity extensors c. spinal cord inhibitory interneurons that synapse upon motor neurons innervating left lower extremity flexors d. contraction of left lower extremity extensors e. all of the above

e. all of the above

proprioception such as muscle spindles play a role in ____________ a. transducing muscle length b. transducing change in muscle length c. activating DTR, such a the knee jerk d. body awareness e. all of the above

e. all of the above

the _______ is the motor pathway controlling the exploratory hand and finger movements necessary for your stereognosis ability

lateral corticospinal

The ________ is the lowest level of the CNS that contains the circuitry for a central pattern generator, which can generate the rhythmic pattern of walking.

spinal cord grey matter

Most lower motor neurons originate in the ______________ of the spinal cord.

ventral horn