Pol 335 Quiz 2

Many scholars estimate that German power reached its peak around 1905, but it did not engage in war until 1914 because it was still developing its naval capabilities. A.True B.False

A.True

Some realists argue that the distribution at the beginning of the Cold War was tripolar, which is uniquely unstable. A.True B.False

A.True

The four policemen refer to Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and China. A.True B.False

A.True

U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's famous Fourteen Points advocated for territorial adjustments, including the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France and the creation of Poland as a state. A.True B.False

A.True

While the "shadow of the future" encourages cooperation in iterative game theory, if players come to believe that they are facing the last move, they face a static prisoner's dilemma and no choice but to defect. A.True B.False

A.True

Liberal nationalism capitalized on the trend toward increased individual freedom, fundamental human rights, and the rule of law, and emphasized the participation of all members of society in political life. A.True B.False

A.True

CENTO was a treaty organization developed during the 1950s that focused on the Middle East and included the United States, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. A.True B.False

A.True

Counterforce weapons are designed to destroy specific military targets. A.True B.False

A.True

Finlandization refers to the Soviet policy of allowing a country to keep its domestic system as long as it cooperated with the Soviet Union on foreign policy. A.True B.False

A.True

When did Adolf Hitler come to power? A. 1933 B. 1937 C. 1939 D. 1941

A. 1933

Which of the following events does the liberal perspective identify as critical events in the timeline prior to World War II? A. Appeasement at Munich in 1938 B. The development of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact C. The Spanish Civil War D. Germany's annexation of Austria

A. Appeasement at Munich in 1938

What are spheres of influence? A. Areas of contested territory divided up and dominated by great powers, which agree not to interfere in one another's areas B. The division of peripheral areas into capitalist and communist societies C. A theory held by the superpowers that if one country in a developing region went over to the other side, other countries in the region would follow D. A coalition that stressed neutrality in the Cold War

A. Areas of contested territory divided up and dominated by great powers, which agree not to interfere in one another's areas

After World War I, which state created alliances with the new states of Eastern Europe (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia) to fill a role similar to that of a pre-World War I alliance with Russia? A. France B. The Soviet Union C. The United States D. Austria-Hungary

A. France

In an attempt to counterbalance Germany, Great Britain signed the Entente Cordiale with which country? A. France B. Russia C. The United States D. Serbia

A. France

Arguing that the United States enjoyed strategic immunity because it is separated from other great powers by the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans is to argue for the importance of which of the following factors? A. Geopolitics B. Offensive realism C. Liberal democracy D. Strategic culture

A. Geopolitics

The iron-rye coalition that ran the German government gets its name from what two elite groups? A. Landed agricultural interests and industrial leaders B. Landed agricultural interests and military leaders C. The clergy and military leaders D. Military leaders and socialist democrats

A. Landed agricultural interests and industrial leaders

In October 1962, U.S. President John F. Kennedy reacted to the deployment of Soviet nuclear-capable missiles to Cuba by taking which of the following actions? A. Launching a naval quarantine B. Launching a naval blockade C. Carrying out air strikes on missile installations D. Conducting an amphibious invasion at the Bay of Pigs

A. Launching a naval quarantine

Which of the following is not an acronym for a disarmament agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union? A. MAD B. ABM C. SALT D. START

A. MAD

According to the realist perspective, the potential growth of Russian power led Germany to consider what type of war? A. Preventive war B. Preemptive war C. Asymmetric war D. Hegemonic war

A. Preventive war

The new Europe founded after World War I was based on which of the following principles? A. Self-determination B. Mutual armament C. Alliances D. Power balancing

A. Self-determination

In which country did liberal democracy emerge most prominently? A. The United States B. Great Britain C. France D. Germany

A. The United States

Arguing that a change in Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's ideas prompted the end of the Cold War is an example of an argument from which level of analysis? A. The individual level of analysis B. The domestic level of analysis C. The foreign policy level of analysis D. The systemic level of analysis

A. The individual level of analysis

Which level of analysis describes the argument that the U.S. would not have rebounded in the 1980s if Ronald Reagan had not been elected president in 1980? A. The individual level of analysis B. The domestic level of analysis C. The foreign policy level of analysis D. The systemic level of analysis

A. The individual level of analysis

Arguing that the Soviet Union will use international organizations and transnational actors (like the Russian Orthodox Church, pan-Slav movements, and labor movements) to further its strategic interests is an example of an argument from which of the following perspectives? A. The realist perspective B. The liberal perspective C. The identity perspective D. The critical theory perspective

A. The realist perspective

Which of the following perspectives would most likely argue that the United States didn't join the League of Nations because of a political struggle for domestic power between U.S. president Woodrow Wilson and those who opposed him? A. The realist perspective B. The liberal perspective C. The identity perspective D. The critical theory perspective

A. The realist perspective

Before World War I, nationalism took militant, liberal, and socialist forms. A.True B.False

A.True

Buckpassing is a free-riding strategy wherein a country allows other countries to fight conflicts while it stays on the sidelines. A.True B.False

A.True

The iron-rye coalition was a liberal coalition that ran the German government consisting of agricultural, industrial, and socialist leaders. A.True B.False

B.False

The principle of unanimity meant that only the great powers decided what constituted a threat to international peace and security. A.True B.False

B.False

What was the Lytton Commission? A. A League of Nations commission that investigated the Italian occupation of Ethiopia and recommended league members impose economic sanctions on Italy B. A League of Nations commission that investigated the Japanese invasion of Manchuria and recommended league members not recognize Manchukuo C. A League of Nations commission that investigated the German invasion of the Sudetenland and recommended league members agree to the return of the Sudetenland to Germany D. A League of Nations commission that investigated the French occupation of the Ruhr Valley and recommended league members agree to cede the Ruhr Valley to France

B. A League of Nations commission that investigated the Japanese invasion of Manchuria and recommended league members not recognize Manchukuo

The Concert of Europe, created in the early 1800s, was primarily ________. A. A trade alliance between Germany and Italy B. A multilateral and open system for settling disputes C. A German plan for war against France and Russia D. One of several ideologies that promoted nationalism

B. A multilateral and open system for settling disputes

What is appeasement? A. A free-riding strategy wherein a country allows other countries to fight conflicts while it stays on the sidelines B. A policy of making concessions to a stronger foe because one is unwilling to consider the use of force C. The aligning of states with a greater power to share the spoils of dominance D. The creation of a rigid defensive alliance

B. A policy of making concessions to a stronger foe because one is unwilling to consider the use of force

What was the result of the Yalta Conference? A. Agreement on the unification of Germany following World War II B. Agreement on the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany and postwar occupation of Europe C. Agreement on the division of the Korean peninsula at the 38th parallel following the Korean War D. Agreement on limits to the number of antiballistic missiles

B. Agreement on the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany and postwar occupation of Europe

Which of the following arrangements involves a common institution seeking to restrain an aggressive state by ordering it to desist and, if necessary, threatening it with economic sanctions? A. Power balancing B. Collective security C. Buckpassing D. Security resolution

B. Collective security

What does it mean when someone argues that "geopolitics is a necessary but not sufficient explanation for war"? A. Geopolitics is the reason most states go to war. B. Geopolitics explains why war is possible, but more specific factors (from other perspectives and levels of analysis) explain why a particular war begins. C. Geopolitics is never a good reason to start a war. D. Geopolitics cannot explain war.

B. Geopolitics explains why war is possible, but more specific factors (from other perspectives and levels of analysis) explain why a particular war begins.

According to the realist perspective, the encirclement of Germany and the confrontation between the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente may have been unavoidable because of which of the following factors? A. Kaiser Wilhelm II's clumsy diplomacy B. Germany's position in the center of Europe C. Weaknesses of international institutions D. Fragmentation among German domestic political parties

B. Germany's position in the center of Europe

What American statesman labeled Eastern European countries "captive nations" of the Soviet Union and advocated for a policy of rollback? A. Richard Nixon B. John Foster Dulles C. Alger Hiss D. Dean Acheson

B. John Foster Dulles

What is the focus of liberal nationalism? A. Cultural and racial differences and an aggressive, heroic approach to international relations B. Political ideologies and wider participation in the rule of law in both domestic and international politics C. Greater economic equality and social justice, especially in class and colonial relationships D. The preservation and promotion of cultural superiority through political and military struggle

B. Political ideologies and wider participation in the rule of law in both domestic and international politics

By pursuing an aggressive, expansionist foreign policy, Germany demonstrated that it had what sort of goals? A. Isolationist B. Revisionist C. Irredentist D. Revanchist

B. Revisionist

Despite having less than half its population, Germany massively outproduced which country across the range of military equipment during World War I? A. Great Britain B. Russia C. The United States D. France

B. Russia

That the unification of Germany in 1871 as a central power threatened neighboring countries that then allied against Germany, which in turn made Germany feel even more threatened, is an example of which concept? A. Collective security B. Security dilemma C. Reciprocity D. Power transition

B. Security dilemma

What was the name of the Western plan to rebuild Germany and the rest of Europe after World War II? A. The Truman Doctrine B. The Marshall Plan C. New Thinking D. The Baruch Plan

B. The Marshall Plan

U.S. president Franklin Delano Roosevelt placed an oil embargo on Japan to prevent it from attacking which of the following states? A. The United States B. The Soviet Union C. The states of Southeast Asia D. China

B. The Soviet Union

After its defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, Russia aligned with Great Britain and France through which alliance? A. The Entente Cordiale B. The Triple Entente C. The Triple Alliance D. The Schlieffen Plan

B. The Triple Entente

In the 1960s, which state had a substantial superiority in nuclear weapons and missiles? A. The Soviet Union B. The United States C. Cuba D. Vietnam

B. The United States

The argument that Germany was able to survive (while Poland was not) because Germany could convert wealth into military power (and Poland could not) is an argument from which level of analysis? A. The international level of analysis B. The domestic level of analysis C. The foreign policy level of analysis D. The systemic level of analysis

B. The domestic level of analysis

The liberal argument that World War I occurred because interactions among the great powers broke down highlights the importance of which concept from game theory? A. Zero-sum gains B. The last move C. Equilibrium D. Power balance

B. The last move

What is containment? A. The policy of the United States during the Cold War of liberating Eastern European countries from Soviet control B. The policy of the United States during the Cold War that checked aggressive Soviet actions through military alliances C. The Western plan to rebuild Germany and the rest of Europe after World War II D. A strategy of deterrence that relies on a few nuclear weapons to retaliate and inflict unacceptable damage on the adversary

B. The policy of the United States during the Cold War that checked aggressive Soviet actions through military alliances

Which of the following were outcomes of the Treaty of Versailles? A. The restoration of Kaliningrad with a corridor to the sea B. The reduction of Germany's army to 100,000 volunteers and its navy to six cruisers C. The pronouncement that Austria-Hungary was solely responsible for the outbreak of World War I D. The return of Alsace-Lorraine and the Sudetenland to Germany

B. The reduction of Germany's army to 100,000 volunteers and its navy to six cruisers

Which of the following states was never a member of the Warsaw Pact? A. Hungary B. Yugoslavia C. Bulgaria D. Albania

B. Yugoslavia

Austria-Hungary considered Germany responsible for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and declared war on July 28, 1914. A.True B.False

B.False

From the realist perspective at the systemic level of analysis, alliances tend to develop in a domino, rather than a checkerboard, pattern. A.True B.False

B.False

The Council of the League of Nations had special veto power over decisions made in the Assembly. A.True B.False

B.False

The Korean War ended with a peace treaty in 1953, which resulted in the peninsula being divided into north and south at the thirty-eighth parallel. A.True B.False

B.False

The Potsdam Conference of July 1945 resulted in the successful implementation of a reparation plan that unified Germany. A.True B.False

B.False

The Treaty of Rapallo opened up full diplomatic relations between Germany and Austria. A.True B.False

B.False

The economic sanctions invoked by the League of Nations against Italy were effective, and Italy, soon after, left Ethiopia. A.True B.False

B.False

Arguing that U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt sought to make the United Nations compatible with the constitutional structure of the United States is an example of an argument from which level of analysis? A. The individual level of analysis B. The domestic level of analysis C. The foreign policy level of analysis D. The systemic level of analysis

C. The foreign policy level of analysis

Which of the following perspectives would stress the religious aspects of the Holy Alliance? A. The realist perspective B. The liberal perspective C. The identity perspective D. The critical theory perspective

C. The identity perspective

Germany's domestic ability to convert resources into power affects the balance of power at which level of analysis? A. The individual level B. The foreign policy level C. The systemic structural level D. The systemic process level

C. The systemic structural level

Which of the following organizations was not a Cold War alliance concluded by the United States? A. SEATO B. CENTO C. Warsaw Pact D. Rio Pact

C. Warsaw Pact

During which year do many scholars estimate German power to have peaked? A. 1871 B. 1894 C. 1905 D. 1913

C. 1905

What does the term Lebensraum refer to? A. The principle that all nations participate in global institutions and decision making B. The right to self-determination of nations to decide their own domestic politics C. An expansionist ideology that proposed a larger living space for the German racial community D. A belief in the superiority of defensive military power

C. An expansionist ideology that proposed a larger living space for the German racial community

What term describes the global, putatively bloodless conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union that resulted in massive arms buildups and international conflicts? A. Hot War B. Proxy War C. Cold War D. War of Liberation

C. Cold War

Which state withdrew from NATO military command in 1966 and initiated a policy of détente with the Soviet Union? A. Canada B. Greece C. France D. Italy

C. France

In 1936, Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with which country? A. The Soviet Union B. China C. Germany D. Italy

C. Germany

On what date did Austria-Hungary declare war on Serbia? A. May 13, 1914 B. June 28, 1914 C. July 28, 1914 D. August 3, 1914

C. July 28, 1914

When did Germany annex Austria? A. March 1936 B. September 1937 C. March 1938 D. February 1939

C. March 1938

Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's policies (including glasnost, perestroika, and the foreign policy revolution) were influenced by what set of ideas? A. Great Leap Forward B. Rollback C. New Thinking D. Truman Doctrine

C. New Thinking

Which school of realism contends that states always seek dominant power? A. Defensive realism B. Classical realism C. Offensive realism D. Neorealism

C. Offensive realism

Which of the following pairs of treaties eased Germany's isolation after World War I? A. Versailles and Vienna B. Paris and Calais C. Rapallo and Locarno D. Alsace and Lorraine

C. Rapallo and Locarno

The development of nuclear weapons and their use to deter conflicts led to which of the following mechanisms? A. The balance of threat B. The balance of deterrence C. The balance of terror D. The balance of power

C. The balance of terror

Arguing that German policymakers used diplomacy to provoke Russian mobilization and to bring about a war that would unite domestic groups is an example of an argument from which level of analysis? A. The individual level of analysis B. The domestic level of analysis C. The foreign policy level of analysis D. The international level of analysis

C. The foreign policy level of analysis

In which situation would a country consider launching a preemptive war against another country? A. When it is retaliating against an attack by the other country B. When it perceives that the other country is growing in power and may attack in the future C. When it perceives that the other country is preparing to attack it first D. When it perceives that the other country is balancing against it

C. When it perceives that the other country is preparing to attack it first

In what year did Japan invade Manchuria, a northern province of China, and set up the puppet state of Manchukuo? A. 1905 B. 1911 C. 1925 D. 1931

D. 1931

In what year did the European Communities become the European Union? A. 1958 B. 1973 C. 1986 D. 1993

D. 1993

What organization did the Soviet Union establish in 1947 to assist communist parties in states like France and Italy? A. New Thinking B. Second International C. Comintern D. Cominform

D. Cominform

Which of the following refers to the UN-led process by which former colonies in the third world gained their independence after World War II? A. Proxy wars B. Détente C. National wars of liberation D. Decolonization

D. Decolonization

Which of the following strategies involves preventing attacks on other states (and not just your own) through the threat of force? A. First-strike capability B. Counterforce weapons C. Maximum deterrence D. Extended deterrence

D. Extended deterrence

On the eve of World War I, all of the following monarchies EXCEPT which state suffered from domestic cleavages and failing institutions? A. Turkey B. Austria-Hungary C. Russia D. France

D. France

Who is the author of the Long Telegram? A. Henry Kissinger B. Hans Morgenthau C. Dwight E. Eisenhower D. George F. Kennan

D. George F. Kennan

Which of the following acts immediately caused World War II? A. Germany withdrew from the League of Nations. B. Germany annexed the Sudetenland. C. Germany and the Soviet Union agreed to a nonaggression pact. D. Germany invaded Poland.

D. Germany invaded Poland.

Fascist and military groups engulfed all but which of the following countries? A. Germany B. Italy C. Japan D. Great Britain

D. Great Britain

Which of the following states was NOT invaded by German land forces in the period from 1939 to 1941? A. The Soviet Union B. France C. Norway D. Great Britain

D. Great Britain

Who wrote Idea for a Universal History and Perpetual Peace and argued that democracy would spread and lead to a federation of peaceful states? A. Frederick Engels B. William Gladstone C. Norman Angell D. Immanuel Kant

D. Immanuel Kant

Which country joined Germany and Austria-Hungary in the Triple Alliance in 1882? A. Serbia B. Russia C. Great Britain D. Italy

D. Italy

Before World War II, communism in the Soviet Union was built by which two leaders? A. Lenin and Marx B. Khrushchev and Brezhnev C. Stalin and Gorbachev D. Lenin and Stalin

D. Lenin and Stalin

All of the following were original members of the European Coal and Steel Community EXCEPT this country: A. France B. Germany C. Italy D. Russia

D. Russia

What was the first physical confrontation of the Cold War? A. The Vietnam War B. The Cuban Missile Crisis C. The Prague Spring D. The Berlin Blockade

D. The Berlin Blockade

Which of the following is not a key point of the long telegram? A. The Soviet Union leads a worldwide communist effort. B. The Soviet Union is confrontational. C. The United States will win against the Soviet Union by improving its own society, not by spreading freedom. D. The United States must roll back the Soviet Union and undermine Communism.

D. The United States must roll back the Soviet Union and undermine Communism.

What was the Zollverein, and how did it contribute to the rise of German power? A. The Zollverein was a diplomatic agreement between Germany and Austria-Hungary that solidified foreign policy ties between the two states. B. The Zollverein was a military mobilization plan that called for strengthening the German military. C. The Zollverein was an international conference of socialist parties that helped the convergence of German socialist identities. D. The Zollverein was a customs union among German states developed in the 1830s that lowered barriers to trade and ignited rapid industrial development.

D. The Zollverein was a customs union among German states developed in the 1830s that lowered barriers to trade and ignited rapid industrial development.

Which of the following incidents, which took place on June 28, 1914, directly triggered World War I? A. The execution of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia B. The "Willy-Nicky" telegrams C. The unification of Germany D. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria

D. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria

What is chain-ganging? A. A free-riding strategy wherein a country allows other countries to fight conflicts while it stays on the sidelines B. A policy of making concessions to a stronger foe because one is unwilling to consider the use of force C. The aligning of states with a greater power to share the spoils of dominance D. The creation of a rigid defensive alliance

D. The creation of a rigid defensive alliance

What was the first step of the Lebensraum policy? A. To invade France, followed quickly by airstrikes against Great Britain B. To conclude strategic alliances with the Soviet Union C. To occupy the Baltic states in preparation for an invasion of the Soviet Union D. To seize Czechoslovakia and Austria

D. To seize Czechoslovakia and Austria

Which of the following leaders coined the term the iron curtain at a speech in Fulton, Missouri? A. Franklin D. Roosevelt B. George F. Kennan C. Charles de Gaulle D. Winston Churchill

D. Winston Churchill