POLI SCI
"Refugees and asylum seekers" Koser (ASYLUM SEEKERS AREN'T REFUGEE POSERS)
"Refugee" as defined by the Convention of 1951: Any person "owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality." - Now a days people escape mainly because of a general instability in conflict - Doesn't include sexuality and sex - Doesn't include those fleeing from environmental disasters - Doesn't include internally displaced persons An asylum-seeker is a person who has applied for international protection International norms/obligations - Leave: Right to leave one's country - Access: Right to access territory of other states - Non-political: asylum provided as a non-political act -Stay: Cannot be returned to their home country forcibly (non refoulment) - Rights: Full economic and social rights - Solution: States are obliged to try to provide "durable" solutions of refugees
"The Strange triumph of human rights" -Mazower
- "The Strange Triumph of Human Rights..." Human rights originate from extreme violence (WW2 Hitler's genocide)/ ADVOCACY (roosevelt) and through state interest (League of Nations) - Two ideas of how human rights emerged internationally ADVOCACY AND SPREAD OF MOVEMENT Roosevelt's theory of how advocacy and activist led the movement. VIOLENCE idea that Hitler's example of genocide played an integral role in the need for human rights. Both driven by state interest - Nazis came into power BELIEVED IN NATION BEFORE EVERYTHING - Socialists cared very little for minorities - Great powers in Europe after WW2 found it in their interest to spread Human Rights - Topic of human rights becomes ever popular within all member states - Human Rights viewed as more appealing alternative to minority rights because of the failure it has seen previously (NAZI MANIPULATION) - WWII made possible the emergence of human rights. Humanitarian movement starts with the defeat of Napoleon
"Eugenics and Progressive Though: A study in ideological Affinity" - Freeden
- Eugenics is not just a racist theory but a social reformist thought in early 20th century - Eugenics: science of breeding among the fit and discouraging breeding among unfit (one of many definitions) - Environment is important in Eugenics; different environments select for different characteristics therefore SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST possess only the desirable characteristics for environment they live in = eugenists' job to manipulate environment - In eugenics POV, social justice is self defeating; why care for those who burden us? - Class eugenics; aimed to reproduce in more of specific social group or cultural type - Neo-Maltusians were concerned with population control whereas its opponents (cassandra like) were concerned with creating a superior stock
"Sterilized by the State: Eugenics race and the population" -Hansen
- Eugenics may be defined as the science and art of better breeding or improving the pop by increasing the number of those with valuable race - In Britain and Germany eugenicists argue that upper classes were more likely to remain single - Eugenics' decline was due to immigration Heredity in this context is the "assumption that the majority of mental illnesses were hereditary, increasingly pervasive, and degenerative of a society's overall human stock". A popular, though flawed, method that backed up these assertions was the tracing of family history: The Jukes research findings were the first to link heredity to the cause of mental and social illness Followed by Kallikak Family findings -> linked heredity to criminal intent, intelligence and profession Inverse relationship between intelligence and family size HIGH FERTILITY AMONG UNITELLIGEN The Jukes: - Two principles 1. Heredity 2. Differential fertility The Kallikaks: 1. Idiot: mental age of one or two 2. Imbecile: mental age of three to seven 3. Moron: mental age between eight and twelve - Education for women granted women financial independence removing one of the chief motives for marriage Immigration • A fear of eugenic decline was bound up with intense opposition to Asian immigration and North America's west coast • The most important instance of eugenic ideas influencing policy: the adoption of quota-based immigration policies in the United States
"Citizenship, deportation and the boundaries of belonging." -Anderson
- Increase of deportation occurring in the states such as the USA and the UK and examines the reason behind the increase of deportation at independent states. - The UK and the USA has a division of "pure citizens" as being part of the local community members. Citizens who were not local members are rather being deported. - Families faces expulsion or deportation not because of the fact that they did anything against the independent state but because these independent states have the power to deport - Even the public is happy with deportation - Studies about deportation has shown that the increase of deportation may be a technique of countries to scare and discipline possible upcoming citizens and aim to scare its residents that if they harm these independent nations, they will be expelled - However, deportation also affects citizens as it leads to conflict especially because these citizens have different nationalities and will see the discrimination that persists in the act of deportation Highlights a conflict between the idea of citizenship as involving a shared right to decide who belongs and citizenship as formal status granted by the bureaucratic state. These gaps and conflicts are unlikely to disappear in the years ahead, especially if liberal states continue to use deportation as frequently as they do now
"Demystifying the Arab Spring: parsing the differences between Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya" -Anderson
- Social media sites are the modern day method to network Arab disseminated strategies for civil disobedience. - Various patterns and demographics of the protests: Tunisia - let by neglected people of rural areas to fight the class divisions manifesting in the country's continuing political unrest 1. Ben Ali's government restricted free expression and political parties 2. Ben Ali manipulated the country's international image as a modern, tourist friendly and technocratic regime 3. Protests were spontaneous and less organized 4. Military does not play a role in the country's revolution 5. New movements need to involve the young and demands of the people Egypt - led by the young people in major cities to redesign their institutions of government 1. Former president Hosni Mubarak was ousted due to inability to provide basic serves and help resolve unemployment/poverty 2. Army has enormous influence and is widely respected by the general public 3. The military leadership remains hostile to economic liberalization and private sector growth Libya - led by armed rebels to recover from the bloody civil war 1. Muammar Qaddafi was the former primary leader 2. Civil war in Tripoli was forced of Qaddafi and those seeking to oust his govt 3. Fight happened because of his effort to consolidate power and rule by patronage 4. Prohibited free press, private ownership, and retail trade
"Citizenship, deportation and the boundaries of belonging." - Anderson, Gibney, Paoletti
- Talks about the increase of deportation occurring in states such as the USA and the United Kingdom and examines the reason behind it. - UK and USA have a division of "pure citizens" as being part of the local community members. This goes against every citizen's right to equality and equal treatment - Deportation is now used as tool to remove people of different race simply due to the fact that they do not belong - Rights of states to deportation gives power to the states to control the people it wants to welcome
"The Nightmare of Depression and the Vision of Omnipotence"- Williams
- The Open door policy shaped the aptitudes and negotiations of the post WWII reconstruction ex. Marshal Plan. One of the most influential and important causes of the Cold War - USA saw soviets as bad as Nazi Germany for wanting to expand their territory despite the fact that the USSR has no interest in territorial conquests -Marshall plan was the reconstructive effort where US gave 13b in support aid in the reconstruction of post-WWII Western Europe -Williams talks about the fear that the America's economic system would fall into depression if it didn't expand overseas which was why as far as America was concerned, there could only be an opendoor expansion of the world from then on and anyone who would disagree was wrong and made no efforts to reach an understanding with Stalin
"Inferences of Competences from Faces Predict Election Outcomes" -Todorov
-Psychologically, social cognition and decision making are linked under (2) forms: system 1 which are rapid process and system 2 which are slow process. (FACIAL APPEARANCE are characterized as system 1) -The argument is backed up by the experiment results showing that approximately 70% of the election winners were those first perceived as being more competent
"Clientelism and Voting Behavior" -Leonard Wantchekon
Africa is systematically and inherently clientelist - Clientelism is a transaction between politicians and citizens where material items are offered in return for support in the polls -Most appealing to people in conditions of low productivity, high inequality and blunt hierarchical social relations -Favors those already in control of a country, decreasing the ability to have fair democratic elections -Ex. the government in power and the opposition can both make the same promises to persuade people to elect them but the current government has th ability to use government resources to make good on that promise, which makes the government in power seem more credible - Promises include a reform of education, new healthcare system, new hospitals, schools... 1. Women prefer public goods platforms more than men 2. public policy messages seem to hurt incumbents as well as regional candidates. 3. Ethnic ties only influenced voting behavior in villages that were exposed to public goods messages. 4. Voters who were well connected with networks outside their local villages, through access to media and membership in political parties, unions, and NGOs, were more likely to support the dominant candidates where they campaigned on public goods platforms. 5. Voters who engaged in local political discussions were less receptive of public goods political messages, possibly because local discussions may reinforce local bonding and thus increase demands for redistribution toward the locality.
"The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War" -Douglas
After the Second World War, the allies carried out the largest population movement in human history - Germans were kicked out Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and parts of eastern Germany were kick out of their homes and forced to find a way back to Germany. - Many were deterred from returning to their places of origins and became lifelong exiles - Displaced at least 12-14 million -Many died on trains back
"Civil society and the collapse of the Weimer Republic" -Berman
Berman argues against the neo-Tocquevillean argument that posits the importance of civil society and its capability to help democracies work, using the Weimar Republic in Germany as an example of how civil society failed to help strengthen democracy. it was the flouring of civil society and associationism ("the propensity of individuals to form and join a wide variety of organizations spontaneously") that helped give rise to the Nazi party; and the weakness of political institutions as well as political instability, not civil society, that helped create disorder in the country. Strong civil society in a liberal democracy with weak political institutions does more harm than good at strengthening democracy in a country. As in the case of the Weimar Republic that author cited how civil society and a multitude of civil groups reinforced social cleavages and led to division in the country instead of unity between different groups. If there had not been strong association in Germany, the Nazi party would not have gotten all the support that they did and would not have risen to power. However, the bourgeois parties failed to form a single movement for the middle class of Germany. This resulted in the people leaving parties and joining groups and clubs in their private lives. The relationship between political life and civil society vanished. Private associations were seen to offer the benefits that the political parties could not. The Nazi Party started off small and did not have a lot of support until they shifted their focus to the middle class. The Nazis focused on attracting the bourgeois who did not support traditional political parties. The Nazi party created local party chapters for the people to join and associate with. This made the people leave their private clubs to join the Nazi political party. Berman argues that the Nazis were able to bridge the gap between the bourgeois civil society and political parties. At this point, one can see that the success of the NSDAP came from Hitler due to his constant manipulation of the population in order to receive votes. In order to promote further votes, the Nazi's even invented a new agricultural program to gain notoriety from the peasants.
"Identity, Authority, Survival: Multicultural Societies and Social Reproduction" - Appiah
Explains his agreements and disagreements with Charles Taylor. The most important things in modern society when it comes to recognition in NA are identity, authenticity, and survival. The identities that demand recognition are religion, gender, ethnicity, race, and sexuality. - Appiah explains that Taylor does not pay enough attention to the connection between the originality of persons and of nations, for that Taylor's topic is the politics of recognition rather than the basic - Recognition equals the acknowledgement of people's identities. Identities such as race, gender, sexuality. - Authenticity Dialogue shapes identity; you develop as you grow up by material provided to you which is something that cannot be totally authentic to individual. Someone's identity is created through concepts and practices made available by religion, society, school, the state and mediated by family. Must be against society to reach individual authenticity - Survival is the cultures of today continuing through indefinite future generations. Society is too involved in how one views their self and their culture. Instead of forcing a culture on future generation, we must create a culture that our descendants will want to hold onto. Politics of recognition: people's individuality should be recognized but should not be the only thing that defines them. They should not be forced to act a certain way because those attributes are associated with what they identify with
"End of History Stills Stands" -Fukuyama
History had not turned out as expected with economic and political modernization not leading to communism as per the Marxist perspective but rahter to liberal democracy and market economy Democracy is LONG TERM sustainable outcome that all regimes progress to & has NO REAL COMPETITORS. The role of Middle class in democracy is highly important due to their demands from their elected government. The only system that may be able to compete with the liberal model is the 'China model,' mixing authoritarian government with a partially market based economy and high levels of technocratic and technological competence. Despite its strengths though, the China model is deemed unsustainable given that the system's legitimacy and the party rule rests on continued high levels of growth, which wont persist as China transitions from a middle income country to a high income one. Its environmental damage in addition to the high levels of corruption increasingly unacceptable to the growing middle class, massive inequality has destroyed the appeal of the 'Chinese dream.'
"The Sources of Soviet Conduct" -X
Main Thesis: The political personality of Soviet power as we know it today is the product of ideology and circumstances: ideology inherited by the present Soviet leaders from the movement in which they had their political origin, and circumstances of the power which they now have exercised for nearly three decades in Russia. Soviet power as a product of Marxian ideology; - The factor, which determines the character of public life, is a system in which goods are produced and exchanged. - Capitalist system of production is a wicked one which leads to the exploitation of working class by the capital owning class - Capitalism contains the seed of destruction, as the higher class will never "give in" - Imperialism is the final phase of capitalism and will lead to war and revolution
"Blood lands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin." -Snyder
Mass killings done by Germans and Soviets against Jews, Ukrainians, Poles, Russians, and Balts (people native to the blood lands) - Stalin purposefully starved Soviet Ukraine and 3m people died because of it - Hitler betrayed Stalin and the city became under siege by the Germans where 4m Soviet citizens were starved and killed by the Germans - Most died not because of concentration camps but from starvation
"World Politics; Interests, Interactions, Institutions." -Schultz (HISTORICAL REVIEW + MERCANTILISM)
Overview of how history has shaped our world during the 19th and 20th century and the effects it has or will have on present day. Europe was becoming powerful and taking over large chunks of the world which led to conflicts. - Peace of Westphalia stabilized the borders of the countries allowing them to solver their conflicts - Pax Britannica was the century long peace tat commenced with Napoleons defeat in 1815 and ended with the outbreak of the First World War. The peace was a reduction of barriers to trade among nations, the gold standard, and colonial imperialism which meant that European powers could not use military force and economic controls in the rest of the world. Tension in Europe was high because of the new country: Germany Thirty years crisis ended peace and prosperity with military and economic conflicts which resulted with two world wars and economic depression This caused a division between the European powers, with Germany, Austria- Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire on one side, and Britain France and Russia The US also guided its allies to a strongly institutionalized Western economic order called The Bretton Woods System: it included institutions intended to encourage the freer movement of goods and capital around the world. Modern trade political challenges American hegemony & globalization
"Professor Offers Reality Check for Politicians" -Browing
Professor Wantchekon investigated wat kind of campaign messages are most effective. His approach was to participate in an election. He chose to paricipate in his small West African home country. He used two types of messages. One used specific promises - to build schools, clinics, and raods in a particular village. The other invoked a much broader appeal to improve the nation's general welfare Results: specific promises worked well for officials, but not for underdogs, who won more votes when they used broad appeals. Women preferred broad appeals.
"The Decline of the Nation State and the Rights of Man" - Arendt
Talks about the plight of groups of people that are "stateless" particularly refugees, minority groups, and people who live outside the protection of a specific government Thesis: "Statelessness" as a condition has been caused by the decline of firmly defined nations, the emergence of more complicated borders and national identities, and changing understanding of basic human rights on a global scale and within nations. People who are "stateless" fit outside the protection of governments; this system hinders both their own success and allows for the rise of instability within the states themselves. After WWI, a lot of people didn't fit into the country they were situated in because of newly drawn statelessness which minority groups could not identify with Minority Treaties only covered nationalities of whom there were considerable numbers in at least two of the succession states Stateless people without the right to residence and work, had to constantly transgress law. Sometimes their only way to being recognized Jewish population most population to be historically called stateless This shift in the nation was described in the article as a proliferation of wars between one nation and another and by the internal division of political communities into four distinct elements: State peoples: those nationalities which were granted their own nationalities which were granted their own states Equal partners: those nationalities (like the Slovaks in Czechoslovakia or the Croats and Slovenes in Yugoslavia) who were meant to be equal but were not Minorities: those nationalities who were recognized by Treaties (like the Jews and Armenians) Stateless people: those who had no government to represent and who lived outside the law
"The Failure of Refugee Camps" - Dunn. (DUNN WITH THIS SHIT)
Thesis: A solution for the refugee crisis should not be based on the war ending or on fencing refuges in selective areas but rather should concentrate on: (1) integrating or assimilating refugees in a way which "benefits local economies and urban environments"; and (2) by giving ample funding to refugee who choose to stay in the camps. This solution is suitable because young workers will improve Europe's economy as the continent has an aging population and will also allow refugees to transition into society (by learning the language, training etc.). Furthermore, funds to existing camps will improve their infrastructure in order to stimulate local economies of host governments. Western Europe has been trying to keep displaced people outside its borders by funding refugee camps in Third World countries. These are not durable solutions - Permanently temproray - High unemployment rats - Camps placed far from urban areas to protect local labor force - Length of stay in refugee camp is more than 12 years - Camps keep refugees alive but keep them from living -They sustain life at a very basic level
"Ties that bind" Leverage, linkage, and democratization in the post-Cold War world." - Levitsky
Thesis: Steven Levitsky argues that Western powers have played distinct roles in promoting democracy through out most of the world. He supports his argument by showing that leverage has rarely been sufficient to induce democratic changes and that linkage is crucial to democratization. - Leverage exists as one country exerting power over the others to put pressure on them. It can manifest as sanctions, diplomatic powers, and military intervention - Leverage is affected by 3 factors 1. States size and the size of their military and economy 2. Western foreign policy's agendas 3. Leverage is reduced when governments have access to political, economic, or military support from another power There are five dimensions to linkage: 1. Economic: credit, investment, assistance 2. Geopolitical: ties to western government and western led alliances and organizations 3.Social: tourism, migration, elite education in the west 4. Communication: Western media penetration 5.Transnational civil society: churches and parties -Linkage's primary source is geography as countries located closer to the US or EU are more likely to democratize. - It is important to understand that linkage, unlike leverage, is primarily a source of soft power. Its effects are diffuse, indirect, and often difficult to detect. -
"Palestinian refugees." - Chatty + Farah
Thesis: A historical article that seeks to understand why the Palestinian case had remained marginalized and unresolved for more than half a century by examining how their history is intertwined with the European-Jewish diaspora, the emergence of Zionism and the fall of the Ottoman empire. - McMahon/Hussein Treaty (Great Britain agreed to recognize and support the Arabs should they revolt against the Arabs - Sykes-Picot agreement was negotiated in secret and contradicts this o France would take Syria and Lebanon o Britain would take Iraq and Transjordan o Palestine would be placed under international administration with Russia taking control of Jerusalem Zionism emerged at the end of the 19th century as a political movement - Theodor Herzl proposed a Jewish state as the answer to the "Jewish question" o Immigration of European Jews to Palestine o Displacement of the indigenous people
"Indian partition." - Oberoi
Thesis: Both the Indian and Pakistan governments were not particularly interested in conducting a formal and organized exchange of population, however, the violence that minority communities on both sides received forced both states to organize emergency evacuation of their coreligionists. - Partition of India and Pakistan due to the religious divide among Hindus/Sikhs and Muslims. - Partition of British India caused the formation of Pakistan which involved riots and killings based on religious differences Although it was argued by the United Nations at the time that this partition created a population exchange between the new states rather than millions of displaced refugees fleeing persecution in their own homes. Due to this reasoning, the UN, Britain and other allies refused to contribute to the aid of a smooth transition as was the case in Israel and Palestine. There were refugee camps in both India and Pakistan to receive the incoming refugees
"Assimilation by Stealth: Why Canada's Multicultural Policy Is Really A Repackaged Integration Policy" -Hansen
Thesis: Canadians approach multiculturalism and immigration through assimilation in the labor market and public school system as opposed to integration. Canadian multicultural policy is simply an integration policy. To prove his claim, he focuses on the foundation of this integration, which is in the Canadian public school system and the labour market that encourage assimilation. Integration: a process through which the differences between migrants and the native-born in matters of educational achievement, income and earnings disappear and migrants achieve higher than an average economic outcomes. Assimilation: acquisition of norms, expectations and understandings that make up social and political life in Canada in which the immigrants and their children come to closely match those of their co-citizens Thick multiculturalism: migrants integrate through their own culture and they privilege that culture over national laws, customs and traditions with interference of gov? Netherlands is thick? Has different communities for different people Thin multiculturalism: a right to one's culture as the expression of it harms on one and is consistent with national laws and a human rights culture, and no interference from gov Canada is thin -Downside: It has a tendency to privilege people's ethnic cateogry over other aspects of their identity and tolerate a high degree of rediential and personal segregation Labor market/school system are basis of settlement policy that assimilates all residents = majority of Canadians support this Immigrants are allowed to retain their language, religion, cultural practices but this is a standard across liberal democracies Cultural expression was NEVER restricted, only certain set of rights Migrant's success in Canada has nothing to do with multiculturalism and everything to do with the way Canada selects them and the way they EDUCATE themselves - Education is one of the most important things in determining the success/integration of immigrants, as well as settlement - Canadian multiculturalism is a camouflaged integration policy. - Public school system encourages assimilation - Assimilation is a process, rather than an endpoint, in which migrants to a new country gradually and naturally acquire and reproduce the basic norms, expectations, and understandings governing political and social life.
"The Clash of Civilizations" - Huntington
Thesis: Cultural differences between civilizations, rather than the ideological civilization would be the primary source of future global conflict. It will be far more meaningful to group not in terms of their political or economic system or level of economic development but rather in terms of their culture and civilization Five reasons why civilizations will clash: 1. The differences among civilizations have produced the longest and the most violent conflicts 2. The world is becoming a smaller place 3. Processes of economic modernization and social change are separating people from long standing local identities 4. The consciousness of civilizations is rising because of the "West" 5. Cultural characteristics and differences are not as easily resolved or definable economic ones. 6. Economic regionalism is rising. Culture and religion may also help to unify previously scarred regions such as with the economic relationship between Asian nations such as China, Hong-Kong, and Taiwan as well as in the hostile regions of the Middle East. - Future world conflicts will not be fought by nation states as we think of them today, but rather they will be fought by nations and civilizations found within these nation states instead
"Fascism and modernization" -Turner (TURNING BACK TIME)
Thesis: Fascism is a subject that is difficult to categorize or define. However, this paper seeks to extend the analysis of fascism by exploring modernization as a characteristic using historical examples of the rejection of industrialization and yearning to revive an old mythic world order. DEFINITION OF FASCISM: "A system of government marked by centralization of authority under a dictator, a capitalist economy subject to stringent governmental controls, violent suppression of the opposition, and typically a policy of belligerent nationalism and racism." RELATIONSHIP: some view fascist regimes as agents of modernization while other see the reverse (de-modernization) DEPENDS ON HOW DICTATOR USES THE THEORY!! Facism has many subcategories and is quite up for interpretation (subject view on facism) Modernization: Progress from a traditional pre-modern society to a modern society. Characteristics include industrialization, urbanization and secularization. Utopianism: The attempt to create one's vision of the perfect society, whether such a thing is realistic or not. Nazis didn't think modernization was compatibly with fold culture so their goal was to Goal: escape modern times to a more romantic version of reality; characterized by harmony, community almost mythic version of past Go back to agrarian society
"Being Canadian" -Kymlicka
Thesis: Identity politics in Canada are like democratic policies, they are constantly renegotiated internally; among other groups, but also externally; among international identities. Difficult to pinpoint what it means to be truly Canadian because of sub-state group identities. Thesis: "Most discussions of 'the Canadian identity' focus on how 'being Canadian' relates to various sub-state group identities, such as Québécois, Aboriginal or immigrant identities. There is often said to be a distinctly Canadian model of reconciling national identity with sub-group identities. I argue that the Canadian model of accommodating identities is not unique, but rather reflects broader trends throughout the West. I also suggest that an equally important but neglected part of 'being Canadian' is the external dimension i.e., how Canadians relate to the wider world." EXTERNAL CANADIAN IDENTITIES: 1. Canadians are good citizens of the world; 'honest-brokers' through international involvements to promote development and justice seen as a NATIONAL TRAIT - Sees itself as a more constructive partner in global affairs than USA (but it is exaggerated or mythological) - "One is a good Canadian nationalist by being a good internationalism - "When Canadians participate in international affairs, it is seen as reflecting and reinforcing our distinctiveness as a nation from our neighbors to the south." 2. Canadians as part of Western world; sees itself as part of developed democratic west = Canada is a secular constitutional liberal- democracy, with a market economy and a welfare state, and is linked with other Western democracies through a dense set of alliances and agreements. 3. Canada as part of the New World; in contrast to Old World Europe, Canada sees itself as part of more open and diverse New World BUT ALSO LACKS CULTURE/HERITAGE - Canadians cherish a self-image of a young and open society - open to mobility, to newcomers and to new ideas - where the weight of history is lighter and less stifling of individual initiative or cultural diversity. 4. Canadians as non-Americans (KINDER AND GENTLER FOR DEEPER FEELINGS OF INSECURITY) - Communitarian/conservative in contrast to Americans who are revolutionary/ liberal - Canada = kinder and gentler immigration country than USA - CANADIAN LIBERALS OPPOSE AMERICANIZATION OF POLICIES INTERNAL CANADIAN IDENTITIES (Struggle between internal diversity and maintaining political order by applying liberal-democratic values shared by all Western democracies. - ETHNIC DIVERSITY IN CANADA (DESPITE BEING A BRITISH SETTLER SOCIETY THEY ARE BECOMING A DECREASING % OF THE POPULATION) Ethnocultural diversity: 1. French Canadians 2. Aboriginals (SELF GOVERNING STATES WITHIN A NATION WERE INVOLUNTARILY FORCED) 3. immigration groups Canada's shift to accommodating diversity is simply one manifestation of a much larger trend throughout the West BUT Canada is unique in having to deal with all three forms of diversity at the same time through constitutionalized accommodation (no other western country constitutionalized Multiculturalism).
"The Dilemmas of Immigration Control" - Hollifield, Martin, Orrenious
Thesis: Issues concerning immigration are heightened in advanced liberal democracies, where economic pressures push for openness to migration while political, legal, security (terrorism) concerns argue for a greater control in an era of globalization and international labour/people mobility. First Thesis: "Convergence hypothesis": there is a growing similarity among industrialized, labor-importing countries countries in terms of: 1. The policies chosen for controlling immigration, especially unauthorized immigration and refugee flows 2. The results of immigration control measures 3. Integration policies - the measures adopted by labor-importing countries that affect the rate and extent of social, economic, and political integration among immigrants who become long-term residents 4. General public reaction to current immigration flows and assessment of government efforts to control or manage them Second Thesis: "Gap Hypothesis": The gap between the goal and results of national immigration policy is growing WIDER in major industrial democracies, thus provoking greater public hostility towards immigrants in general and putting pressure on political parties and government to adopt more restrictive policies. - As states and societies become morel liberal, migration will increase - The possible outcomes of migration, such as greater anarchy, disorder and war, wealth and human development, depends on how immigration is managed by the liberal states because they will set the trend for the rest of the globe
"The promise of the Arab Spring: in political development, no gain without pain." Berman
Thesis: It is important to remember - particularly within the context of the Arab Spring - that the implementation of democracy is the beginning of a process and the end of it, democratization tends to be long-winded and violent. - People are skeptical of the viability of democracy spreading in the from the Arab Spring - Implementing democracy has been unsuccessful in the Arab world - This leads to the question should the Western world be bringing democracy to other nations at all? Does it even work? Or does it cause more harm if anything? - Democratization isn't a blank slate for a country because violence, dictatorship, and turmoil must be accounted for as in cases of Egypt, Iraq, and Syria. France's first foray into democracy proved to be a failure but it has since set a standard for other democracies Italy is another example as its rise to fascism in the 1930 was a result of not enough democracy in the country when it was first introduced - Germany's Wiemar experience was not successful but it was an important stage in further democratization following World War 2. - Currently though, bringing democracy to the Arab world has been a failure because: o No middle class o Large mass industrial class o Oil curse the opposition can be paid off using oil money o External vs internal factors
"Israel in History: The Jewish State in Comparative Perspective" -Penslar
Thesis: The new history concept is an ongoing innovative process in regards to the history of Israel. What is the difference between "revisionism" and "new history" and which term best characterizes historical literature on the 1948 Arab-Israeli War? - A generation is a cohort of scholars who share similar concerns and values. The historians of Israel do not fit in neatly into these categories, - Authors goal is to identify select groups of individuals who have most strongly influenced the production of historical writing about Israel over the past twenty-five years - Two generations of Israeli historians o One from the first half of the 1970s o One from the second half of the 1980s
"Migrants, refugees, history and precedents" -Bundy (4 REFUGEE CRISES)
Thesis: There is much about earlier migration crises that today's European policymakers might profitably recall aka learn from the past. The First World War and the 1917 Russian Revolution created the first European refugee crisis. Second World War caused the second refugee crisis. The third refugee crisis was in the 1990s, It had a number of components: firstly, the break-up of the Soviet bloc and the wars in what had been Yugoslavia; secondly, wars by Western powers in Iraq and Afghanistan which made those two countries the largest sources of refugees; and thirdly, 9/11 and the 'war on terror' which triggered a wave of new attempts to restrict, control and deny entry The fourth refugee crisis is very recent and started around 2011 but saw a spike in 2014- 2015. Its components include war in Syria; failed or fragile states in Libya, Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo; a growing inability of states in the Global South to handle their refugee populations; and the rapid establishment of new routes for mass migration through the Balkans and Eastern Europe towards favored destinations like Germany, Sweden, Denmark and the UK.
"The Dilemmas of Immigration control" -Hollifield
Thesis: argument is that issues concerning immigration are heightened in advanced liberal democracies, where economic pressures push for openness to migration while political, legal, security (terrorism) concerns argue for a greater control in an era of globalization and international labour/people mobility. Convergence Hypothesis: There is a growing similarity among industrialized labor importing countries in terms of: 1. The policies chosen for controlling immigration, especially unauthorized immigration and refugee flows 2. The results of immigration control measures 3. Integration policies - that is, the measures adopted by labor-importing countries that affect the rate and extent of social, economic, and political integration among immigrants who want to become long term residents 4. General public reaction to immigration flows and assessment of government efforts to manage them Gap Hypothesis: The gap between the goals and results of notional immigration policies - The gap is growing wider in the major industrial democracies, thus provoking greater public hostility towards immigrants in general and putting pressure on political parties and government officials to adopt more restrictive policies Key Definitions: - Pull (demand): Bureaucratic power is routinely open to contestation by variety of socioeconomic groups which reduces the "demand pull" factors that attract migrants (ex shortage of manpower). - Push (supply) o REALISTICALLY cannot reduce "supply-push" pressures in the principal of labor-exporting countries (rapid population growth and low economic rates) Pull factors may include the need for foreign labor in another country, certain types of immigration policies that fit the standards for migrants, etc. Push factors are usually factors that come from the country they are currently in, example: lack of jobs, economic hardships, war, etc.
"Modes of immigration politics in liberal democratic states." - Freeman
Thesis: there are common characteristics of immigration policies in liberal democracies that are convergent and divergent. The reason for this can be found in the features of a liberal democracy itself and how they affect the way in which countries process migration issues. However, three sets of liberal democracies show distinct migration policies - Liberal democratic states can be split up into three subsets, each with a different history and way of dealing with immigration - First group: English societies - Australia, Canada, USA. Open to immigration. FOLKLORE POSITIVE w/ rich historical memory (public believe immigration is either too large or accurate), public has poor understanding/rational ignorance, organized groups are the most active members of society (labour unions, that accept immigration) & political parties in settler societies hardly attack immigration to appeal for votes (take immigration out of politics) - Second group: Western European States - Germany, France, Britain, Switzerland. They have temporary labor camps and accepted temporary immigrants after WWII. Labor camps were supposed to drive the immigrants out. Modern experience of mass immigration occurred when they were already fully developed national states. perception of immigration is less positive leading to more conflict. Public is skeptical from the beginning, slow to mobilize and poorly articulate (temporal illusion). Organized groups are pro-immigration (employers) public officials (establish elite consensus w/o public participation and w/o parliamentary supervision CLIENT POLITICS). - Third group: Other European States - Portugal, Spain, Greece, Italy. Originally countries which people migrated to other countries but have recently become countries of immigration due to crisis conditions The European States will eventually become more liberal and open Key: Politics of immigration is becoming institutionalized in Europe. Settler societies will probably remain the states that are willing to take in mass numbers of immigrants. Transition from sending to receiving countries: rapid economic developments, non existence to immigration control, push factors. Domestic (no immigration control, administrative regulation) and external response (EU influence on immigration) ex: Italian control of immigration. Follows model: public unresponsive, racist but do not affect policy making. Policy is receptive to trade unions
"Picking Election Winner By Appearance Accurate 70 Percent Of The Time" -Todorov
Todorov's experiment on how it is a split second glance at two candidates' faces is often enough to determine which one will win an election - People infer the competence of political candidates based solely on their facial appearance, and these inferences can be used to predict the outcomes of elections for US Congress
"The past is another country: myth and memory in postwar Europe."- Judt (DENIAL OF PAST. JUDT NOT REAL)
We are living in an "unpolitical" age of forgetting and that is our downfall. We are choosing to forget rather than remember. Europe has been divided because of the pattern of division in Yalta and the Cold War. This influenced Europe to divide and make a new continent Good (Bohemia & Moravia had economic growth) Vs bad war (Yugoslavia, France & Vienna had rape, loss of agriculture and land wealth) What shaped the post war experience or the LEGACY OF WW2? - Claim of German responsibility (Nuremberg trials= for those who commit crime to be accordingly punished GERMAN GUILT) - Resistance myth (false history of US vs THEM to be an innocent nation you have resist Nazi regime MANY OTHER nations also believed in the Nazi phenomenon) - Yalta & Cold War (basically renew the identity of EUROPE) - De-nazification issue (fascist movements) Why was the war reshaped?: to restore cohesion to civil society; Communist aimed to create a heroic image to their wartime record.