Police Administration Final Exam

3 Functions of leadership

1-leadership function by definition of structure 2-leadership by coordination control-involves most of the leaders routine decision making 3-leadership by goals and Norm clarification-leader assists the group in defining acceptable and unacceptable behavior and developing the objectives of group activity

2 Core values in emergent systems

1-loyalty 2-individualism

3 major sub systems in police organizations

1-operations 2-administration 3-auxiliary services

4 sources of organizational policy

1-originated policy - emanates from within the organization defines long-range purpose. 2-appealed policy - comes from with in developed haphazardly as they are repealed or passed up chain of command often confusing 3-implied policy - impression given by the organizations actions rather than words 4-external imposed policy - outside the organization comes from courts or other governmental agencies

Theory X

1-people don't like to work and will avoid it 2-people must be forced to work 3-people are inherently ambitious and irresponsible

Consequences of the development of emergent systems

1-productivity - output of labor contributed by members of the organization 2-satisfaction - how members of the group feel about their work 3-growth - employers change for the better

4 types of police plans

1-reactive plans - occurs in response to a crisis or a decision forest on the department from the outside 2-contingency plans - attempt to prepare in advance for possible occurrences 3-operational efficiency plans - improve routine operations 4-strategic plans - the organizations mission and primary goals and objectives

3 aspects of group social system within an organization

1-required System - activities sentiments and interactions that are necessary for group survival 2-personal System - all the personal predispositions that members of an organization bring to the workplace 3-emergent System - total of the behavior in a group setting

2 most important behavior modifications for police administration to consider

1-reward 2-recognition

Subsystems the police organizations maybe studied from three different perspectives

1-traditional/structural perspective 2-human perspective 3-strategic management perspective

Theory Y

1-workers expend energy in work they enjoy 2-if work is satisfying it will be performed well 3-Control and punishment are not the only methods to motivate work 4-workers are capable of directing them selves 5-Direct relationship between worker commitment and awards

4 major dimensions of community policing-The COP strategy was developed in the 1980s and had important implications for police administration

1. Philosophical dimension-The need for police to provide tailored personal service to the public 2. Strategic dimension-assures that agency's policies are consistent with the community oriented philosophy 3. Tactical dimension-positive interactions with the public partnerships and a problem-oriented approach to police work 4. Organizational dimension-directly addresses the changes in police organization

3 primary characteristics of systems

1. They are comprised of subsystems that may be looked upon as systems in and of themselves 2. They are made up of factors that interact and/or are interdependent 3. They are established for the purpose of meeting specific goals and objectives

Sir Robert peel

Metropolitan police act of 1829 1-police administration should be a centralized organization was graded authority 2-police administration should be selective and stringent on personal standards

Politics v politics

Politics-use of partisan political influence on police department decisions politics-manner of governance the science of politics intended to serve the will of the people

Expectancy theory

Probabilities of peoples actions leading to desired outcomes (employees are guided by what they see as the probabilities of their actions leading to desired outcomes)

3 strategic elements of community policing

1. alternative police operational strategies 2. sharper geographic focus 3. stronger emphasis on prevention

4 important values to a police departments mission that deserves special emphasis

1. efficiency-honest concern for efficiency in the expenditure of public funds 2. legalitypolice carefully operate within the law 3. equity-all actions be guided by principles of fairness 4. accountability-must be un challenged

3 most important tactical elements of Community oriented policing (COP)

1. positive interactions with the public 2-partner ships 3-problem-oriented approach to police work

3 primary goals of any police department

1. protect life 2. protect property 3. maintain order

1956 Kenneth boulding identified nine different levels of systems

1. static-frameworks 2. simple dynamic systems-machines 3. cybernetic systems-thermostats 4. self-perpetuating systems 5. genetic social systems-plants 6. animal systems-animals 7. human systems-people 8. social systems-organizations 9. transcendental systems-unknown

Participation management

An approach to management that Includes non-managerial employees in the management process. Participation gives employees a greater feeling of belonging. Involvement of employees and management increases efficiency and effectiveness.

Management by objectives (MBO)

An approach to management that is Based on worker self-control rather than control imposed by management

Hierarchy

An organization where someone has authority over someone else

Organizational development (OD)

An organizational improvement where an Educational strategy employing widest possible means of experience-based behavior to achieve more and better organizational choices

Selective traffic enforcement

Analysis of traffic accident patterns so that the kinds of violations that cause accidents in certain locations at certain times or suppressed

Behavioral Sciences

The concept of Organizational Development (OD) is grounded largely in:

The workers are not supportive of the change

There are several conditions that indicate that a contemplated change should not be made. Which of the following is not one of those conditions?

Span of control

Total number of subordinates reporting to a single superior

Linkage blindness

Traditional failure of a police department to foster cooperation with other departments

Accurate and timely intelligence, effective tactics, rapid deployment of personnel and resources, and relentless follow-up and assessment are characteristics of: a. community policing b. problem-oriented policing c. Compstat d. emotional intelligence

c. Compstat

____________ is influence drawn from the leader's personality, reputation, integrity, attractiveness, and values. a. coercion b. expertise c. charisma d. position power

c. charisma

The process of systematic collection of information to determine whether programs and strategies are being implemented as intended is called: a. evaluation b. performance appraisal c. monitoring d. appreciative inquiry

c. monitoring

Which of the following is not one of the three main functions of leadership? a. definition of structure b. coordination control c. motivation facilitation d. goal and norm clarification

c. motivation facilitation

According to Maslow's hierarchy, if a worker's basic and security needs are satisfied, he or she will be motivated primarily to satisfy _______________ needs. a. ideal self needs b. self-concept needs c. social needs d. security needs

c. social needs

According to Hersey and Blanchard's situational theory, leaders should adapt their leadership styles to: a. the size of the organization b. the condition of the economy c. the task-related maturity of the followers d. their own personalities and capabilities

c. the task-related maturity of the followers

The most common reason for police agencies to consider privatizing certain functions has been: a. to reduce government control b. to limit rist and liability c. to cut costs d. to increase effectiveness

c. to cut costs

The only 9/11 Commission recommendation for which the government subsequently got an "A" grade for significant progress was related to: a. airline passenger screening b. control over weapons of mass destruction c. using terrorism finance as an intelligence tools d. interoperability

c. using terrorism finance as an intelligence tool

Which of the following is not considered a motivator according to job enrichment? a. recognition b. responsibility c. work relationships d. advancement

c. work relationships

Which of the following is not one of the suggestions for reducing supervisor and subordinate dissatisfaction with performance appraisals? a. characterizing the process as an analysis rather than an evaluation b. careful training for supervisors c. engaging the subordinate in the performance analysis process d. conducting appraisals no more than once per year

d. conducting appraisals no more than once per year

_______________ leaders exercise a minimum of direction and control; they avoid making decisions whenever possible. a. bureaucratic b. diplomatic c. participative d. free-rein

d. free-rein

According to the text, objective measures are always preferable to subjective measures because: a. they are numerical b. they are easier to combine and analyze c. they eliminate opinions and emotions d. none of the above, they are not always preferable

d. none of the above, they are not always preferable

The congressional committee that reviewed the response to Hurricane Katrina found that _______________ played a positive role in restoring law and order. a. the media b. the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) c. the New Orleans Police Department d. the military and federal law enforcement

d. the military and federal law enforcement

The organization that confines itself solely to official communication channels: a. will work more efficiently b. will be able to prevent the development of an emergent system in the organization c. will enable employees to meet their personal needs without creating a deviant subculture d. will starve itself of information

d. will starve itself of information

About 25% of police agencies today require applicants to have a 4-year college degree. true false

false

According to Maslow's hierarchy, workers are motivated primarily by security needs. true false

false

According to the text, the best way to overcome conflict and dissatisfaction with employee performance appraisals is to focus them on personality. true false

false

Crime analysis is oriented toward efficiency and provides input primarily to allocation, strategic, and tactical decisions. true false

false

In the United States, only African Americans believe that the problem of racial profiling is widespread. true false

false

Local, state, and federal authorities were able to provide a well-coordinated response during Hurricane Katrina in 2005, thanks to effective interoperability of communications and information systems. true false

false

Public satisfaction with the police is directly tied to rapid response when citizens call for assistance. true false

false

The "crime triangle" is analogous to the "Bermuda Triangle" and refers to locations where wanted offenders are able to disappear and evade police capture. true false

false

The main factor that differentiates leadership from management is definition of structure. true false

false

The professional crime-fighting approach emphasizes using targeted techniques and focusing on non-traditional forms of crime, not just street crime. true false

false

The single most important factor in determining whether a case will be solved is the amount of time that detectives spend investigating it. true false

false

closed loop system

introduction of information about how well or how to poorly the system is working-gives feedback

open loop system

no provision made for feedback. The system functions in one way

Historically, the intelligence community has been better at horizontal information sharing (among federal agencies) than vertical information sharing (with state and local agencies). true false

true

Unofficial communication channels can exert both positive and negative influences on an organization. true false

true

the concept of servant leadership emphasizes that leaders should see their role as serving their organization, both employees and customers/clients. true false

true

A feeling of discomfort with old behavior

A key motivator in the unfreezing phase of change is:

All of the Above

Which of the following might be useful during the assessment step in the traditional action research model?

It focuses on whole systems

Which of the following statements is most accurate with regard to the Organizational Development (OD) methodology?

The Mayor

Which type of individual would not normally be considered a change agent?

Police executives responsibility in motivation of employees

1-identify common sources of motivation for many employees and work to make them positive as possible 2-identify impediments to motivation and minimize them 3-empower supervisors so they have training in authority they need to meet motivational needs of subordinates

2 Basic roles of the police executive

1-internal matters - they focus on the organization itself 2-External matters - they interact with their environments

Maslows five level hierarchy

1-Basic needs- food clothing shelter 2-security needs - protection against physical and psychological threats 3-social needs - love friendship Camraderie 4-self-concept needs - recognition respect esteem 5-ideal self needs - for filling individual potential

4 general models of motivational systems

1-Force & coercion-work because they have to 2-economic/machine - work in order to obtain the tangible rewards that employment offers. 3-affective/affiliation - workers may be motivated to work because of their social needs (hawthorne)

6 basic functions of police management

1-System building 2-planning 3-organizing 4-staffing 5-directing 6-controlling

3 levels of management in police organizations

1-chief administrative level 2-command level 3-supervisory level

Three factors in intergroup behavior

1-cooperation-work together toward a common goal 2-competition-Vie with one another in order to achieve greater productivity 3-conflict-The result of competition for limited resources and rewards

Police departments need to perform three types of analysis

1-crime in problem analysis - collect analyze data on crime and related problems in the community 2-operations analysis - examine patrol, investigations and other operational tasks. Seeks to improve effectiveness 3-administrative analysis-involves the study of internal procedures and practices for the purpose of identifying problem areas and making improvements

Three identifiable characteristics of the emergent system

1-elaboration-initial stage of emergent system 2-differentiation-things become valued differently 3-standardization-norms develop in the emergent system they give group members clues

2 key indicators of cohesiveness within an Organization

1-employee turnover 2-attendance

5 steps of the planning process

1-ends analysis - focuses on either kinds of problems or the organizations mission goals and objectives simply identifies the purpose of the planning exercise 2-forecasting - planning becomes explicitly future oriented 3-means analysis - every aspect of matter must be thoroughly researched and considered before a final plan is devised 4-implementation - systematically impliminted & carefully evaluated 5-evaluation - information about whether or not the problem was solved

According to the most authoritative study, immediate response to reports of serious crimes results in on-scene arrests in about ________ of cases. a. 1% b. 3% c. 25% d. 50%

?

Deciding which patrol officers to promote to sergeant is an example of: a. a street-level decision b. a supervisory decision c. a policy decision d. an administrative decision

?

Ratings and rating scales are commonly used in police performance appraisal. The recommended method for making these as objective as possible is: a. to have supervisors rate each others' subordinates b. to apply behavioral anchors to the rating scales c. to have supervisors complete the ratings only once per year d. to have supervisors refer to past-year ratings when doing their appraisals of subordinates

?

Politician (executive style)

Emphasizes external role of the police executive. Protects the police departments interest by meeting with community and government groups. Defends the department from external threats

Statesman (executive style)

Emphasizes leadership among the troops. Delegates most management tasks and concentrate on charting overall course of the organization. Rarest and most needed style

Administrator (executive style)

Emphasizes the internal role of the police executive. Concentrate on planning organizing staffing. Believes he is a manager first and cop second

What branch of government is a police department a part of

Executive branch

Top cop (executive style)

Focuses more on leading and managing. Heavily involved and police operations takes charge.

Paradigm shift

In the 1990s many police departments changed their vehicle pursuit policies to make them more restrictive as a result of numerous lawsuits. This dramatic change from one set of rules to another is called a:

Change agent

Objective and impartial outside consultant.

Systems concept- how to design and operate a police organization

Systems concept was introduced because the adoption of systems principles results in superior model of policing that eclipses conventional management practice in every aspect

Change

The heart of unfreezing is making people receptive to:

communication

The principle means by which police officers get their jobs done without resorting to force

May be rooted in a past experience or past reinforcement history of those facing change.

The root causes of resistance to change in police agencies:

It identifies who should be considered for promotion

Which of the following is not an argument commonly made for involving rank-and-file officers in the decision making process?

Department-wide

Which of the following is true concerning directed change? It is:

They have a working knowledge of the formal and informal organization

What is an argument in favor of internal change agents?

Life experiences model

Which model regarding change examines the influence of officers; ascribed and achieved status attributes?

All of the Above

Which of the following is a recommendation that can help managers seize opportunities for change in their departments?

A new police chief has been appointed and implements change just show members of the police department who is boss

Which of the following is not a typical reason for planned changes to occur within police organizations?

omnipresence

a sense that police were, if not everywhere, at least around the corner

________________ are systems that provide information to patrol officers, detectives, and other employees engaged in direct service to the public. a. operations information systems b. supervisory information systems c. command and control systems d. management information systems

a. operations information systems

The ______________ model of motivation holds that people work mainly to obtain tangible rewards. a. force and coercion b. economic/machine c. affective/affiliation d. growth-open system

b. economic/machine

Post 9/11, police responsibilities related to anti-terrorism are primarily a reflection of their increasing role in the ________________ system. a. criminal justice b. national security c. safety d. security

b. national security

The main direction of change in police handling of domestic violence over the last 40 years has been: a. police today take more of a conflict resolution and counseling approach b. police today take a more legalistic approach c. police today tend to avoid arrest because of the increased risk of civil liability d. police today generally do not respond, but rather refer the calls to social service agencies

b. police today take a more legalistic approach