Polisi exam 1
Which amendment to the united states constitutions protects individuals from testifying against themselves in a court of law?
5th ammendment
Law enforcement officials sometimes controversially rely of the practice of ___________________________ the assumption that certain groups of people are more likely to commit particular crimes.
(racial profiling)
The sedition Act of 1798
*Terms:* Made it illegal to defame or criticize the president or the government; aimed at war newspapers critical of the Federalist policies; Jeffersonians viewed it as proof that individual liberties were threatened if the central government was too strong. *Historical Significance:* Led to the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions; contributed to the debate concerning constitutional rights in times of war.
What was the first result of the national boycott of California lettuce and grapes that was launched by Cesar Chavez?
- California passed a law giving migrant workers the right to bargain collectively.
Which groups have historically lacked equality?
- Catholics - Women - Asian Americans
Segregation Laws:
1. The supreme court ends school segregation in Brown V. Board of education of Topeka 2. Rosa parks refuses to give up her seat on a bus to a white rider in Montgomery, Alabama. 3. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivers a speech before the participants of the march on Washington for jobs and freedom.
Between the 1970s and 1980s, the percentage of immigrants to the united states from Asia more than doubled, going from
13% to 35%
In which year did the supreme court rule that forced busing violated students constitutional right to equal protection under the law?
3007
Which of the following amendments contribute to ensuring criminal due process?
4th, 5th, 6th, 8th amendments
Of the 500 largest United states corporations, less than (__) are headed by women
5%
The right to legal counsel is a (_____) amendment protection
6th
In which case did the supreme court rule that the forced busing of children for the purpose of achieving segregated was constitutional?
Swann V. Charlotte Mecklenburg County.
Today, most of the guarantees in the bills of rights are protected from action by which of the following?
The federal and state government
equal rights
The right of every person to equal protection under the laws and equal access to society's opportunities and public facilities
civil rights
are obligations imposed on government to take positive action to protect citizens from any illegal action of government agencies as well as of other private citizens.
Civil rights act of 1964-
barred racial discrimination in public accommodations and private employment.
In Plessy V. Ferguson, the supreme court declared that (____________) but equal facilities do not violate the fourteenth amendment's equal protection clause.
separate
In Mapp V. Ohio, the supreme court extended the constitutional protection against unreasonable search and seizure to action by (________) government
state
Any law that treats individuals differently based on race is subject to the (_____________________) test.
strict scrutiny
Affirmative action policies have been used by (_____________________________________________________________) to expand opportunities for women and minority group members.
educational institutions, and employers
Since the 1990 the number of federal and state prisoners in the united states has -
increased sharply
Griswold V. Connecticut was a case dealing with
the right to privacy
Which of the following are fifth amendment rights of the accused?
to a trail by jury
Which of the following are 5th amendment rights of the accused?
to a trial by jury
In 1972, native Americans organized a caravan titled the ( ______________________) that journeyed from California to Washington, DC to protest federal policy.
trail of broken treaties
The supreme court consistently ruled that the George W. Bush administration practice of denying constitutional and legal protections to enemy combatants was
under the jurisdiction of the united states courts.
Which constitutional amendment granted women the right to vote?
- 19th amendment
Which of the following tactics were used by martin Luther king Jr. in his leadership of the civil rights movement?
- Sit-ins - Marches in nonviolent protest - Boycotts
Which of the following is true about women's equality in the workplace?
- The average pay for women workers is only 80% of the amount earned by male workers - Women tend to earn less because they are more likely to leave work early to start a family.
Which of the following statements are true regarding incarceration rates in the united states?
- The number of federal and state prisoners has more than doubled since 1990 - The united states has the largest prison population in the world on a per capita basis - Most state legislatures have enacted stiffer criminal penalties in the past 2 decades
Which of the following are rights that gays and lesbians had to fight for?
- The right to openly enlist in the military - The right to have the same benefits as traditional couples
Why was the national security agency's wiretapping of phones calls and e-mails messages originating in the united states, first revealed by the new York times in 2005, controversial?
- The wiretapping was specifically prohibited by the foreign intelligence surveillance act of 1978. - The wiretapping had been authorized by president George W. Bush without approval from the courts.
Despite the advances of the civil rights movement, which of the following statements about African Americans are true?
- They are more likely to be convicted of crimes - They are more likely to grow up in broken families - They are more likely to receive a harsher sentence for a given criminal offense
In the case of Korematsu V. United states
- allowed government policies during wartime that would not be allowed in times of peace.
Best exemplifies the profound impact of the civil rights movement?
- removing discrimination in voting requirements.
strict-scrutiny test
A test applied by courts to laws that attempt a racial or ethnic classification. In effect, the strict-scrutiny test eliminates race or ethnicity as a legal classification when it places minority-group members at a disadvantage
reasonable-basis test
A test applied by courts to laws that treat individuals unequally. Such a law may be deemed constitutional if its purpose is held to be "reasonably" related to a legitimate government interest.
gerrymandering
Apportioning voters into districts in such a way as to give unfair disadvantage to one racial or ethnic group or political party.
Which of the following was the 1954 landmark case that ended segregation in public schools? -
Brown V. Board of education of Topeka
In which 2014 case did the supreme court rule that companies that are "closely held" are not required to provide their employees with birth control if they object on religious grounds?
Burwell V. Hobby Lobby.
Which of the following is likely to convince a judge that police should be issued a search warrant?
Establishing probable cause for believing a crime has been committed.
Under which of the following supreme court cases did part of the bill of rights 1st become incorporated to apply to actions by the states?
Gitlow V. New York
suspect classifications
Legal classifications, such as race and national origin that have invidious discrimination as their purpose and therefore are unconstitutional.
In which of these cases did the supreme court rule that the second amendment, with some restrictions, prohibited state and local governments from effectively banning gun ownership? -
McDonald V. Chicago.
Which of the following supreme court cases was also known as the "pentagon papers" case?
New York times Co. V. United States.
Which 2015 supreme court decision removed the ban on same-sex marriage citing it violated the fourteenth amendment's equal protection and due process clauses?
Obergefell V. Hodges
Which of the following statements about affirmative action are true?
Preference programs have greater support among African Americans than among whites - Most Americans support programs to give equal treatment to groups that have been disadvantaged historically
affirmative action
Refers to programs designed to ensure that women, minorities, and other traditionally disadvantaged groups have full and equal opportunities in employment, education, and other areas of life.
The landmark case of Lau V. Nichols (1974) resulted in many states offering (__________) education in their public schools.
bilingual
Native Americans were not considered to be (_________) until 1924.
citizens
Which term refers to the rights and privileges guaranteed to all citizens under the equal protection and due process clauses of the 5th and 14th amendments?
civil rights
In order for an affirmative action program to be upheld as constitutional, the supreme court requires that government prove what kind of interest? -
compelling
Today, most of the guarantees in the Bill of rights are protected from action by which of the following?
federal and state governments
The bill of rights initially applied to which level or levels of government?
federal only
Which of the following is not a major civil rights issue being fought by many minority groups? -
freedom of religion
In rostker V. Goldberg (1980) the supreme court upheld the constitutionality of (_______) classifications even through such classification need to be scrutinized more closely than classifications by age or income.
gender
Since the 1950s, how has the federal government responded to demands for equal rights for African Americans?
it passed a series of laws that secured fundamental rights for African Americans.
Which of these groups is typically more protective of individual rights?
judges
A false written statement about other people that harms their reputation is known as (_________), -whereas a false verbal statement about other people is known as (__________).
libel, slander
The supreme court has stated that in order for an affirmative action program to be upheld as constitution, the program must be
narrowly tailored
The fifth and fourteenth amendments
no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law
The attempt to block the publication of material considered to be harmful is known as (_________) restraint.
prior
14th amendment-
prohibits discrimination by government but not by private parties
At one time, banks engaged in a practice known as (__________), refusing to grant mortgage loans to people who lived in certain neighborhoods, especially those neighborhoods with large black populations.
redlining
Which of the following amendments contribute to ensuring criminal due process?
- 4th, 5th, 6th, and 8th.
Which practices were banned as a result of the civil Rights Acts of 1968?
- Discriminatory practices in housing - Discriminatory practices in mortgage lending - Discriminatory real estate practices such as steering African American families to certain neighborhoods.
Asian Americans are more likely than other minority groups to be which of the following?
- Have a high median outcome - College educated
According to today's statistics, Asian Americans are underrepresented in which of the following areas?
- Holding the top position in corporations - Holding high level political office
What did the voting rights of 1965 entail?
- It banned discriminatory voter registration practices - It allowed federal intervention in voter registration in states with a history of discriminating against black voters
Which of the following statements about the Americans with disabilities Act are true?
- It requires government agencies to take steps to make their buildings accessible to persons with disabilities. - It grants certain employment protections to persons with disabilities
Southern states used a number of devices to prevent African Americans from voting, including which of the following?
- Poll taxes - Literacy tests - Whites-only primaries
Which term describes the set of procedures authorities must follow before a person can be lawfully punished for an offense?
- Procedural due process
Which of the following statements are true of libel and slander?
- Public officials can usually be criticized freely without fear the writer or speaker will have to pay for damages due to libel and slander - Laws on libel and slander are based on the assumption that society has an interest in encouraging media and citizens to express themselves freely
The second amendment protects and supports
- the right to keep and bear arms, and a well-regulated militia.
equal-protection clause
A clause of the Fourteenth Amendment that forbids any state to deny equal protection of the laws to any individual within its jurisdiction.
de jure discrimination
Discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, ethnicity, and the like that results from a law.
de facto discrimination
Discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, ethnicity, and the like that results from social, economic, and cultural biases and conditions.
In which 2011 case did the supreme court rule that the first amendment's protection of speech extended even to hate speech during funerals of soldiers killed in action?
Snyder V. Phelps
Which is an accurate representation of the Hispanic population in the united states? -
- Their numbers have more than doubled in the past 20 years - The majority are immigrants from Mexico and the Caribbean islands
In which 2013 case did the supreme court invalidate section 5of the voting rights act that included the formula for determining which states and countries were subject to federal oversight? -
Shelby V. holder
In 2016, the supreme court ruled that police (_______) use an outstanding warrant for another offense as an excuse to apprehend a suspect for another unrelated offense.
could
The exclusionary rule restricts the ability of?
courts to admit illegally obtained evidence during a trial.
What type of discrimination is based on the law? -
de jure discrimination
Laws refer to the rights of individuals, however (_________________________________).
groups more often fight for civil rights
In united states V. Leon, the supreme court ruled that, despite the exclusionary rule, that evidence discovered under a faulty warrant was admissible because police had acted
in good faith
Those who (_________) increased gun control believe that the 2nd amendment gives individual citizens the right to bear arms free from excessive control.
oppose
