Political Science Final

Thomas Hobbes believed that individuals submitted to the social contract in an attempt to ensure that: A) power would be the first principle of governance. B) rules would be made rationally. C) violent behavior would be punished. D) force would be the final resort for resolving disagreement.

force would be the final resort for resolving disagreement.

The idea that inequality inevitably produces political conflict is most consistent with: A) the writings of Robert Dahl. B) the writings of Karl Marx. C) the elite approach. D) the pluralist approach.

The writings of Karl Marx

political violence

Violence outside of state control that is politically motivated; the use of actual physical violence or any serious threats of such violence to achieve political goals

In its mission of maintaining global peace, the United Nations has _________ over the past 70 years. A) failed substantially in its efforts to keep the peace B) generally improved the political climate C) prevented most potential wars D) actually caused an increase in the frequency of wars

generally improved the political climate

The majority of recent United Nations peacekeeping actions in developing countries: A) have been to limit interstate wars. B) have been in sub-Saharan Africa. C) have been a response to internal political violence. D) have been attempts to replace dictatorial leaders.

have been a response to internal political violence.

The developing countries of the Global South

have lower levels of economic development and are also less developed on the technological, organizational, and attitudinal dimensions than the developed countries.

The creation of a viable world government is noted as a possible means to address what common cause of war? A) diplomatic failure B) human nature C) inadequacy of institutions D) scarcity in nature

inadequacy of institutions

War

interstate violence that is sustained and organized and (usually) involves hostilities between the regular military forces of the states. Such violence is the ultimate mechanism for resolving conflict between states.

The purpose of the Helsinki Agreement was to: A) adjudicate geographic boundaries between states. B) regulate states' use of environmental resources. C) define unacceptable behavior by combatants during war. D) negotiate currency exchange rates.

define unacceptable behavior by combatants during war.

Hitler's ascendancy in Germany and the fall of communism in East Germany are both examples of a: A) revolution from above. B) coup. C) democratic revolution. D) rebellion.

democratic revolution

Nearly all of the developed countries of the Global North have: A) strong social market systems. B) mixed economies. C) export economies. D) low rankings in the Human Development Index.

Mixed economies

What group of countries is characterized by localized power bases with weak central authority and political systems socialized in the social order of the Soviet Union? A) the Middle East B) the Caribbean C) the South Asian group D) the "Stans"

The "stans"

What country was most involved in providing support to anti-communist and nonaligned countries during the Cold War period? A) Russia B) the U.K. C) China D) the U.S.

The US

A major factor in the elite approach explanation of policymaking is: A) the effective conspiracies among people who hold power. B) the apathy of most people regarding policy decisions. C) the shared interests of the elite and the mass. D) the fact that the elite is dependent of the mass.

The apathy of most people regarding policy decisions.

If a country's political decay is not effectively countered, the situation can quickly become what observers label as a(n): A) political devolution. B) decentralization. C) political erosion. D) failed state.

Failed state

An example of a distinct variation of international relations is known as __________ IR. A) globalist B) neoconservative C) liberal D) feminist

Feminist

The most widespread mechanism for coordinating the interactions between states and politics across borders is: A) treaties and alliances. B) diplomacy. C) low-intensity conflict. D) the European Union.

Diplomacy

When riots become more frequent, organized, and involve more people, they can be referred to as: A) revolution. B) civil war. C) guerrilla warfare. D) rebellion.

Rebellion

Discuss three key reasons why the military has often ruled in Global South countries.

1. Commitment to order, induces the military to act when the existing leadership has failed to maintain social order. 2. Capabilities to function effectively because it is the most highly institutionalized and disciplined organizational structure in most developing countries. 3. Capacity to subdue disorder b/c it usually controls the greatest concentration of force and violence in the society.

Modernization tends to be associated with individuals who develop: A) a more fatalistic attitude about life. B) a shift in allegiance from institutions to personal authority figures. C) a greater interest in local politics and community affairs. D) a skepticism of technology and science.

A greater interest in local politics and community affairs.

According to Karl Marx, class distinctions are based primarily on: A) a group's relationship to the factors of production. B) ethnic identity. C) traditional hierarchies of authority. D) possession of significant information.

A group's relationship to the factors of production.

An individual who believes that a nation is dominated by powerful groups sustaining their domination over long periods of time would stress the existence of: A) an underclass. B) a hegemonic elite. C) polarization. D) privatization.

A hegemonic elite

If you stated your belief that healthcare ought to be offered to all people as part of a single-payer system, your statement would be: A) concerned with the policy process. B) emphasizing class divisions in society. C) focused on understanding the impacts of policy. D) a prescriptive statement.

A prescriptive statement

Revolution

A rapid and fundamental transformation of the state organization and class structure whose ultimate goal is to completely overthrow and replace the current political and economic order with a fundamentally different distribution of power and value allocations. Revolutions from above: violent resistance to the regime and occurs primarily in urban areas. Democratic revolution: when legal, generally nonviolent political action is effectively mounted to achieve a fundamental transformation of the political system. In one form, the population uses the democratic electoral process to select a new leadership elite, which then dismantles the existing political system and creates a new one.

Eldridge Cleaver's comment that "a slave who dies of natural causes will not balance two dead flies on the scales of eternity" would most likely be endorsed by: A) a candidate for public office. B) a pacifist. C) a revolutionary. D) an environmentalist.

A revolutionary

Development almost always comes from: A) one strong leader. B) a small minority at the top. C) the masses. D) the educated middle class.

A small minority at the top

Which of the following states would likely have the lowest propensity to engage in war? A) A state with a highly nationalistic culture. B) A state with a relatively short history of independence. C) A state with a relatively poor economy but experiencing rising prosperity. D) A state with an economy well-linked to the global economy.

A state with an economy well-linked to the global economy.

Recent empirical evidence suggests that a critical factor in sustaining the transition from a non-democratic state to a free, democratic country is: A) extensive blogging. B) a substantial nonviolent "people power" movement. C) a multiparty system. D) high voter turnout.

A substantial nonviolent "people power" movement

While _____________ are agreements between states indicating that the countries will cooperate or assist each other, _________________ are more formal and legalistic in nature. A) diplomatic measures; alliances B) alliances; treaties C) cultural exchanges; political arrangements D) delegations; embassies

Alliances, treaties

The justification for war based on the idea of "universal principles"—rather than simply "self-defense"—is associated with: A) Augustine. B) Thomas Hobbes. C) Ambrose. D) John Locke.

Ambrose

Developed countries with a relatively high level of inequality in income often produce: A) erratic economic growth. B) violent revolutions. C) an underclass. D) dissolution of Parliament.

An underclass

The security dilemma that all states face is the result of countries being part of an international system that is generally assumed to be: A) anarchic. B) democratic. C) stable. D) corrupt.

Anarchic

The dimension of development that deals with cognitive, affective, and evaluative orientations is: A) organizational. B) normative. C) economic. D) attitudinal.

Attitudinal

Which major theorist argued that the power elite in the United States consists primarily of top military officials, industry leaders, and government officials? A) Karl Marx B) Robert Dahl C) Gaetano Mosca D) C. Wright Mills

C. Wright Mills

two major threats to the prosperity and stability of the developed countries.

Challenges to stability: value conflicts and disputes, multiculturalism and immigration, political polarization, domination and control. Challenges to prosperity: erratic economic growth, competitive globalized economic system, the European Union (EU) and others, distribution of prosperity.

What is the likely form of political violence when a significant proportion of the population in a region actively supports a separatist movement resulting in large- scale political violence? A) revolution B) terrorism C) class war D) civil war

Civil war

Constructivism

Constructivism, a third perspective, assumes that analysis of the politics across borders must recognize that each state and the key actors who influence the state's actions develop unique understandings of the relevant events and institutions based on their particular knowledge, experiences, norms, and habits. From the constructivist perspective, neither realism nor liberalism is adequately sensitive to the "socially constructed" nature of the identities and norms that shape beliefs and guide actions taken by individuals, groups, and states in the international system.

An analysis of a nation's foreign policy that takes into account the subtle differences in cultural values and how it might perceive the creation of a new international organization, for example, would likely be considered: A) neoconservative. B) constructivist. C) realist. D) colonialist.

Constructivist

Which of the following is most likely in a political system that does not have institutionalized procedures for leadership succession? A) revolution B) rebellion C) coup D) democratic revolution

Coup

What is democratization? What relationship, if any, is there between democratization and development?

Democratization can be understood as those changes that deepen and consolidate democratic processes. Greater democracy generates the conditions of freedom and opportunity that result in a more robust and productive economic system. The empirical data seem to support the claim that there is at least a correlation between economic development and democracy.

A policy aim that often accompanies privatization is: A) nationalization. B) equality. C) sustainability. D) deregulation.

Deregulation

South Korea and Taiwan are classified as: A) countries on the periphery. B) transitional countries. C) developed countries. D) developing countries.

Developed countries

From a pluralist standpoint, the case of the Mapuche engaging the political system to win land rights from the Chilean government seems to reveal that: A) inequality inevitably produces political conflict. B) different groups can coordinate their resources to influence a policy decision. C) the mass is politically apathetic. D) most people resist change.

Different groups can coordinate their resources to influence a policy decision.

Regarding the elite, class, and pluralist approaches to explain policymaking, political scientists tend to: A) agree that elite theory now most accurately describes most national political systems. B) conclude that the group approach characterizes the policy process in most contemporary political systems. C) reject the claim that most societies are characterized by political stratification. D) disagree about which of the three approaches is most accurate.

Disagree about which of the three approaches is most accurate.

While the class approach sees the masses as ___________, the elite approach views them as ____________. A) apathetic; competitive B) satisfied; inactive C) dynamic; passive D) educated; ignorant

Dynamic; passive

Which of the following trends seems most likely to continue in the current globalized, post-Cold War system? A) The international system will become bipolar. B) Military force will become a minor factor in the relations between the states. C) Economic competition will become more intense, turning former allies into enemies. D) Transnational entities will become less important.

Economic competition will become more intense, turning former allies into enemies.

Which trade policy has been used heavily by countries in Asia and Latin America? A) trade protectionism B) state capitalism C) import substitution D) export promotion

Export promotion

"Social market" systems in the developed Global North countries include: A) Canada, Spain, and Sweden. B) France, Italy, and the Netherlands. C) Canada, France, and the United States. D) Japan, Norway, and the United Kingdom.

France, Italy, and the Netherlands.

The developed countries assess their prosperity primarily in terms of: A) political stability. B) levels of privately-held debt. C) GDP per capita. D) the unemployment rate.

GDP per capita

The murder of many members of one ethnic group by members of another is increasingly referred to as: A) genocide. B) establishment violence. C) low-intensity conflict. D) rebellion.

Genocide

The increasing international integration of markets and technologies leading to more interdependence of people and nations is referred to as: A) colonialism. B) constructivism. C) multilateralism. D) globalization.

Globalization

Explain the key arguments for and against the proposition that globalization is generally beneficial to most countries and most people.

Globalization can be viewed as the increasing integration of diverse economic, social, cultural, military, and environmental phenomena by means of dense networks of action and information that rapidly span vast distances around the world. Higher productivity, higher-quality goods, and lower prices will generally "raise all boats." That is, these improvements will raise the level of material living standards and the prosperity enjoyed by large numbers of people in many countries. Globalization results in greater sharing and homogenization of culture and values across borders, creating a world with more shared understandings. Globalization encourages production, capital, and jobs to move wherever costs are lowest and profits are highest, resulting in considerable economic instability from country to country and hardship for many workers whose jobs are outsourced. The distribution of wealth grows even more unequal between core countries in the Global North and most countries in the Global South.

In the elite approach, the term understructure refers to the: A) government. B) mass. C) economic system. D) non-voting public.

Government

The assassination of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln is classified as: A) individual violence against an individual. B) individual or group violence against the state. C) group violence against an individual. D) group violence against a group.

Group violence against an individual

Successful revolutions in the Global South after 1950 employed what type of revolutionary strategy most often? A) revolution from above B) guerilla war C) democratic revolution D) terrorism

Guerilla war

The European Union is an example of an: A) IOP. B) NGO. C) MNC. D) IGO.

IGO

In which stage of the public policy process is the emphasis on the actual delivery of the valued good or service? A) implementation B) problem definition C) evaluation D) issue identification

Implementation

Liberalism

In contrast, the crucial assumption of liberalism is that each state will make decisions and act in the international system based on its own mix of principles, and these might encourage cooperation. From the perspective of liberalism, and its variations termed neoliberalism, states can have multiple goals, and aggressive, power-maximizing behavior is not inevitable. While every state wants to survive, states might also take actions in the politics across borders that support other values such as economic prosperity, political stability, peace, or the spread of democracy. Liberalism also diverges from realism in emphasizing that key groups within the state can influence the array of preferences that lead to action in the international system

The developed countries of the Global North

Includes Canada, Japan, the United States, Australia, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. This group includes most of the countries with the world's highest levels of GDP per capita, but these states also rank very high on the social dimensions of development. Populations generally enjoy relatively high levels of literacy, health, and welfare; their technological infrastructure is advanced; and most have a high material standard of living.

In the wars since World Wars I and II, the ratio of civilian deaths to military deaths has: A) increased substantially. B) decreased slightly. C) increased slightly. D) stayed about the same.

Increased substantially

What do you think are the most appropriate indicators of development (GDP, literacy rates, health, communication, or ?) Do some indicators seem biased or inappropriate?

Infant mortality rate, Life expectancy, Mean years of schooling index

The formal attempt to institutionalize and constrain the interactions among states is known as: A) international law. B) diplomacy. C) international regimes. D) coercion.

International law

Critics of pluralism argue that: A) it places too much emphasis on the role of the government. B) it fails to recognize that an individual can belong to many different groups. C) it downplays the fact that some groups win almost all the time. D) it ignores the fact that different groups are active in different policy domains.

It downplays the fact that some groups win almost all the time.

Which of the following is one reason why the military often emerges during periods of political decay? A) The military is often perceived as a trusted ally by a country's political elite suffering from public disapproval. B) The military often has a strong relationship with a country's police force, resulting in it intervening to reinforce the police during bouts of instability. C) The military normally has a monopoly over the tools of violence. D) It is often written into countries' constitutions that the military can intervene politically when its leadership deems it necessary.

It is often written into countries' constitutions that the military can intervene politically when its leadership deems it necessary.

Which of the following scholars argued that development would occur in six stages? A) Karl Marx B) Barrington Moore C) Samuel Huntington D) Immanuel Kant

Karl Marx

"Seek ye first the political kingdom..." is a statement associated with: A) Kemal Atatürk. B) Deng Xiaoping. C) King Sihanouk. D) Kwame Nkrumah.

Kwame Nkrumah

According to the Freedom House (2014) analysis, the highest proportion of "free" countries is found in what region of the world? A) Latin America and the Caribbean B) the Islamic Middle East and North Africa C) sub-Saharan Africa D) Asia

Latin America and the Caribbean

The transitional developed countries

Malaysia, for example. Currently, the levels of economic and/or social development in these countries put them "in the middle." Transitional developed countries to reflect their middle range on one or both dimensions of development and, in some cases, their high rate of change.

Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)

Members are states, NOT individuals. The purpose is to provide forums for communication, implement policies in response to problems, enact laws/ treaties, intervene in inter-state disputes. Ex: UN, NATO, EU, ASEAN, etc.

Which type of colonial domination is characterized by an official withdrawal of the dominant state, but with domination maintained, usually by economic leverage? A) segregationist colonialism B) neoliberalism C) indirect rule D) neocolonialism

Neocolonialism

What is meant by neocolonialism? Is there evidence to support an argument that relations between the developed and developing world constitutes neocolonialism?

Neocolonialism—informal and indirect, but still significant, control of the resources, the economic system, and even the political system of a developing country by powerful external actors. The developed countries, international financial institutions, and multinational corporations are the major sources of the financial capital, advanced technologies, and even the security that many actors in developing countries need to survive in the global system.

List and briefly explain at least three of the seven state characteristics that are generally correlated with the likelihood of war.

Newer nations are more likely to initiate war than are mature states. War is more likely in states that have effectively socialized their citizens to accept the government's actions on national security. The most warlike states have rising prosperity but are relatively poor, though they are not the very poorest states. Countries with desirable geopolitical features (i.e., resources and location) have a higher probability of warfare. Countries not well linked to the global economy are more likely to engage in war. States that are most highly militarized, and especially those that are rapidly expand- ing their military power, are more warlike. Countries whose political culture reflects a high degree of nationalism are more warlike.

In which region did European values and structures penetrate LEAST during colonialism? A) Latin America B) Asia C) North Africa and the Middle East D) sub-Saharan Africa

North Africa and the Middle East

General traits of "modern" man in a developing society include: A) openness to new experiences. B) religious fundamentalism. C) a shift toward political apathy. D) a focus on only the area surrounding them.

Openness to new experiences

Identify and explain at least three obstacles to prosperity in many countries of the Global South? What seem to be the most appropriate strategies to overcome those obstacles? Why are such strategies not already successful?

Overpopulation, Corruption and inefficiency, geopolitical vulnerability, internal disorder, neocolonialism. With neoliberalism, the state plays a very limited role in owning, controlling, or regulating economic resources; it supports globalized free trade; it facilitates foreign direct investment; and it holds down taxes and public spending to keep more money in the hands of private entrepreneurs. Import substitution—a country decreases the share of goods that are imported by producing more of those goods domestically. The government can exhort its citizens to buy domestically produced goods. Export promotion—firms are encouraged to produce goods and services that can be exported and sold at a profit in the global economy. The government can implement policies that provide its domestic firms with an advantage over global competitors. The effect of such policies could be lower taxes on domestic firms, a well- trained labor force, less restrictive environmental policies, subsidized materials, less costly regulations on business practices, and so on.

Which of the following types of evidence would most seriously undermine the class approach? A) The government bureaucracy is very efficient. B) The society appears to be peaceful. C) The government bureaucracy is inefficient. D) People who are similar in economic standing do not agree on most political issues.

People who are similar in economic standing do not agree on most political issues.

The erosion of the environment is an example of the negative effects of change; which one of the following individuals would agree with this statement? A) KemalAtatürk B) Plato C) Isaac Newton D) Charles Darwin

Plato

Pluralist approach

Pluralism offers a very different account of the political process, in which multiple groups compete actively in the pursuit of their political interests. The pluralist approach is grounded in the concept of the group, which is defined as any aggregate of individuals who interact to pursue a common interest. A political group, as an analytic concept, exists whenever individuals have a shared interest regarding some allocation of values by the political system. Pluralism begins with the assumption that an individual's group memberships are multiple and non-overlapping. That is, any particular individual can belong to many different groups. In pluralism, politics can be understood as the interaction among groups that are pursuing their political interests. The role of the government is to manage the interactions within this giant system of interacting groups.

Turkey under Atatürk is an example of: A) political decay. B) political development. C) a core state. D) a failed state.

Political development

When political structures gain stability, greater capabilities and citizen support, which of the following has taken place? A) political mobilization B) political institutionalization C) social mobilization D) democratization

Political institutionalization

Political decay is most likely when: A) political parties lack clear policy goals. B) the political system limits individual rights. C) political institutions fail to withstand pressures caused by increasing political participation and demands. D) multinational corporations are essential to economic development.

Political institutions fail to withstand pressures caused by increasing political participation and demands.

In his explanation of the policymaking process, Robert Dahl coined the term "_________" and is widely known for his work on pluralism. A) stratification B) redistribution C) prescription D) polyarchy

Polyarchy

Political stratification refers to the segmentation of the _________ into separate groups that hold varying degrees of ________. A) population; intellect B) political elite; influence C) population; power D) government; authority

Population; power

Multinational Corporations (MNCs)

Powerful firms that produce and sell a diversity of goods in many countries. They have enhanced bargain power, globalizing network, diversification. Ex: Exxon, British Petroleum, Samsung.

Marx proposed a stage taxonomy of development in which the initial stage is labeled: A) primitive communism. B) the state of nature. C) feudalism. D) anarchy.

Primitive communism

Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)

Private individuals and groups who work actively in a specific area of issue. Ex: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, BOMA Project, World Wildlife Foundation, etc.

In which stage of the public policy process is the major emphasis on determining what condition in the environment requires a policy response? A) implementation B) problem definition C) evaluation D) problem identification

Problem identification

Stages of public policymaking

Problem identification, problem definition, specification of alternative responses, policy selection and enactment, policy implementation, policy evaluation, policy continuation/ modification/termination (based on evaluation)

At its most basic level, Marx's characterization of society is that it is divided between the capitalist class and the: A) government. B) elite class. C) proletariat class. D) bureaucracy.

Proletariat class

The Human Development Index is particularly meant to measure: A) the distribution of income. B) citizen satisfaction. C) quality of life. D) attitudinal modernization.

Quality of life

According to the dependency approach, the actors on the periphery are suppliers of which resource? A) manufactured goods B) capital C) raw materials D) skilled labor

Raw materials

Realism

Realism assumes that states, like people, are naturally disposed to base their behavior on self- interest, and the core of this interest is survival. Realism focuses on the security dilemma: There is no supreme authority, no trans-border institution, and no international rules that will necessarily protect the state from predatory behavior by other actors in the international system..

If a government makes it illegal for banks to do business with companies from a specific country, this would be an example of the imposition of: A) treaties. B) altruism. C) regimes. D) sanctions.

Sanctions

When a group of states cooperates to withhold valued resources from a state in order to pressure that state to comply without using violence, the strategy employs the use of: A) alliance politics. B) sanctions. C) diplomacy. D) gunboat diplomacy.

Sanctions

three broad alternative explanations for the causes of war

Scarcity in nature. Inadequacy of institutions. Human nature.

The political disorder in the Global South particularly threatens the developed countries' goal of: A) technological development. B) economic development. C) security. D) welfare distribution.

Security

Which of the following is a key assumption of political realism? A) A state's security depends on its culture and national heritage. B) Self-interest is at the heart of state behavior. C) Political institutions can promote cooperative relations among states. D) Corrupt leaders are the cause of most wars.

Self-interest is at the heart of state behavior.

If a state were to have the majority of its productive capacity in the public sector, this would most likely indicate the existence of a(n): A) minimal social "safety net." B) underdeveloped economy. C) privatized economy. D) social market system.

Social market system

In which stage of the public policy process would a cost-benefit analysis be performed? A) policy selection B) problem definition C) specification of alternatives D) issue identification

Specification of alternatives

Which is the best term for a situation when violence between countries becomes sustained and organized, and involves the regular military forces of the states? A) low-intensity conflict B) guerrilla warfare C) state-sponsored terrorism D) war

State-sponsored terrorism

Class theorists argue that the actual driver of intergroup violence in what otherwise appears to be nation-based violence is: A) religion and extremism. B) ethnicity and language. C) stratification and inequality. D) ideology and polarization.

Stratification and inequality

The most important shared concept between the elite approach and the class approach is acknowledgment of _________ throughout and between societies. A) structured inequality B) extensive competition C) ignorant masses D) polarization

Structured inequality

The poorest and least economically developed region in the world is: A) CentralAmerica. B) South and Central Asia. C) sub-Saharan Africa. D) North Africa.

Sub-Saharan africa

A prominent explanation for conditions necessary for a revolution is a country's: A) history of previous coups. B) substantial inequality. C) history of foreign occupation. D) heavy reliance on foreign trade.

Substantial inequality

A bill introduced in a state legislature appropriating funds to erect a statue in commemoration of a war hero would be an example of what type of policy? A) distributive B) regulatory C) extractive D) symbolic

Symbolic

Class Approach

The class approach shares certain fundamental concepts with the elite approach, but it offers a very different explanation of the continuing dynamic processes of politics. The most important shared concept is stratification, the basic fact of structured inequality in the distribution of values in society. The strata identified in the class approach are called classes, the second key concept. Class denotes a large group of individuals who are similar in their possession of or control over some fundamental value. Marx divides society into two classes: Capitalist and Proletariat. Most class theorists identify more than two major class strata, with each class characterized by its particular levels of social, political, and economic power.

What are key characteristics of the "Developed World"?

The developed countries of the Global North generally have the highest levels of success in the world. These states have the most advanced systems of economic production, with evolved political economies based on a mix of capitalism and democratic socialism. The majority of productive resources remain under private control, and most states have established a substantial program of welfare distribution to the citizenry. Most of their citizens enjoy a higher standard of living than is available to the majority of people in any other part of the world. They have a strong record of survival, influence, and some domination of countries outside the Global North.

The white-dominated Apartheid government in South Africa, which held power until 1994, is an example of a society best explained by: A) Marxism. B) the elite approach. C) pluralism. D) the class approach.

The elite approach

Elite Approach

The elite is composed of a relatively small number of individuals who are in a dominant position on top of the large mass. In the elite approach, there are only two major strata: Elite, Understructure (government), then the mass. The political (elite) class controls all political functions, holds almost all political power, and dominates the public policy process. The elite maintains its domination through a variety of techniques, such as the manipulation of symbols, the strategic distribution of resources to various groups, the control of the state, and the use of force.

Which of the following types of evidence would most seriously undermine the elite approach? A) The mass accepts nearly all policy decisions by the government. B) Government bureaucrats sometimes fail to implement the decisions of the elite. C) Subgroups within the elite compete for benefits. D) The elite loses on major policy decisions of concern to its members.

The elite loses on major policy decisions of concern to its members.

Which of the following is the most likely outcome in cases of serious political decay? A) The military intervenes in politics to restore order. B) The government is forced to hold an election. C) The government requests economic aid from a foreign government. D) War is declared against a neighboring country.

The military intervenes in politics to restore order.

The assumption that many different resources can influence policy decisions is central to: A) the pluralist approach. B) the class approach. C) regulatory policies. D) extractive policies.

The pluralist approach

Which of the following is a key characteristic of a coup? A) Armed uprisings primarily in the countryside eventually take the capitol and execute a turnover of political power. B) It is a response to excessive use of force by the existing regime against a marginalized group. C) The top leader or part of the leadership is removed from power by force or by the threat of force. D) It is conducted by members of the military elite.

The top leader or part of the leadership is removed from power by force or by the threat of force.

According to Samuel Huntington, how many waves of democratization have there been among modern states? A) none B) one C) three D) six

Three

Which of the following would be least likely to be included in a measure of quality of life, such as the Human Development Index? A) education spending per capita B) life expectancy C) voter turnout D) unemployment rate

Voter turnout

In many of the more traditional countries, one of the side effects of development that causes the greatest concern to leaders who value stability is usually referred to as: A) materialism. B) westernization. C) individualism. D) degradation.

Westernization

The International Monetary Fund is: A) a consortium of banks that arranges loans for member countries. B) a pool of foreign aid funds provided by wealthy donor nations. C) an agency of the United Nations that provides economic advisors to developing countries. D) another name for the World Bank.

a consortium of banks that arranges loans for member countries.

Wars between nonadjacent countries very often involve a developing country and: A) a fellow developing country from the same region. B) a country from the Global North. C) a country sharing the same ethnic groups engaged in conflict. D) an international organization, such as the United Nations.

a country from the Global North.

Which of the following would be a likely instrument of a state intending to carry out establishment violence? A) a citizen-led agency to oversee police conduct B) a paramilitary unit loyal to the state C) local judges up for reelection by their community D) media outlets known for in-depth investigations of government corruption

a paramilitary unit loyal to the state

public policy

a system of laws, regulatory measures, courses of action, and funding priorities concerning a given topic promulgated by a governmental entity or its representatives

A serious problem for the mixed economies in many countries of the Global North is: A) insufficient technological knowledge. B) labor shortages. C) an increasingly competitive international economic system. D) hyperinflation.

an increasingly competitive international economic system.

A feature that distributive policies and redistributive policies share is that they both: A) attempt to transfer values directly from one group to another group. B) must be implemented by a strong central government. C) are decisions by a governmental authority to allocate a value. D) are more common in socialist governments than in communist governments.

are decisions by a governmental authority to allocate a value.

Which type of colonial domination involves an attempt to transform a colonial state into an extension of the dominant state? A) segregationist colonialism B) neoliberalism C) indirect rule D) assimilationist colonialism

assimilationist colonialism

Which of the following issues has been of little concern to the foreign policy of most of the developed countries during the past several decades? A) global proliferation of weapons of mass destruction B) border disputes between states in the Global North C) international economic competition D) international terrorism

border disputes between states in the Global North

The term "neocolonialism" refers to: A) cultural exchanges between developed and developing countries. B) the global competition for scarce resources. C) efforts to transfer technology to developing countries from developed countries. D) control of a developing country's economic and political system by powerful external actors.

control of a developing country's economic and political system by powerful external actors.

The classical notion of balance of power: A) describes an approach for maintaining stability in the relations among states. B) explains that peace can be assured only when states disarm militarily. C) holds that war is not inevitable. D) states that resource disputes are the underlying cause of all conflict.

describes an approach for maintaining stability in the relations among states.

The dependency approach assumes that: A) development will occur much more rapidly in developing countries than in developed countries. B) developing countries are not exploited by the developed countries, but are undeveloped due to reasons of their own doing. C) rapid development is undesired in most developing countries. D) underdevelopment is a direct result of the activities of multinational corporations.

development will occur much more rapidly in developing countries than in developed countries.

Cultural factors have been particularly prominent in explaining: A) uneven development within many countries. B) the growing power of multinational corporations in Latin America. C) developmental success in East Asian states. D) the appeal of Marxism in Asia.

developmental success in East Asian states.

In emphasizing the importance of culture in the processes of change, Max Weber: A) drew a linkage between the Protestant religion and the rise of capitalism. B) analyzed the influence of families on political values. C) studied the impact of modern technologies on values. D) argued that the economic system had limited impacts on change.

drew a linkage between the Protestant religion and the rise of capitalism.

Microcredit in developing countries has: A) enabled banks to resist pressure from the International Monetary Fund. B) increased the level of debt of developing countries to Western banks. C) enabled many poor people to start small businesses. D) increased the pressure to import goods.

enabled many poor people to start small businesses.

Which of the following is a key characteristic of the higher development of a political system? A) power decentralized in the state B) broad political structures C) extensive state capabilities D) citizens indifferent to the political processes

extensive state capabilities

Guerilla War

long protracted campaigns of political violence against the state from rural bases. A direct struggle against the military. An effort to win the loyalty of the rural people.

In the pluralist approach, the government is viewed as a: A) manager of interactions between competing groups. B) compliant understructure. C) complex set of political interest groups. D) set of actors who dominate the political process.

manager of interactions between competing groups.

By the late 1980s, a key economic strategy of most developing countries was: A) to emphasize agricultural self-sufficiency. B) market-oriented development. C) to prevent further investment by multinational corporations. D) to import substitution.

market-oriented development.

A notable feature of the microcredit loans by the Grameen Bank is: A) more than 90 percent of the loans are to women. B) most of the loans target farming strategies. C) the lender cannot discriminate based on ethnicity, religion, or gender. D) the borrower pays no interest.

more than 90 percent of the loans are to women.

Classification based on the developmental characteristics of states is: A) a very reliable way to categorize states. B) not always capable of accurately categorizing. C) mostly accurate when looking at a state's GDP. D) inaccurate every time.

not always capable of accurately categorizing

A central problem with the International Court of Justice (ICJ) is that: A) international laws must come from the UN only. B) the Court is not impartial. C) one or both disputing countries often do not accept the Court's jurisdiction. D) there are no sentencing guidelines.

one or both disputing countries often do not accept the Court's jurisdiction.

As a revolutionary strategy, terrorism usually centers on: A) selective acts of violence by small, organized cells of political activists. B) a prolonged, direct struggle against the military forces of the existing regime. C) widespread and often spontaneous group violence against the property and agents of the political system. D) the systematic murder of members of a particular ethnic group.

selective acts of violence by small, organized cells of political activists.

If the idea of "waves of democracy" is correct, then the proportion of democratic countries will: A) sometimes increase and sometimes decline. B) stabilize. C) increase slowly. D) increase rapidly.

sometimes increase and sometimes decline.

riots

spontaneous and relatively disorganized group violence against property, agents of the political system, perceived opponents in the society, or random targets. Riots are often triggered by a specific incident, such as a police shooting or an economic problem such as a sudden large increase in the price of basic foodstuffs. Riots are expressions of frustration in which there is an implicit or explicit demand for redress of grievances. Riots become rebellion when there is more frequent, pre-meditated, and widespread violence involving more people.

Singapore is especially notable for its: A) high inflation rate. B) stringent order maintenance policies. C) import-oriented economy. D) high crime rate.

stringent order maintenance policies.

Which region of the Global South has countries that are characterized by features of neocolonialism? A) Middle East and North Africa B) sub-Saharan Africa C) Latin America D) South Asia and Central Asia

sub-Saharan Africa

Political institutionalization

substantial capabilities, value, and stability support political structures and processes. Goal to distribute power more broadly within the political system and to increase the participation and influence of the citizens.

Developed countries with some of the highest GDPs per capita: A) are not found outside of Europe or North America. B) tend to be Global North countries. C) rank low in the Human Development Index. D) have few economic ties with the United States.

tend to be Global North countries.

Scholars known as realists believe: A) wars will be less likely because of an expanding democratic peace. B) that global wars will be more likely as our international system becomes more multipolar. C) that technology will reduce the likelihood of resource wars in the future. D) that major powers will not fight each other in the future due to growing economic interdependence and more powerful transnational organizations.

that global wars will be more likely as our international system becomes more multipolar.

Which international organization tries individuals for crimes against humanity? A) the International Court of Justice (ICJ) B) the International Criminal Court (ICC) C) the War Crimes Tribunal D) the Geneva Convention (GC)

the International Criminal Court (ICC)

According to the Freedom House (2014) analysis, the least "free" region part of the world is: A) the Middle East and North Africa. B) Eurasia. C) Latin America and the Caribbean. D) sub-Saharan Africa.

the Middle East and North Africa.

The distinguishing feature of those developed countries with a mixed political economy is: A) a balance in the production of both "guns and butter." B) the balance between private and state control of production. C) their emphasis on growth over welfare. D) their reliance on the manufacturing sector.

the balance between private and state control of production.

The greatest victory for Global North countries during the twentieth century was: A) the collapse in 1990 of the Soviet Union. B) the start of globalization. C) the creation of social democracy. D) preventing major interstate wars.

the collapse in 1990 of the Soviet Union.

Which of the following would have the most relevance from an international relations perspective? A) the election of several conservative state governors in the U.S. B) a state's income tax level C) the establishment of diplomatic ties between two countries D) a new political theory to explain economic behavior

the establishment of diplomatic ties between two countries

Though the U.N. identifies the "proactive development state" as one of the major drivers to economic development for developing countries, a central problem for the countries of the Global South is: A) the persistence of political underdevelopment. B) the barriers countries of the Global South continue to put up to free trade. C) the substantial decrease in wealth inequality during the past few decades. D) political leaders beholden to their respective militaries.

the persistence of political underdevelopment

One reason why the Global South continues to experience hardship with economic development is that, despite having increased crop yields to export, A) farmers in the Global North are more cost-effective at producing agricultural products than their Global South counterparts. B) the world economy's ability to transport these more substantial yields for export is lacking, resulting in tons of crops being left to rot in port. C) the Global North spends a substantial amount of money per year subsidizing their own farmers. D) the persistent state of instability within the Global South results in an unstable market for commodities such as agricultural goods.

the persistent state of instability within the Global South results in an unstable market for commodities such as agricultural goods.

One reason the policy option of import substitution and its use of trade protectionism has seen a decline in use by countries of the Global South is: A) the tendency for far greater inequality in wealth to result inside the country. B) the pressure put on a country who uses it by powerful economic actors like the World Bank or IMF. C) the greater likelihood the developing country who uses it to experience a military intervention by members of the Global North. D) the tendency of this policy to lead to greater calls for democratization.

the pressure put on a country who uses it by powerful economic actors like the World Bank or IMF.

The concept of détente involves: A) the initiation of conflict between countries. B) a rapid growth in military spending. C) the relaxing of tensions between countries. D) the submission of one country to another.

the relaxing of tensions between countries.

A core principle of neoliberalism as an approach to development is: A) that the state must actively regulate the actions of most firms. B) government support of the agrarian sector. C) to maximize the economic freedom of firms. D) support for liberal democracy.

to maximize the economic freedom of firms.

What is the ultimate goal of a revolution? A) to replace the top leadership B) to assume control of existing political institutions while safeguarding the current class structure C) to radically transform the existing political system and class structure D) to equalize resources and political influence among the public

to radically transform the existing political system and class structure

Hyperpluralism is furthered by polarization and occurs when: A) too many groups make strong demands on government. B) certain groups have too much political power. C) government prevents groups from exerting influence. D) there are too few political parties.

too many groups make strong demands on government.

The concept of privatization involves: A) protecting individual privacy. B) encouraging private investment. C) using private firms to administer public services. D) reducing state regulation of the economy.

using private firms to administer public services.

Which of the following changes can result in destabilization? A) when social values clash with new modernization B) when a strong leader at the top is implementing change C) when the masses are the main vehicles of change D) when political institutions take over the economy

when social values clash with new modernization

Terrorism

when there is premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clan- destine agents. Terrorism is a violent criminal act with a political motive. Both the source and the target could be individuals, groups, or the state.

Edmund Burke and John Locke strongly differed with each other over the question of: A) whether states could agree on a set of universal principles by which to abide. B) whether a viable world government could ever be formed. C) whether political violence is ever justified. D) whether establishment violence is ever justifiable.

whether political violence is ever justified.

One of the key issues of contention in classifying an act as terrorism can be: A) whether the victims should be considered noncombatants. B) whether the country those committing the act hail from should bear responsibility for the attack. C) whether the families of the victims should be able to sue the perpetrators' next of kin for financial damages. D) whether the terrorists are part of an organized group or acted alone.

whether the victims should be considered noncombatants.

The term "class" used in the class approach denotes groups of individuals: A) with a similar level of political sophistication. B) who are similar in their possession of some fundamental value. C) who have common life experiences. D) with similar political views.

who are similar in their possession of some fundamental value.