POLS 320 Hobbs and Locke

All of the following are true with the exception of: A. Harriet Taylor was single when Mill first met her. B. Over the next two decades their relationship deepened, as they were together constantly. C. Mill and Taylor eventually got married. D. Mill insisted that their relationship had been purely platonic.

A. Harriet Taylor was single when Mill first met her.

All of the following are true about John Locke's "scientific background" EXCEPT: A. He believed that there was a governing divine law. B. He thought the world was governed by scientific laws, by order and uniformity. C. He sought a purely empirical basis for human knowledge, one that followed the approach of modern science by using observation and experience. D. His method of thinking about politics begins with the human mind at birth.

A. He believed that there was a governing divine law

All of the following represent the views held by Wollstonecraft EXCEPT: A. Men are content with the notion that men may be physically superior by nature. B. Women have been placed so low in society as having sunk below the level of rational creatures. C. Out of ignorance, women are attracted to the attention of men and fall for it. D. Women have the capacity to reason if given the proper education.

A. Men are content with the notion that men may be physically superior by nature.

All of the following is a description of "Scientia" EXCEPT: A. Metaphysical B. Objective C. Testable D. Verifiable

A. Metaphysical

Wollstonecraft poses and answers three questions that defend the universal role of reason, virtue, and education in human affairs: In what does man's preeminence over the brute creation consist? The answer is clearly as that a half is less than the whole, in _______. A. Reason B. Virtue C. Emotion D. Experience.

A. Reason

To fully appreciate Burke's political philosophy, it is important to see that Burke writes on two levels: the universal and the particular. Which of the following is not true? A. The two levels are not distinct and distinguishable. B. The universal refers to general propositions that fit all politics. C. The particular level speaks to how his general ideas apply to one or more philosophies, nations, or places. D. Sometimes he uses a particular or concrete example to illustrate the universal.

A. The two levels are not distinct and distinguishable

"Liberty of conscience" extends to the expression and publication of personal opinion. It includes what people term freedom of speech, of the press, and of religion. A. This is the first "sphere of liberty" by Mill. B. This is the second "sphere of liberty" by Mill. This is the third "sphere of liberty" by Mill. D. This is a combination of the first and third "spheres of liberty" by Mill.

A. This is the first "sphere of liberty" by Mill.

To the rhetoric question" What sort of life will best prepare me for the hereafter?" All of the following are the correct responses by Burke with the exception of? A. When reason is unable to provide answers to such questions, religion offers them. B. All people are clear-minded for providing their respective answers. C. These answers speak to questions that naturally puzzle all people. D. Religion supports social stability by giving answers to questions that cannot be addressed rationally.

B. All people are clear-minded for providing their respective answers

The Latin phrase tabula rasa used by Locke can refer to so many things with the exception of: A. A clean slate B. Born with innate ideas C. Ideas stem from individual experiences acting on the senses D. A "white paper void of all characters, without any ideas"

B. Born with innate ideas

Which of the following is not true about Burke's family ground? A. Religiously, his father was an Anglican but his mother was a Catholic. B. Edmund Burke was born in England. C. He married the daughter of a Presbyterian physician. D. He had a Quaker teacher.

B. Edmund Burke was born in England

All of the following is true about René Descartes's "cogito, ergo sum" EXCEPT: A. Descartes is an idealist. B. From the cogito, he deduces that God must exist. C. Everything is subjective. Reason by nature is equal in all men. D. He strengthened our belief system in religion.

B. From the cogito, he deduces that god must exist.

Rousseau, considering the professions he ever took, was quite a well-rounded person. However, one of the following is not accurate about him. A. He was a music teacher. B. He was a pastor. C. He was a composer. D. He enjoyed a successful literary career.

B. He was a pastor

All of the following are true about Wollstonecraft's writings EXCEPT: A. Her most famous book was A Vindication of the Rights of Women B. Her most famous book was A Vindication of the Rights of Men C. A Vindication of the Rights of Men was a book written in response to Edmund Burke's attack on the French Revolution. D. She wrote more than these two books.

B. Her most famous book was a Vindication of the Rights of Men

Which of the flowing, as we set to read it, represents Burke's academic style? A. Burke organized his political thought in one or more systematic works. B. His political philosophy is scattered through his many speeches and writings and has to be pieced together from these disparate sources. C. The central concern of his writings was the promotion of the spirit of the French Revolution. D. The central concern of his writings was the legislative power of the monarch.

B. His political philosophy is scattered through his many speeches and writings and has to be pieced together from these desperate sources.

According to ________, ontologically, things as we know are falsifiable but never verifiable. A. Stephen Hawking B. Karl Popper C. Newton D. Copernicus

B. Karl Popper

What is the best way to categorize Burke's precept of "providence?" A. its historical traditions or customs B. practical over theoretical reason C. opinion without reason D. deference to the unconscious reason found in tradition

B. Practical over theoretical reason

According to the documentary, what has paved the way to the eventual Scientific Revolution, American Independence, Industrialization (Both UK and US) and to Civil Rights Movement? A. Watts and his Steam Machine B. Protestantism C. The Prince D. Common Sense

B. Protestantism

One of the following is not a correct description of Rousseau's state of nature: A. Rousseau does not describe a state of nature that validates the political behavior of his time. B. Rousseau's ideas on state of nature were inspired by Hobbes and Locke. C. Rousseau's state of nature is a poetic model, mixing the traditional Christian themes with an eighteenth-century secularism that rejects orthodox religion. D. The model tells of a paradise lost (the state of nature) and a paradise that can be regained in the future through a social contract.

B. Rosseau's ideas on state of nature were inspired by Hobbes and Locke

Which of the following does not fall into Rousseau's scheme of transformation to civilization? A. After families were established they grouped into small tribal communities based on hunting and food gathering. B. This was followed by the first division of labor among men, between food gathering and agriculture. C. Then language, speech, and reason entered into the human equation. D. Due to developments in the sciences and the arts, it culminated in the institution of government

B. This was followed by the first division of labor among men, between food gathering and agriculture

What is the closest in meaning to Mill's often quoted saying that "It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied?" A. Pleasure always means the same thing. B. There is no distinction between higher and lower pleasures. C. An intellectual pleasure like philosophy is worth much more, qualitatively, than the joy of playing golf. D. A fool can never be satisfied.

C. An intellectual pleasure like philosophy is worth much more, qualitatively, than the joy of playing golf.

Which of the following represents the change in Mill after he suffered a nervous breakdown at the age of twenty? A. He became increasingly supportive of Bentham's utilitarianism. B. He became more convinced that seeking pleasure should be an end in itself. C. He decided that the happiness Bentham advocated must result from the pursuit of other, higher goals, not from seeking pleasure as an end in itself. D. He now regarded utility as the ultimate appeal on all ethical issues.

C. He decided that the happiness Bentham advocated must result from the pursuit of other, higher goals, not from seeking pleasure as an end in itself.

Rousseau's formative years were a sad story. All of the following are true EXCEPT: A. Instructed in the classics and philosophy, the precocious young man's education was cut short by financial need. B. He was apprenticed in many different professions including notary, engineer, and engraver. C. He excelled in all of his apprenticeships. D. Many of his children were abandoned at an orphanage at birth.

C. He excelled in all of his apprenticeships

In terms of his personality, which of the following is not true about the English philosopher Thomas Hobbes? A. He was a prudent man. B. He recognized his own sense of insecurity but turned it into a virtue. C. He prided himself on his courage. D. He once wrote that "fear and I were born twins."

C. He prided himself on his courage

Jean-Jacques Rousseau was one of few great thinkers who came from an ordinary family ground, not from an elite class. Which of the following is not true about Rousseau? A. He was a friend of Diderot. B. He was a prize winner for a writing contest. C. His thinking was conventional. D. He frequently challenged accepted wisdom.

C. His thinking was conventional

Which of the following is not true about the writing of his book Leviathan? A. Hobbes's understanding of politics was influenced by the spirit of scientific investigation that prevailed during his lifetime. B. By the seventeenth century, this spirit had developed into a full-fledged revolution, due to discoveries by such scientists as Galileo and Bacon. C. Hobbes incorporated Aristotle's teleology in this book. D. Leviathan presents the scientific foundation for the best political organization he could conceive, based on his awareness of both the physics and political psychology of his time.

C. Hobbes incorporated Aristotle's teleology in this book

To compare Locke with Hobbes, which of the following is not correct? A. Locke's vision of the state of nature is like Hobbes's, but it develops aspects Hobbes omitted. B. Hobbes predicted if the sovereign James II was deposed, England would have been plunged back into a state of nature. C. Locke calls the state of nature a state of perfect freedom and equality. On this Locke differs from Hobbes. D. Locke believes liberty means freedom to act, but only within the limits of natural law.

C. Locke calls the state of nature a state of perfect freedom and equality. On their Locke differs from Hobbes.

What is not true about the personal life of John Locke? A. He was once exiled to Holland. B. He escorted the future Queen Mary back to England. C. Locke's exile in Holland was a short excursion. D. Locke grew up in England during the same civil war that so frightened Hobbes.

C. Locke's exile in Holland was a short excursion

Which of the following is not true about Locke's labor theory of estates? A. In nature, all have a collective right to estate. B. Human economic equality changed in the state of nature because the hardest working people are those who deserve more. C. Locke's goal was to achieve economic equality. D. Labor is both an expression and extension of each individual's nature or personality into objects.

C. Locke's goal was to achieve economic equality

One of the following actually is not a criticism of utilitarianism by Mill? A. Utilitarianism allows no positive role to sacrificing for the benefit of others without some tangible reward, such as a tax write-off for a charitable contribution. B. It views society as nothing more than the sum of its individual parts. C. Mill judges utilitarianism too social. D. Mill sees utilitarianism as too simplistic.

C. Mill judges utilitarianism too social

Men and women have different capacities, and therefore Emile and Sophie should be educated differently in order to assume their respective roles as citizen-man and wife. This is from a book written by: A. Hobbes B. Locke C. Rousseau D. Aristotle

C. Rousseau

Which of the following is not a provision specified by the English Bill of Rights? A. It declared the supremacy of Parliament over king. B. It declared the House of Commons a freely elected body, and selected by the voters. C. The House of Commons could be dissolved at will by the monarch. D. The Bill of Rights stated that all English citizens accused of a crime had a right to trial by jury.

C. The house of Commons could be dissolved at will by the monarch

All of the following are true about Mill's notion of citizenship EXCEPT: A. Citizens should pay taxes. B. Citizens should give evidence in court. C. The state cannot forbid marriage to those who might produce children they are unable to support. D. Citizens should educate their children.

C. The state cannot forbid marriage to those who might produce children they are unable to support

According to the author of our textbook, which is the interpretation of the famous sentence by Rousseau "Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains?" A. "Man is born free" refers to people living in a social contract. B. "Man is born free" refers to people living in civilization. C. "Man is born free" refers to people living in a democracy. D. "Man is born free" refers to people living in the natural state.

D "Man is born free" refers to people living in the natural state

All of the following are arguments against tyranny of the majority EXCEPT: A. Mill believes that the government represents the people it will always rule in their interest. B. Mill points out a major danger of a purely utilitarian government, where all votes count as one and the majority rules. C. The "tyranny of the majority" refers to the use of the power of government to silence the individual who is different. D. The minority can give the majority pain, not pleasure, by expressing views that displease the majority.

D the minority can give the majority pain, not pleasure, by expressing views that displease the majority.

In terms of his methodology, all of the following are true with the exception of: A. Burke has concerns about the dangers and consequences of precipitous political action. B. These concerns impel his political philosophy. C. It can be argued that he lacks any substantial metaphysics to ground his approach to politics. D. Burke's political output is not methodological to say the least.

D. Burke's political output is not methodical to say the least

To Rousseau, the oldest form of society and the only natural one is: A. polity B. community C. village D. family

D. Family

Correct terminology was important to Hobbes. All of the following are true EXCEPT: A. He believed that it duplicated the precision of geometry, which was key to the success of the natural scientists. B. He believed that truth consists in the right ordering of names in our affirmations, a man that seeks precise truth had need to remember what every name he uses stands for and to place it accordingly. C. Hobbes is concerned about definitions because he thinks they are the route to scientific theory. D. He believed that using accurate terms also helps people embrace the essences of Aristotle.

D. He believed that using accurate terms also helps people embrace the essences of Aristotle.

Which of the following is not true about Hobbes's educational and social backgrounds? A. He was sble to read and write at age four. B. He entered Oxford University at fifteen. C. He met with Galileo. D. He studied at Oxford but never graduated from it.

D. He studied at Oxford but never graduated from it

Which of the following is not true about Rousseau's social contract? A. The contract does not require total equality. B. All are to be politically equal, subject to the same rights and responsibilities as everyone else. C. Economically, however, Rousseau is not a believer in identical shares. D. It can be justified that someone is rich enough to be able to buy another citizen's vote as long as the poor is willing to sell it.

D. It can be justified that someone is rich enough to be able to buy another citizen's vote as long as the poor is willing to see it.

Wollstonecraft's arguments include all BUT: A. The current conduct of women's manners is produced by a false system of education. B. The educational system, seeking to preserve women's innocence, does so by enforcing their ignorance. C. Any weaknesses displayed by women are thus the products of their lack of cultivation of understanding. D. It is natural that women are fond of dress and gossip.

D. It is natural that women are fond of dress and gossip

All of the following are part of utilitarianism EXCEPT: A. It is the Greatest Happiness Principle B. It holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness C. It holds that actions are wrong as they tend to promote the reverse of happiness. D. Its central concern is achieving the greatest happiness for the elites who recognize the meaning of happiness.

D. Its central concern is achieving the greatest happiness for the elites who recognize the meaning of happiness

Which of the following is not true about Locke? A. He drew less pessimistic conclusions from his life experiences. B. Professionally, Locke was a teacher of philosophy and a student of medicine. C. Locke greatly admired his father, who was a supporter of the cause against King Charles I. D. Locke sided with the Tory

D. Locke sided with the Tory

A major difference between an old Whig and a new Whig lies in the fact that: A. Old Whigs did not support the Glorious Revolution. B. Old Whigs supported the French Revolution. C. New Whigs did not support the Glorious Revolution. D. New Whig supporters of the French Revolution in England, such as Fox, saw an affinity of ideals between those supporting the overthrow of the French monarchy and those behind the Glorious Revolution.

D. New Whig supporters of the French Revolution in England, such as Fox, saw an affinity of ideals between those supporting the overthrow of the French monarchy

On the discourse of individualism, which is not true about Hobbes? A. Leviathan discusses human nature from the perspective of the individual, the basic building block of Hobbes's political universe. B. The individual, as the center of Hobbes's concern, is treated as an isolated being. C. This isolation has a clear psychological basis, rooted in three motives. D. One of the motives is that people trust each other.

D. One of the motives is that people trust each other.

Which of the following is true in Rousseau's discussion on liberation and change? A. Compassion must be stifled. B. Natural feelings of pity must be stifled. C. Civilization emancipates people from slavery. D. People must strip off the layers of civilization to find their true selves.

D. People must strip off the layers of civilization to find their true selves.

When Burke claims that moral wisdom is the foundation of political wisdom, he means all of the following BUT: A. Politics enables men to fulfill their natural moral needs. B. Those needs are grounded in man as he acts in the concrete context of actual human life and are seen in his natural affections or prejudices. C. Unreflective sentiment can lead to perverted actions such as the French Revolution. D. Political wisdom requires no accumulation of the experience of historical evolution.

D. Political wisdom requires no accumulation of the experience of historical evolution.

In terms of his theory on "moral man," which of the following is not true about Burke? A. Burke regards the ahistorical and asocial situation as first nature. B. The first nature is something primitive people have had. C. Social beings have a second nature D. The first nature is the true human nature of moral man.

D. The first nature is the true human nature of moral man.

Philosophically, which of the following is not true about utilitarianism? A. In utilitarian philosophy, the task of government is a limited one: to promote the public interest. B. All people are regarded as equal when measuring social happiness, or the public interest. C. Law must be tailored so that punishment fits the crime. D. The law is not open to change.

D. The law is not open to change

All of the following are true about Mill's egalitarian convictions concerning men and women EXCEPT: A. More or less, they were shaped by his utilitarian upbringing. B. He had a long relationship with Harriet Taylor, who wrote a book arguing for complete gender equality. C. The lack of individual autonomy of women harms only women. D. The legal subordination of one sex to the other is one of the chief hindrances to human improvement.

D. The legal subordination of one sex to the other is one of the chief hindrances to human improvement.

In A Vindication of the Rights of Women, Wollstonecraft talks about all of the following EXCEPT: A. She argues against the proposition that women are naturally emotional or intellectually inferior. B. She contends that the lack of intellectual development in women is due to the differences in educational opportunities between the two sexes. C. She believes that women are left to be educated by society, which results in cultivation of emotional and feminine traits. D. Wollstonecraft disagrees with Rousseau that manners are artificial, simply the product of society and education.

D. Wollstonecraft disagrees with Rousseau that manners are artificial, simply the product of society and education

Burke is outraged by the excesses of the Jacobin leaders of the French Revolution by all of the following reasons EXCEPT: A. their rejection of provident reform in favor of action based on abstract reasoning B. abolishing the old regime and its class system C. executing the king D. their actions were too moderate

D. their actions were too moderate

Glorious Revolution and its significance

Epoch making period in England. Henry VIII to divorce Catherine Absolutism (rule by king) came to an end. Prince William of Orange was "invited" to become king in 1689. Called "Glorious" because all of this was done with no bloodshed.

Human nature, according to Burke, instinctively inclines people toward the great prejudice, religion. Men's feelings toward religion are natural: people are by nature religious. It provides the reason of belief. However, only great men have adequate answers to the major questions that challenge us: the meaning of life.

F

In Burke's methodology, history and tradition, social order and property, and authority and religion comprise the foundation of all that is good. These are united by four overlapping precepts that inform his methodology. In all cases, the wisdom of the collective is to be trusted over that of the individual. However, the precepts exclude presumptions.

F

In his discourse on civilization, Rousseau wrote that asocial beings began to draw together for reasons related to survival needs, isolated primitives left their solitary, wandering state, formed nuclear families, and settled into simple huts, thus inaugurating aboriginal society. From asocial to social, Rousseau is always precise and consistent about when one stage ends and another begins.

F

The utilitarian philosophy was the great contribution to political thought of John Stuart Mill.

F

When his patron was forced to sell that rural seat, Burke ran for election to a seat from the port city of Bristol. However, the electors of Bristol supported Burke on a number of issues, including easing trade restrictions on Ireland.

F

Wollstonecraft attacks the religion, the educational system but fails to attacks the political power such as the nobility.

F

Hobbes's father, an incompetent minister, deserted the family when Hobbes was quite young. Hobbes showed an early talent for learning, which was soon recognized by his father.

False

Three types of liberty by Rousseau

Natural Liberty: The strength of the individual to assert himself. Civil Liberty: rational choice to regulate people's behavior (in relation to others) Moral Liberty: The only type of freedom in which the individual is free in relation to himself.

A Vindication of the Rights of Women can also be read somewhat autobiographically. Events in Wollstonecraft's life that factor into the book include her work in politics, especially her association with figures such as Thomas Paine and her marriage to political activist William Godwin.

T

A Vindication of the Rights of Women is in many ways as much a response to Rousseau as A Vindication of the Rights of Men was to Burke.

T

According to Mill, society benefits if government is prevented from interfering with acts of individuals beyond the three spheres already noted. The additional limits he imposes on government are not as absolute as are the rights of liberty of conscience, tastes and pursuits, and combination because they involve both individual and collective interests.

T

According to Wollstonecraft, women are taught inferiority, outward obedience, and to act as "ephemeron triflers." Since by nature the virtue and knowledge of the sexes is the same, the only real difference between them comes from the superior advantage of liberty and education enabling men to see more of life.

T

Burke and Rousseau differ in that Burke's view of human nature is based on moral man, who requires a moral society, whereas Rousseau's idea of a natural primitive man is abstracted from any historical social context.

T

Burke is skeptical of abrupt social change. To him, many human actions have unintended or unanticipated effects. Thus, large-scale social or political change is risky because it may produce undesirable results. If there must be change, it should be incremental. From this particular description of his ideology, we can conclude that Burke is conservative.

T

Burke views the English Glorious Revolution of 1688 as a conservative and defensive project, whose aim was to preserve the ancient liberties of Englishmen under the British constitution.

T

Burke was not only a theorist but also a politician.

T

Comparing the Social Contracts of Hobbes and Locke, Rousseau believes that everyone gains more power to keep what they rightfully have by "exchanging peril and uncertainty for security, natural independence for true liberty, the power of injuring others for a right which corporate solidarity renders invincible. In the community described by Rousseau, each one is truly freer than under illegitimate government.

T

Diverging from Hobbes and Locke, who saw human nature as a constant with no likelihood of change, Rousseau presents several different and distinct phases of human nature. However, he thinks the changes so far have led to decline rather than progress in human affairs.

T

He was part of the counter-Enlightenment, a romantic reaction against the reason and science represented by such Enlightenment thinkers as Hobbes and Locke. In contrast to them, Rousseau stressed the importance of passion and sentiment.

T

If the intensity of the early education of John Stuart Mill brought on a nervous breakdown, he was saved from its worst effects by the discovery of poetry and his introduction to the woman who would have a most singular effect on his life and thought. That woman was Harriet Taylor.

T

In Mill's revised utilitarianism, permitting rather than stifling free expression by individuals also has the utilitarian value of improving the quality of life for each individual who exercises this liberty and thus for society as a whole.

T

Mary Wollstonecraft is a Janus-faced figure in political theory. Writing in the midst of a tradition of political theory dominated by men, she employs many of their techniques, assumptions, and arguments regarding human nature and government, yet her conclusions define a new role for women in society—that of equals to men.

T

Mill distinguishes between two kinds of action: public and private. Public acts are those involving the rights of others, while individuals have a right to self-protection and thus can be required by law not to physically harm others. Mill is adamant that it is the job of government to regulate both public and private acts.

T

Mill holds the opinion that private actions are unrelated to public responsibilities. They are acts that cannot hurt others, and thus they affect nobody else's rights. Individuals are free to perform them as they choose.

T

Mill's concern is that conformity of the majority not be turned into a tyranny of uniformity, imposed on all by either society or government. Government can use force against dissent and society can use public opinion to suppress individuals, regardless of legal or constitutional safeguards.

T

Mill's three situations may seem to offer strong support for a laissez-faire economy, one in which the role of government in economic affairs is minimal if not nil. In the context of the United States today, this is clearly a conservative ideology.

T

Politically speaking, judged from his relations with Prime Minister Charles James Fox, we can conclude that Burke sided with the Whigs.

T

Reflections on the Revolution in France preceded some of his other writings such as An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs, Thoughts on French Affairs, and Letter to a Member of the National Assembly.

T

Rousseau believes people in civilization are oppressed because they have been forced to stifle compassion, the one virtue they had in the state of nature and the source of the other virtues. Both society and the government that supports it are corrupt, and people are enslaved by tyrannical institutions.

T

Starting in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, women philosophers and thinkers challenged many of the assumptions about men, women, family, politics, and reason. They adopted "male" arguments and applied them to women. Margaret Cavendish was among those who challenged male philosophers on a variety of points.

T

The emergence of social contract thinking posed many challenges to the traditional role of women. For example, the reason defined by Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau was really something found only among men, especially those who had been educated to control or eliminate the biases and passions that clouded the human understanding.

T

The perfection of our reason and capability of happiness, according to Wollstonecraft, must be estimated by the degree of reason, virtue, and knowledge, that distinguish the individual, and direct the laws which bind society; and that from the exercise of reason, knowledge, and virtue naturally flow, is equally undeniable, if mankind be viewed collectively.

T

Thus, while he personally identified with the Church of England, he advocated toleration of all pacific religions and nationalities, arguably due to exposure to such a diversity of perspectives.

T

To Rousseau, Machiavelli's elevation of the competitive, self-seeking individual over the harmonious collective can only lead to injustice. Instead, Rousseau uses Plato's organic perspective.

T

To strike a balance between individual and collective interests, Mill believes that the balance is to be tipped to favor collective choice whenever possible.

T

Wollstonecraft's comparison of families to kingdoms is important in that it connects the privileges of the ancient régime and the logic of paternal society. She contends that in both the monarchy and the family, pure authority, not reason, tends to rule.

T

Young Mill had a rigorous education at home, supervised by his father and by family friends who were among the most prominent thinkers of their age. He studied Greek at age three.

T

"Four idols of the mind cognition (such as of tribe, cave, marketplace and theater)" that affect human cognition. This is from a French philosopher and essayist.

True

According to Hobbes, all individuals are amorally selfish and controlled by their hedonistic desires and physical appetites. They are absorbed in their personal interests as they compete for scarce or limited goods such as wealth.

True

As long as the purpose is to improve oneself rather than to hurt others, the search for happiness can be moral and rational, serving as the foundation of individual freedom. This is clearly the reflection of a positive view on egoism.

True

In a nutshell, Hobbes's method thus reduces society to its elemental motions and then explains political behavior in terms of the motions that move those elements. Once the simple elements are known, complex political structures can be understood.

True

Locke consented with those who supported the divine right of kings arguing that the monarch's authority over his subjects was based on Scripture. Divine right established a paternal or patriarchal relationship like that between a father and his children, which resulted in hereditary, total, and permanent dependency.

True

Locke's approach to political questions was influenced by his medical background as well as his membership in the Royal Society, an organization of scientists.

True

Social by nature, individuals are inclined to trust their fellow human beings, who are also moral, rational, and egoistic. This enables everyone to act together for common goals. Judged by this statement, it appears to us that Locke is more optimistic than Hobbes

True

The English Civil War was marked by the sort of violence and loss of life and property so vividly depicted in Hobbes's description of the state of nature in Leviathan. In the end, the Parliamentary side was victorious, and King Charles I was executed.

True

Contrast British "Bill of Rights" and of that of the United States

US Bill of Rights includes freedoms for the people (speech, press, assembly, religion, right to bear arms, right to trial by jury, right to speedy trial with appointed council if you cannot afford one, etc) British Bill of Rights weakened the power of the church by having free elections by the people to vote for MPs in the House of Commons, the House of Commons cannot be dissolved by the monarch, English citizens have right to trial by jury, and it made Parliament more powerful than the King.