pols 325 midterm 1
what were some of the larger settlements in the roman period?
(e.g. Aquincum Budapest, Vindobony Vienna, Claudiopolis Cluj).
how did the transition from chiefdom to statehood happen for poland?
1) the chieftain's marriage into the emerging network of european royal families (mieszko I's marriage to the czech princess doubravka in 965) 2) the chieftain's baptism, which meant that his subjects were expected to convert too
during the dark ages, europe remerges as a blend of
1. classic cultures of greece, rome, and byzantium - law, science, art 2. christianity - also legal, political, scientific, and admin aspects 3. cultures of the new people - langauges and customs of germanic, nordic, slavic, and turkic tribes
how is eastern europe caught between empires in the west?
1. germanic empire (1800 - 1871) politically fragmented but economically advanced and populous with settlers throughout europe; a conduit for political and religious reforms, and technological innovation (printing press) 2. habsburg dynasty and territories from spain to austria catholic, spearheading anti-protestant "counter-reformation", territorially rapacious (very rich due to american conquests), later willing to grant lots of independence to its people
what were the rules of poland-lithuania's "noble republic"
1. liberum veto — single no vote could block leg. 2. right to confederation — nobles could group tg to resist policies 3. growth of towns is restricted 4. serfdom — becomes more and more burdensome until it becomes like slavery
when was the roman period?
100 BC to 400AD
hungary when did hungary expand?
12th-16th century *golden bull* (1229), hungary's own magna carta, marked the beginning of limited monarchy
what was the battle of white mountain?
1620 habsburgs defeat the czech nobles — their land is confiscated, and their wealth and power is destroyed later, other protestant countries join the anti-habsburg, anti-catholic cause
When were the dark ages?
400-800
what is eastern europe?
According to Wolff, it is only from the late-1600s onward that an east-west axis became prominent, with the "East" (including the eastern part of Europe) defined as a cultural concept: a less-developed, less rational, less civilized opposite of the "West."
what was eastern europe during the cold war?
Back then, "Eastern Europe" was synonymous with the communist "Eastern Bloc."
how did the teutonic order come into contact w/the polish?
Duke Konrad I of Masovia invites knights of the *Teutonic Order* to settle in the northeast and help christianize the region's inhabitants. by the early 1400s, territories controlled by the order cover much of modern day baltic states. in 1410, the polish and lithuanian armies defeat the order at the battle of grunwald
where is eastern europe?
Europe's eastern boundaries are defined by the Ural and Caucasus mountain ranges, but other boundaries (e.g., the Volga river) were sometimes used in the past.
russia and its neighbors - mongol rule who assembled an army of nomadic people in early 1200? where were the people from?
Genghis Khan, from the mongol steppe
did the countries in the eastern bloc stay consistent?
However, some nominally communist countries (Yugoslavia, Albania) were not part of the Soviet-led military alliance (the Warsaw Pact), and there was much variation in the nature of communism among the Eastern Bloc states. As we shall see in this course, communism was not one thing, but many.
how is eastern europe caught between empires in the east?
Muscovy -> russian federation eastern orthodox, founded as a successor to byzantium as a "civilizational alternative" to western models of development
what was the second step in the fall of the roman empire? (476)
Rome (the western part of the empire) falls after invasions by the 'barbarian' peoples
russia and its neighbors - mongol rule who was subject to the Mongol Invasion by the 1240s? how long did they remain under mongol control?
The kyvian state, and today's russia, ukraine, belarus, romania, and bulgaria remained under mongol rule for the next 200 years
what was poland-lithuania's political system referred to as?
a "noble repbulic" because political power was held collectively by a noble class
what type of society was poland in the mid 900s?
a chiefdom, ruled by the piast dyansty, which was possibly of Varangian origin
hungary - habsburg rule (1680s - 1918) what happened in 1848?
a revolution against the habsburgs,it failed but caused lots of change
where were roman larger settlements located?
along trade routes, such as the amber road
The Balkans and the Ottoman Empire what was the russo-turkish war (1875) ?
an anti-ottoman uprising that broke out in bosnia — serbs intervene on behalf of the bosnians, with help from the russian army
how did the first state-based civilizations arise?
as two wheeled carts, four wheeled wagons, and domesticated horses spread to the near east, state-based civilizations arose with professional armies, complex state bureaucracies, and large urban centers
the balkans - romania when did it fall into ottoman rule?
by the 1400s
how is eastern europe caught between empires in the south?
byzantium (1453-1923) eastern orthodox byzantium fell to the islamic ottoman turks in 1453, islamic force for a while
what was traded in roman trade routes?
called the amber road, traded grain, minerals, silver, tin, copper, timber, furs, and slaves
Early Medieval Kingdoms (~1000 A.D.) how did trade & religion affect literacy?
churches and monestaries were built around the world, which spread literacy and learning
the balkans - ottoman empire at what point did the ottoman empire reach its peak?
during the battle of vienna, in 1683
what region do we look at as Eastern Europe?
east of Germany, west of Russia, south of Sweden and north of Greece.
bohemia and moravia -- historic czech lands when did they become independent?
end of WWI (1918) as part of the new state of czechoslovakia
Early Medieval Kingdoms (~1000 A.D.) what is an empire?
entity characterized by centralized bureaucratic forms of government, *the domination of a core region over peripheries* culturally defined hierarchy between rulers and the ruled claim to universal legitimacy -- ideology, or religion
russia and its neighbors - mongol rule what was the objective of mongol invasion?
extracting "tribute" from local princes, who still retained control of their lands (although subject to genghis khan)
what was poland-lithuania's social system?
feudal peasants' labor service obligations didn't exceed 2wks/year
who were the east slavs
great russions, belorussians, ukrainians, ruthenians
russia and its neighbors - rise of msucovy why did Tsar Ivan III marry the last niece of the last byzantine emperor?
he wanted to turn moscow into the "third rome"
bohemia and moravia -- historic czech lands who was Jan Hus, and what did he do?
he was a religious dissenter, who began europe's *first protestant reformation*
bohemia and moravia -- historic czech lands how did they develop economically?
high population density led to innovation in agriculture, bolstered trade, led to the growth of towns all of this led to greater social and economic complexity, which in turn led to institutional innovation (better laws and courts)
hungary - independence
hungary loses 2/3 of its territory in the treaty of trianon (1920) as punishment for fighting for germans get their independence from WW1
who are examples of people seeking new homes post western roman empire in east europe?
huns (400), avars (578), bulgars (679), magyars (895), and mongols (1230)
What was the khmelnytsky uprising?
in 1648, leaders of the cosacks rebelled beacuse they were denied entry to the szlachta
what partitions of poland-lithuania occurred
in 1772, 1793, 1795, russian, prussian, and habsburg empries all partitioned the empire, resultging in poland's disappearance from the map
what was the 30 years war? 1618-48
in bohemia, czech/protestant nobles wanted to free themselves from domination by german/catholic habsburgs. this turned into a major international conflict
bohemia and moravia -- historic czech lands what happened in the end of the 18th century?
industrialization took off, unlike anywhere else in eastern europe
late 900's what were the scandinavians doing in eastern europe?
intermingling with scattered slavic tribes in those territories
what were the impacts of the noble republic form of government?
it created a weak state, unable to raise tax revenues, who had difficulty creating a modern professional army, and as a result they were conquested by neighboring absolute monarchies
hungary what happened to hungary under ottoman rule?
it mostly fell, while Habsburgs seized some territory in the west
how did valdemar's conversion our world today?
it set modern day russia, belarus, and ukraine on very different paths they were not historically unified, as putin claims
what kind of society was 10th century poland?
it was an agricultural, *settled society*, where settlements were spread out throughout the countryside and engaged int eh cultivations of crops
hungary - habsburg rule (1680s - 1918) what type of economy and society was hungary? what did they rely on?
it was less densely populated and more remote from western markets it remained agrarian economy had low innovation and low productivity they relied on serfdom
Early Medieval Kingdoms (~1000 A.D.) what is kingship? where did it start to emerge?
king is the "master" in political matters, but subject to the pope on religious matters — started the idea of limiting their power started in the west
some places still have remnants of roman colonization in what form?
language (romanian)
Early Medieval Kingdoms (~1000 A.D.) what is a chiefdom?
larger population (combining several tribes) characterized by a top authroity figure (chief) more diversity, more specialization, more hierarchy than tribes
russia and its neighbors - rise of msucovy when and by who is the mongol empire defeated by?
late 1400s, the princes of Moscow
poland -- founding who inhabited the territory of present day central poland in the 900s?
many slavic tribes, including the Polans (namesake of poland)
what are some examples of near east state based civilizations?
mesopotamia, egypt
Early Medieval Kingdoms (~1000 A.D.) what is a state?
more complex, sophisticated, and capable version of chiefdom uphold monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force within its territory
what is the first reason eastern europe is vulnerable to invasion and conquest?
much of the region has no natural defensive boundaries
what types of societies lasted into the Roman period in europe?
non-state societies, like tribes and chiefdoms
hungary Habsburg rule (1680s - 1918)
ottomans are eventually driven out by the habsburgs, and hungary becomes part of the habsburg empire the habsburgs *do not destroy the native noble class*
hungary ottoman rule
ottomans ruled from 1526 to 1680s, they defeated hungarians at the *battle of mohacs* (1526)
in late 900's, where specifically were the scandinavians settling?
parts of eastern europe, (modern day russia, belarus, ukraine)
who was captured in the roman conquest?
parts of today's romania (dacia), bulgaria, hungary, (pannonia), czech republic, slovakia, and former yugoslavia
who were the west slavs
poles, czechs, & slovaks
late 900's what were the motivations of varangian nobility?
possibly motivated by being exiled, they wanted to *establish themselves as rulers* of territories in eastern europe
what to read?
read the readings about arguments
Early Medieval Kingdoms (~1000 A.D.) how did religion affect trade?
religious conversions to christianity meant that a people wer eno longer considered 'barbarian', which meant that they could no longer be sold into slavery
Early Medieval Kingdoms (~1000 A.D.) what religion spread? why?
roman and byzantine forms of christianity -- motivated partially by religion but also bc it served geopoltiical goals to expand one's sphere of influence
who were the non slavs
romanians, magyars (hungarians), albanians, germans, jews (historical; Pale of settlement), greek, turks, gypsies or Roma (historically nomadic people)
the balkans - ottoman empire who wins the russo-turkish war? what were the results aftre the peace settlement of 1878?
russia wins, serbia, bulgaria, and romania gain independence
the balkans - ottoman empire what were the balkan wars (1912-14)?
serbia, bulgaria, and greece dividing the ottoman empire's territory among themselves
who were the south slavs
serbs, croats, slovenes, macedonians, montenegrins, bulgars
who are the peoples of eastern europe
slavs & non slavs
Early Medieval Kingdoms (~1000 A.D.) what is a tribe?
small size, composed of several different clans of "kinship"/lineage groups shared common language & culture no main ruler no specialized administrative staff
what were the results of the first protestant reformation in europe?
the *hussite wars* which mark the beginning of a divide between *german speaking/catholic and czech-speaking/protestant* segments of society
the balkans - serbia in what battle was a serb prince killed (1389)? who killed him? what rule followed?
the battle of kosovo the turks ottoman rule followed
what happened in ~1000 AD?
the beginnings of state formation
what was the final step in the fall of the roman empire? (1453)
the byzantine empire lasts another thousand years, falls to the Ottoman Turks, who rename its capital Constantinople to Istanbul
what was the first step in the fall of the roman empire? (395)
the empire is divided, and the eastern part becomes known as the byzantine empire
hungary - habsburg rule (1680s - 1918) how did the 1848 revolution affect habsburg society?
the habsburgs decided to share power with the hungarian nobles, and they created the dual monarchy of austria hungary in 1867
bohemia and moravia -- historic czech lands what empire did they become part of by 950?
the holy roman empire, and as a result they adopted key western institutional arrangements
how did the poland-lithuania monarchy change politically? (late 1300s)
the monarchy changed from hereditary to *elective* with the king chosen by assemblies of the nobility
what is the steppe theory? (the kurgan hypothesis)
the origin of indo-europeans can be traced to the area north of the black sea, where the horse was first domesticated and where thw two wheeled cart and four wheeled wagon led to a revolution in human mobility
the balkans - bulgaria from the mid 1300's and on who controlled bulgaria?
the ottoman turks
what was the result of the khmelnytsky uprising?
the rebels allied themselves with rivals of poland-lithuania — first sweden, then russia, creating modern day Ukraine
what were the poland-lithuania nobles called? who were allowed entry to the class?
the szlachta — was largely restricted to those of catholic faith one would have to convert to join the nobility
what kinds of people lived on the eurasian landmass from the late stone age to the bronze age?
there was a wide variety of distinct cultures that have inhabited the eurasian landmass
what were vikings doing in 900s CE? why?
there was widespread expansion into eastern europe, driven by effort to establish trade routes to the near east
what resulted from the fall of the roman empire in the west?
there were great human migrations, with successive waves of people from the east and the north seeking new homelands
late 900's what were the Scandinavian warriors and traders known as?
they became known as the varangians their territory was known as the varangian rus
what did the union of lublin do in 1569?
they created the Commonwealth of poland-lithuania it encompassed much of present-day ukraine, belarus, latvia, and estonia
what is the second reason eastern europe is vulnerable to invasion and conquest?
they existed (and still do) at a civilizational crossroads, being influenced from the west, east, and south in realsm of politics, religion, economic and social relationships, technologoy, art, and so forth.
bohemia and moravia -- historic czech lands what did the bourgeoisie push for in the mid19th century?
they started to demand self government
what resulted from the roman conquest?
trade routes, growth of larger settlements, and language
Early Medieval Kingdoms (~1000 A.D.) how did trade change?
trade was revived, including long distance trade w/near east
Early Medieval Kingdoms (~1000 A.D.) what were the ways of organizing political power in a given geographical territory?
tribes chiefdom state empire
who was valdemar?
valedmar was a chieftain who converted to christianity in 988 CE
bohemia and moravia -- historic czech lands what happened as a result of increased trade and industry?
wealth based on entrepreneurship and not land ownership --> birth of the bourgeoisie
religious traditions across europe
west: protestant or catholic christianity east: orthodox christianity south: orthodox christianity
when did the early medieval kingdoms exist?
~1000 ad
