POLS CH 6-9

"4. (p. 203) The accuracy of a poll is usually expressed in terms of A. population density. B. census parameter. C. population error. D. sampling error. E. interview error."

D

"4. (p. 224) The frequency of elections in the United States reduces voter turnout by A. discouraging local politicians from playing an active role in presidential elections. B. creating more complex registration requirements. C. focusing too much attention on state and local elections. D. increasing the personal effort needed to participate in all elections. E. increasing the amount of taxes paid at the polls."

D

"41. (p. 189) The term generational effect is used to describe the influence of watershed events on the political outlook of A. older voters. B. African American voters. C. female voters. D. younger voters. E. swing voters."

D

"5. (p. 246) Democrats and Republicans have endured as the two major U.S. parties primarily due to A. the stability of their ideologies. B. the lack of good third-party candidates. C. a high degree of party discipline. D. their ability to adapt to changing circumstances. E. None of these answers is correct."

D

"57. (p. 260) Populist ________ won electoral votes in six states in the presidential election of 1892. A. William Jennings Bryan B. Theodore Roosevelt C. Chester Arthur D. James B. Weaver E. Benjamin Harrison"

D

"7. (p. 259) If a minor party gains a large following, it is almost certain that A. the major parties will join together to attack the minor party. B. Congress will enact legislation to make it difficult for the minor party to get on the ballot. C. party in-fighting will tear it apart. D. one or both major parties will absorb its issue, and the minor party will lose support. E. the media will attack the minor party."

D

"8. (p. 226) One's sense of civic duty and apathy are attitudes that are usually acquired from one's A. economic status. B. community. C. education. D. parents. E. experience with voting."

D

"16. (p. 251) Party dealignment is A. essentially the same as party realignment. B. a process that has discouraged the formation of third parties. C. a process that has strengthened the major parties. D. a process that refers to American political parties in the early 1800s. E. None of these answers is correct."

E

"17. (p. 230) Which of the following is true of the Internet organization MoveOn.org? A. It has demonstrated that online advocacy can dramatically increase voter turnout in local and state elections. B. It is technically a registered lobbying organization. C. It has a network of more than five million ""online activists"", which makes it a more powerful voting bloc than some entire states. D. It was highly successful in its effort to shape the 2010 health care reform bill. E. It was instrumental in helping Barack Obama defeat Hillary Clinton in their race for the 2008 Democratic presidential nomination."

E

"21. (p. 229, 233) Voting A. is a limited form of political participation. B. provides citizens with a regular way to express themselves. C. is the most widespread form of political participation. D. is both a means by which government controls the people and a means by which the people control government. E. All these answers are correct."

E

"23. (p. 195) All of the following ideological types are prevalent in the United States EXCEPT A. liberals. B. conservatives. C. populists. D. libertarians. E. communists."

E

"24. (p. 273-274) Candidates' first priority in a close election is to A. secure their ""base voters"". B. rally the faithful and ""get out the vote"". C. increase TV spending. D. paint their opponents in a bad light. E. win over the ""swing voters""."

E

"26. (p. 207) In a test of ""civic literacy"" conducted in 2007, the average college senior scored a grade of ________. A. A B. B C. C D. D E. F"

E

"26. (p. 257) Which of the following groups is NOT typically a part of the Democratic coalition? A. city dwellers B. Hispanics C. union members D. Jews E. fundamentalist Christians"

E

"27. (p. 300) The influence of interest groups through the courts occurs through A. initiating lawsuits. B. lobbying for certain judges to be appointed to the bench. C. outside lobbying only. D. PACs. E. both initiating lawsuits and lobbying for certain judges to be appointed to the bench."

E

"28. (p. 200-201) Society in Northern Ireland is presented by the text as a demonstration of what difference with U.S. society? A. the lack of importance in measured public opinion for the political process B. the status of the family as a secondary agent of socialization instead of a primary agent C. the relatively small influence that government propaganda has on the individual D. the lack of religion as a defining frame of reference E. the lack of crosscutting between groups"

E

"29. (p. 202) Which of the following is true of letter writers and demonstrators? A. They tend to be individuals who have participated in violent or physical expressions of political opinion. B. They tend to espouse a more conservative ideological leaning. C. They tend to have a greater effect on policymakers than the public opinion polls of the general population. D. Roughly 10 percent of Americans participate in a mass demonstration or write a letter to the editor each year. E. Their opinions tend to be atypical of the population as whole."

E

"3. (p. 284) A basic reason for the existence of so many interest groups in the United States is A. the American tradition of free association. B. the extent of diverse interests in American society. C. America's federal system of government. D. the separation of powers in American government. E. All these answers are correct."

E

"31. (p. 303) Grassroots lobbying is based on the assumption that officials will respond to A. well-reasoned policy arguments. B. the opportunity for extensive media publicity. C. moral pleas. D. the efforts of party organizations. E. pressure from constituents."

E

"32. (p. 218) Eighteen-, nineteen-, and twenty-year-old Americans were granted the right to vote by the passage of the __________ Amendment. A. Fifteenth B. Nineteenth C. Twenty-first D. Twenty-third E. Twenty-sixth"

E

"32. (p. 298) According to the Center for Responsive Politics, what was roughly the amount spent on lobbying in the United States in 2009? A. $250 billion B. $10 billion C. $350 million D. $35 billion E. $3.5 billion"

E

"34. (p. 259) Which of the following is an example of a single-issue party? A. Populists B. Green Party C. Socialist Workers Party D. Libertarian Party E. Greenback Party"

E

"35. (p. 219) The ""motor voter"" law A. was passed in 1993. B. made it easier for citizens to register to vote. C. linked voter registration to the vehicle registration process. D. was passed in 1993 and linked voter registration to the vehicle registration process. E. All these answers are correct."

E

"35. (p. 259) Which of the following are key players in the modern campaign? A. pollsters B. media producers C. fundraising specialists D. campaign consultants E. All these answers are correct."

E

"37. (p. 219) ________ elections tend to draw the largest percentage of voters in the U.S. A. Primary B. Mayoral C. Congressional D. Gubernatorial E. Presidential"

E

"38. (p. 231) Harvard's Robert Putnam argues in his book Bowling Alone that A. the increase in frequency of elections in the United States has increased the level of general voter apathy. B. community participation among young adults has risen in the past two decades because of new media technologies like Internet activism. C. voter apathy is only going to increase as long as we maintain a two-party system. D. a proportional representation system in the legislature would increase voter turnout. E. America has been undergoing a long-term decline in its social capital."

E

"38. (p. 308) Theodore Lowi's theory of interest-group liberalism A. constitutes a partial and wrongful abdication by government of its authority over policy. B. argues that lawmakers are rightly prevented from using government to promote group interests. C. posits that interest groups result in an efficient use of society's resources. D. describes the effect of groups on policy, resulting in a system of rule by majorities. E. deals with the tendency of officials to support the policy demands of the interest group or groups that have a special stake in a policy."

E

"39. (p. 202-204) Which of the following is true about public opinion polling? A. Polls are the most relied-upon method of measuring public opinion. B. Polls can be erroneous at times. C. Most large news organizations have their own in-house polls. D. The Gallup pollsters have correctly predicted the winner of presidential elections most of the time since 1936. E. All these answers are correct."

E

"40. (p. 205) What term do pollsters use for a purported opinion offered by a respondent who, in truth, has no view on a specific issue? A. uninformed response B. faulty opinion C. invalid answer D. confused response E. non-opinion"

E

"40. (p. 262, 264) During the twentieth century, American parties lost their complete control over A. nominations. B. financing. C. platforms. D. the staffing of government jobs. E. All these answers are correct."

E

"56. (p. 293) About ________ percent of people who regularly listen to National Public Radio do not donate money to their local station. A. 10 B. 30 C. 50 D. 70 E. 90"

E

"8. (p. 204-205) Sources of polling error can include A. question order. B. unrepresentative samples. C. respondents' lack of knowledge or interest in the issue. D. question wording. E. All these answers are correct."

E

"9. (p. 244) The history of democratic government is virtually synonymous with the history of A. high voter turnout. B. the separation of powers. C. economic recessions. D. protest movements. E. political parties."

E

"9. (p. 290) An interest group that focuses on policy benefits for senior citizens would be an example of A. a philosophical interest group. B. an ideological group. C. a professional group. D. a business group. E. a single-issue group."

E

"26. (p. 299-300) In recent decades, lobbyists in Washington, D.C. have increasingly A. targeted the executive branch in their efforts to influence policy decisions. B. relied on coercive tactics, such as threats of withdrawing election support. C. worked to defeat incumbent members of Congress in order to replace them with members who would be more supportive. D. relied exclusively on inside lobbying as the means of gaining their policy goals. E. ignored the judicial branch as a means of influencing policy decisions."

A

"29. (p. 229-230) If Americans vote less than Europeans, why are they more likely to work in a political campaign than are citizens in Europe? A. America's federal structure provides more campaign opportunities. B. European candidates seldom need campaign workers. C. Americans have more leisure time than Europeans. D. U.S. candidates pay campaign workers, whereas European candidates do not. E. Laws in some U.S. communities require citizens to participate in campaigns."

A

"3. (p. 217) Literacy tests were used to A. disenfranchise African Americans in the South. B. finance election campaigns. C. ensure that women voted with their husbands, who legally controlled the money in a marriage. D. ensure that the people who voted would take the vote seriously. E. help subsidize public education in the North."

A

"30. (p. 226) Many white, working-class citizens failed to vote in the 1968 and 1972 elections because they felt alienated by the centrality of which political issue? A. civil rights B. the Vietnam War C. the economy D. immigration E. youth protest"

A

"30. (p. 303-304) Outside lobbying does NOT include A. developing and maintaining close contacts with policymakers. B. the use of campaign contributions to legislators who favor the interest group. C. cultivating favorable coverage from the news media. D. targeting group resources on key election races. E. rousing citizens to contact their elected officials and express their support."

A

"31. (p. 205) The accuracy of polling is diminished when respondents A. give what they regard as the socially correct response. B. are asked about familiar issues. C. have an opinion and reveal it. D. admit they are not familiar with an issue and offer no opinion. E. None of these answers is correct."

A

"31. (p. 224) Compared with U.S. citizens of higher income, those of lower income are A. much less likely to vote in elections. B. about equally likely to vote in elections. C. much more likely to vote in elections. D. much less likely to vote in elections—a pattern that is also true in European democracies. E. None of these answers is correct."

A

"34. (p. 303-304) The support of ________ was critical to passage of a controversial prescription drug program for the elderly in 2003. A. the AARP B. Greenpeace C. the ACLU D. the NAACP E. the ABA"

A

"36. (p. 195) Which of the following ideological types favor government activism in the economic realm? A. liberals and populists B. populists and libertarians C. conservatives and liberals D. populists and conservatives E. liberals and libertarians"

A

"39. (p. 233) When democratic governments came into existence, tax and food riots and other forms of protest greatly diminished. Why? A. Citizens had less-disruptive ways to express themselves. B. A government safety net ensured basic needs were met. C. Social scientists have been studying this phenomenon but do not have a conclusive answer. D. The wealth of citizens increased dramatically with democratic freedoms and liberty. E. None of these answers is correct."

A

"39. (p. 243) Organizationally, the U.S. major parties are A. decentralized and fragmented. B. centralized and weak. C. decentralized and strong. D. centralized and strong. E. no longer in operation."

A

"4. (p. 253-254) Proportional representation systems encourage the formation of smaller parties by enabling parties to A. win legislative seats even though they do not receive a majority of votes in elections. B. receive campaign funds from government in proportion to their support in opinion polls. C. win legislative seats by lottery for parties that have no chance of winning majority support. D. share in patronage appointments, which serve as an incentive to lure campaign workers. E. advertise on television."

A

"4. (p. 306) The Supreme Court ruling in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) ultimately led to the creation of A. Super PACs. B. PACs. C. election reform. D. independent-expenditure-committees (IECs). E. the AARP."

A

"42. (p. 238) What did political scientist Larry Bartels demonstrate in his book Unequal Democracy? A. Elected officials are substantially more responsive to the concerns of their more affluent constituents than to those of their poorer constituents. B. Elected officials are substantially more responsive to the efforts of lobbyists than to the concerns of their constituents. C. Elected officials do not tend to respond to the efforts of social movements or protests when casting votes or forming policy. D. Elected officials tend to ignore the interests of their constituents when they make policy or cast votes, until just before they are up for reelection. E. Incumbents hold so much power in the United States and are so difficult to unseat that they have disenfranchised much of the voting population of the U.S."

A

"44. (p. 186) Which of the following is NOT a primary socializing agent? A. peers B. school C. church D. family E. None of these are primary socializing agents."

A

"44. (p. 221-222) Which of the following is true of the Georgia law that required citizens without a government-issued photo ID, such as a driver's license or passport, to obtain a voter identification card, which would cost them twenty dollars and expire after five years? A. A federal judge invalidated Georgia's twenty-dollar fee requirement, but the photo ID requirement stood. B. The law currently stands as it was initially created. C. A federal judge struck down the entire law; a person may vote in Georgia without a government-issued photo ID. D. A federal court struck down the law, but Georgia appealed it and the Supreme Court upheld the law as created. E. The photo ID requirement has resulted in a substantial reduction in voter turnout in Georgia."

A

"46. (p. 283) Another name for an interest group is A. pressure group. B. cabal. C. political party. D. coalition. E. constituency."

A

"48. (p. 285) The citizens of ________ are most actively involved in interest groups and community causes. A. the United States B. Germany C. Italy D. France E. Great Britain"

A

"49. (p. 269) The function that the national party organizations perform in relation to congressional candidates can best be described as a A. service relationship—helping candidates conduct their personal campaigns. B. power relationship—making party assistance conditional upon the candidates' endorsement of the party platform. C. central relationship—organizing and conducting the campaigns for the candidates. D. non-participant relationship—staying out of congressional campaigns and assisting only in the presidential campaign. E. None of these answers is correct."

A

"50. (p. 187) Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann's ""spiral of silence"" theory contends that A. most individuals are reluctant to speak out against dominant opinion. B. people tend not to express their views until asked. C. people holding deviant opinions tend to be more vocal, and hence silence the majority. D. most individuals like to challenge dominant opinions. E. None of these answers is correct."

A

"50. (p. 257) What demographic is key to the future of both parties? A. Hispanic voters B. African American voters C. middle-class voters D. Jewish voters E. the senior vote"

A

"51. (p. 257-258) In the recent elections, which voting demographic has become a more cohesive voting bloc and has sided heavily with the Democratic Party, seeing it as more closely aligned with their interests? A. Hispanics B. African Americans C. the middle class D. the affluent E. seniors"

A

"52. (p. 310) ________ wrote that ""Liberty is to faction what air is to fire"". A. James Madison B. Alexis de Tocqueville C. Thomas Jefferson D. Theodore Lowi E. Theodore Roosevelt"

A

"57. (p. 281) According to E. E. Schattschneider, the interest-group system has a A. strong upper-class bias. B. strong working-class bias. C. strong bias in favor of liberal Democrats. D. strong bias in favor of moderate Republicans. E. strong bias in favor of racial minorities."

A

"6. (p. 306) The Supreme Court decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) A. allows corporations and labor unions to spend unlimited funds on campaigns. B. limits PACs by reducing the amount of money they can raise through contributions by small donors. C. has forced candidates for office and elected officials to make public the amounts of campaign contributions they have received from PACs and which PACs make those donations. D. has strengthened the argument that PACs constitute a better system of campaign finance than one based on wealthy donors. E. has forced corporations and labor unions to legally divorce themselves from the PACs they sponsor."

A

"9. (p. 186) The process of political socialization in the United States is A. normally cumulative; political beliefs attained earlier in life tend to be retained to a substantial degree. B. highly structured; children are subjected to an intense system of government-mandated political indoctrination. C. highly effective; Americans are the best informed citizens in the world. D. extremely narrow; most Americans get nearly all their opinions from a single source. E. uniform; there are almost no differences in the opinions of various groups, such as northerners and southerners."

A

"14. (p. 231) The chief obstacle to Americans' participation in community activities is the A. lack of opportunity, because there are few groups active at this level. B. lack of personal motivation to get involved. C. low potential for success, since key decisions are made at the national level. D. low potential for success, since key decisions are made at the state level. E. All these answers are correct."

B

"17. (p. 300) ""Agency capture"" occurs when A. a regulatory agency funnels money back into the lobbying organizations that are seeking policy changes. B. regulatory agencies side with the industries they are supposed to regulate rather than with the public. C. the executive branch takes back control of a regulatory agency by passing regulation to prevent undue influence by lobbying organizations. D. a regulatory agency must be dismantled because it has become corrupted. E. an election results in the replacement of an agency's leadership through appointive positions under a new president."

B

"20. (p. 221) Most candidates for office in the United States aim their appeals at A. high-income voters. B. middle-income voters. C. labor unions and interest groups. D. corporate lobbying powers. E. low-income voters."

B

"21. (p. 245) What was especially unique about the ""Era of Good Feeling""? A. Political parties were banned. B. President Monroe ran unopposed in 1820. C. Jefferson's faction adopted the label ""Republican"". D. The president and vice president were from competing parties. E. Federalists won the election of 1820."

B

"22. (p. 297) Effective inside lobbying is based upon A. countering the aims of other groups. B. providing useful and persuasive information to key officials. C. mobilizing the group's members. D. bribing or threatening officials. E. using the media to exert pressure."

B

"23. (p. 257) What party has made big gains in recent decades among white fundamentalist Christians, based on its positions on topics like abortion and school prayer? A. Democratic B. Republican C. Green D. Socialist E. Reform"

B

"24. (p. 201) ________ once said that he spent nearly all his adult life in government and yet had never seen a government. A. Theodore Roosevelt B. Woodrow Wilson C. Abraham Lincoln D. George W. Bush E. Harry Truman"

B

"25. (p. 192-193) Friedrich Engels believed that communism would not take root in the United States because A. the poorer American classes still had enough material wealth to be happy with their station. B. American workers lacked sufficient class consciousness. C. the government was already providing substantial financial assistance to the working class. D. the Social Security system provided workers with a safety net not available to workers in Europe. E. the government of the U.S. was too militantly anti-communist and would not allow propaganda to spread."

B

"25. (p. 308) Political scientist Theodore Lowi has questioned pluralist theory by suggesting that A. special interests should never receive benefits from government. B. there is no concept of the public interest in a system that gives special interests the ability to determine the policies affecting them. C. policies that favor a series of minorities are inherently fairer than policies that ignore small groups in favor of a majority. D. the sum of people's special interests is a rough approximation of society's collective interest. E. Madisonian theory has created a perfect balance of special interest and common good."

B

"27. (p. 198) Which of the following groups in the U.S. shows a higher level of support for collective bargaining? A. workers in the service sector B. factory workers C. small farmers D. white-collar workers E. workers in the skilled crafts"

B

"29. (p. 301) An informal grouping of officials, lobbyists, and policy specialists who come together temporarily around a policy problem is A. an iron triangle. B. an issue network. C. a caucus. D. a policy system. E. an ideological network."

B

"30. (p. 203) To accurately poll the citizens of the United States as opposed to the citizens of a single state, A. a much larger sample size will be required. B. the sample requirements will be nearly the same. C. a smaller sample size will be required. D. less randomization will be needed because the sample size will be larger. E. a larger sampling error can be accepted."

B

"33. (p. 190-191) In terms of party identification, about two-thirds of adults call themselves A. liberals. B. Republicans or Democrats. C. Republicans. D. Independents. E. Democrats."

B

"33. (p. 260) A(n) ________ party is a minor party that bases its appeal on the claim that the major parties are having a corrupting influence on government and policy. A. third B. reform C. single-issue D. ideological E. factional"

B

"36. (p. 273) ________ prohibits the purchase of televised advertising time by candidates. A. Scotland B. Great Britain C. The United States D. Germany E. Canada"

B

"37. (p. 197) The most powerful religious force in contemporary American society is the A. Protestants. B. religious right. C. Catholics. D. Jews. E. Muslims."

B

"37. (p. 271) James Carville and Roger Ailes are both examples of A. minor party candidates who earned more than five percent of the vote. B. campaign strategists who have earned legendary reputations. C. congressional incumbents whose reelection bids were derailed by smear campaigns. D. national chairpersons of one of the two major parties. E. lobbyists jailed for their illegal soft money contributions."

B

"37. (p. 271) James Carville and Roger Ailes are both examples of A. minor party candidates who earned more than five percent of the vote. B. campaign strategists who have earned legendary reputations. C. congressional incumbents whose reelection bids were derailed by smear campaigns. D. national chairpersons of one of the two major parties. E. lobbyists jailed for their illegal soft money contributions."

B

"37. (p. 282) A pluralist could be expected to argue that A. the presidency is more representative of society's interests than is the Congress. B. society is best seen as a collection of separate interests. C. U.S. society is best run by a power elite. D. most interests are poorly represented through the group process. E. the judiciary is more representative of society's interests than is the Congress."

B

"39. (p. 310) James Madison's solution to the problem of factions (special interests) has, in the modern policy process, actually contributed to the problem by A. suppressing the claims of special interests, thereby making it more difficult for them to get their opinions heard by officials. B. resulting in a fragmentation of authority among policymakers, thereby providing groups more opportunities to get their way. C. eroding the strength of political parties, thereby increasing the opportunity for group influence. D. weakening the legislative branch, thereby allowing groups to bully Congress into accepting their demands. E. eroding the power of the mass media, thereby increasing the opportunity for group influence."

B

"41. (p. 262) Which of the following represents the greatest blow to the organizational strength of U.S. parties? A. the national convention B. the direct primary C. Jacksonian democracy D. the emergence of PACs E. voter registration"

B

"42. (p. 203) A properly drawn sample of one thousand individuals has a sampling error of roughly plus or minus ________ percent. A. 5 B. 3 C. 2 D. 8 E. 10"

B

"43. (p. 219) In the United States, A. the federal government prevents states from restricting registration based on the amount of time a person has resided in that state. B. voter registration requirements have usually been set by the states. C. voter registration periods and locations tend to be highly publicized, but registration requirements prevent many from taking advantage of them. D. most states automatically register a person to vote when he or she acquires a driver's license. E. states with easier registration laws have shown no higher turnout rates than states with restrictive registration requirements."

B

"45. (p. 234) Political protests A. have recently seen success primarily with liberal or leftist protest groups. B. are today usually planned events. C. are more common in the United States today than in most European democracies. D. have become more spontaneous and unlawful in recent years. E. are today mostly aimed at local laws and local political targets."

B

"46. (p. 195) A conservative is opposed to government intervention A. in both the economic and social spheres. B. in the economic but not the social sphere. C. in the social sphere, but not the economic sphere. D. in neither the social nor the economic spheres. E. only with regard to affirmative action."

B

"48. (p. 270) In Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010), the Supreme Court A. found private citizens should not have limits on the amount of money they can spend on campaigns. B. found corporations and unions could not be banned from spending money on campaigns. C. found private citizens had the same free speech rights as corporations. D. found corporate and union donations to campaigns was not covered as a form of free speech. E. invalidated the government's use of an elections commission to regulate campaign donations."

B

"49. (p. 283) Which of the following is NOT a typical interest-group function? A. supporting candidates for public office B. addressing a broad and diverse range of public issues C. working to influence policymakers D. promoting public policies E. working to influence legislators"

B

"5. (p. 224) Unlike in many other democracies, elections in the United States are traditionally held on A. Mondays. B. Tuesdays. C. Fridays. D. Saturdays. E. Sundays."

B

"5. (p. 383) The most fully organized interests are those that have which of the following as their primary purpose? A. agriculture B. economic activity C. civil liberties D. labor reform E. reform of government"

B

"53. (p. 304) Under federal law, PACs can contribute no more than ________ per candidate in a primary election. A. $1,000 B. $5,000 C. $25,000 D. $50,000 E. $100,000"

B

"54. (p. 297) Most lobbyists receive support from elected officials in direct exchange for A. money. B. information. C. bribery. D. coercion. E. deception."

B

"55. (p. 266) State central committees A. endorse candidates in their state-wide primaries but do not have formal control over who is chosen. B. have the final say in who will be chosen as the candidates for national office from their party in their home state. C. provide only general policy guidance for the state organizations. D. are prevented from participating in fund-raising and voter registration because they receive government funding. E. concentrate most strongly on national elections."

B

"6. (p. 184-185) In his definition of public opinion, the author claims that the opinions of private individuals become public opinion when they A. first enter people's heads. B. are openly expressed. C. become part of the conflict between the Republican and Democratic parties. D. are measured in opinion polls. E. become part of the conflict between populists and libertarians."

B

"6. (p. 219) One of the reasons voter turnout is lower in the United States than in Western European countries is that A. Americans pay less attention to politics. B. U.S. registration laws place a greater burden on the individual. C. the U.S. population is not as well educated. D. Europeans must pay a huge fine if they fail to vote. E. None of these answers is correct."

B

"7. (p. 219) Voter registration in the United States A. was introduced as a means of keeping white males without property from voting. B. began as a way of preventing voters from casting more than one ballot on election day. C. is the responsibility of the government, which adds legally qualified individuals automatically to the registration rolls. D. applies to voting in general elections but not in primary elections. E. has vastly increased voter turnout."

B

"7. (p. 289) A purposive incentive is defined as A. a goal of direct economic gain. B. the opportunity to contribute to a worthy goal or purpose. C. a goal benefiting a specific group. D. any common purpose that brings groups together. E. corporate profit."

B

"8. (p. 289) Citizens' interest groups are distinguished from economic interest groups by the fact that A. their leaders are elected by secret ballot of the group's members. B. their members receive no direct economic benefit from attainment of the group's goals. C. they do not lobby government officials directly, but rely instead on public service announcements to get their views across to society. D. they always pursue goals in which there is a high level of agreement among society members. E. All these answers are correct."

B

"9. (p. 226) Regular voters tend to be characterized by a A. strong sense of alienation, which motivates them to try to change government. B. strong sense of civic duty. C. desire to use government as a vehicle to help other Americans rather than themselves. D. strong sense of independence, which motivates them to try to defeat incumbents. E. All these answers are correct."

B

"17. (p. 211) Which of the following statements is true? A. Franklin Roosevelt had little faith that public opinion would preserve the Social Security program, and expected it to be dismantled within a few decades. B. Public opinion on the usefulness of the Social Security system tends to swing back and forth dramatically with the health of the national economy. C. George W. Bush attempted to privatize aspects of social security, only to back down in the face of determined resistance. D. Franklin Roosevelt attempted to increase the size of the Social Security system, but backed down in the face of strong public opinion against any expansion. E. Ronald Reagan refused, against the wishes of his party, to propose reform of the Social Security system, because he knew public opinion would oppose it."

C

"19. (p. 186) What are the two distinguishing characteristics of political socialization? A. Schools are the most influential agent of political socialization, and political socialization is strongest during childhood. B. Family is the strongest agent of political socialization, and political socialization is strongest during high school and college. C. Political socialization is cumulative, and is most heavily developed during childhood. D. Political socialization is transitory, and is most heavily developed during young adulthood. E. Political socialization occurs primarily among educated populations, and is most heavily developed during adulthood."

C

"19. (p. 238) When it comes to protest activities, a majority of Americans are A. actively involved in protests at one time or another in their lives. B. willing to contribute through financial support but not through active participation. C. not highly supportive of such activities, despite America's tradition of free expression. D. actively involved only later in their lives, when they feel more secure that a protest is justified. E. supportive of violent activities if the cause warrants such an approach."

C

"19. (p. 296) Which citizens' group did a Fortune magazine survey rank as the nation's most powerful lobbying group? A. the NAACP B. the AFL-CIO C. the AARP D. MADD E. Common Cause"

C

"2. (p. 217) Women gained the right to vote A. with passage of the Bill of Rights. B. shortly after the Civil War. C. early in the twentieth century. D. with passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. E. during the era of Jacksonian democracy."

C

"2. (p. 245) The first American political parties emerged from the conflict between A. slave states and free states. B. the older eastern states and the newer western states. C. small farmers and states' rights advocates, and those favoring commercial and wealthy interests. D. business and labor. E. Protestants and Catholics."

C

"20. (p. 203-204) The only presidential election in which the Gallup poll erred badly was A. 1928 Hoover-Smith. B. 1936 Roosevelt-Landon. C. 1948 Truman-Dewey. D. 1964 Johnson-Goldwater. E. 2000 Bush-Gore."

C

"21. (p. 310) In acknowledging the dilemma inherent in group activity, James Madison A. argued that the free-rider problem would hurt some groups more than others. B. claimed that government could listen to all groups, but should only enact policies that promote the interests of majority groups. C. worried that government would be overly dominated by groups, but recognized that a free society is obliged to permit the advocacy of self-interest. D. argued that government must restrict the activities of groups, so that political parties could act as the major instrument of democracy. E. All these answers are correct."

C

"22. (p. 244) ________ warned Americans of the ""baneful effects"" of factions (political parties) in his 1797 farewell address. A. James Madison B. Thomas Jefferson C. George Washington D. Andrew Jackson E. Abraham Lincoln"

C

"23. (p. 238) Protest activity is a reversal of the pattern of voting in that it A. has broad public support. B. is supportive of existing policies. C. is more likely to involve younger citizens rather than older ones. D. is rooted in prejudice. E. usually takes place in the evenings."

C

"24. (p. 301) A main difference between iron triangles and issue networks is that A. an iron triangle includes members of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, while issue networks bypass the judicial branch. B. issue networks involve a stable group of bureaucrats, legislators, and lobbyists, while iron triangles exclude lobbyists in an attempt to reach impartial decisions. C. issue networks are generally less stable than iron triangles, in that the members of an issue network may change as the issue develops. D. issue networks, being less formal, rely on outside lobbying only, while iron triangles use inside lobbying only. E. All these answers are correct."

C

"26. (p. 218-219) In the twenty-first century, voting rates in the United States have A. shown little difference from those of the late twentieth century. B. increased in presidential elections, while continuing to remain lowest in local ones. C. demonstrated that the apathy of young citizens has worsened considerably since the early 1990s. D. increased in all elections. E. declined in all elections."

C

"28. (p. 301) The term iron triangle refers to A. a tightly-knit set of lobbying groups. B. the relationship among the Congress, the military, and defense contractors. C. a small and informal but relatively stable set of bureaucrats, legislators, and lobbyists who are concerned with promoting a particular interest. D. the strategy of lobbying all three branches of government simultaneously. E. a corrupt relationship among the president, Congress, and the Supreme Court."

C

"29. (p. 247-248) ________ was the only Republican elected president from 1932 to 1964. A. Richard Nixon B. Barry Goldwater C. Dwight Eisenhower D. Herbert Hoover E. Calvin Coolidge"

C

"3. (p. 245) Andrew Jackson's contribution to the development of political parties was the A. forging of a coalition of Democrats and Whigs. B. introduction of primary elections. C. formation of a new type of grassroots party organization. D. formation of the Federalist Party. E. formation of the Republican Party."

C

"33. (p. 307) Early in the 2012 Republican presidential nominating race, some Super PAC televised ads were so untruthful that they were A. ordered off the air by the Federal Election Commission. B. taken off the air, but only after one candidate filed a slander suit in federal court. C. criticized even by the candidates they were intended to help. D. criticized by all the candidates, and the Super PAC asked to stay out of the primaries. E. None of these answers is correct."

C

"34. (p. 206) In general, public opinion A. determines specific government actions. B. is unrelated to government action. C. sets limits on government action. D. generally affects government action only on election issues. E. is strongest during a presidential election."

C

"35. (p. 305) The largest number of PACs are those associated with A. single-issue groups, such as environmental groups and right-to-life groups. B. labor. C. business. D. agriculture. E. education."

C

"36. (p. 283) Which of the following statements would NOT be accepted by supporters of the pluralist view of interest groups? A. People's separate interests are a legitimate basis of public policy. B. The idea of the public interest or the collective interest does not have much meaning in cases where the public is sharply divided in its policy opinions. C. The opinion of the majority should always prevail in a policy dispute over the opinion of a more intense and directly affected minority. D. Most interests benefit from the workings of the group system, which is a reason to support a policy process that is responsive to groups. E. Public policy should represent the diversity that exists in society."

C

"40. (p. 229-230) The citizens of ________ are most likely to participate as campaign volunteers during an election. A. the Netherlands B. Great Britain C. the United States D. Germany E. France"

C

"40. (p. 298) Which of the following is true of employment in lobbying firms by members of Congress? A. It is very rare for a member of Congress to become a lobbyist because of the negative stigma involved. B. Most members of Congress join lobbying firms immediately after leaving Congress. C. They are prohibited by law from lobbying Congress for a set period of time after leaving office. D. Members of Congress are prohibited by law from joining the lobbying profession. E. Many members of Congress were lobbyists prior to becoming elected representatives."

C

"41. (p. 216) When the nation was founded, who was eligible to vote? A. everyone—there was universal suffrage B. all males and females who were at least 21 years of age C. only males who owned property D. only citizens who had lived in the nation for at least ten years E. All native-born citizens could vote."

C

"41. (p. 310) James Madison argued A. against all interest groups. B. for the advocacy of self-interest free from all systems of restraint. C. for regulation of interests through a governing system of checks and balances. D. for the replacement of interest groups by formal political parties. E. for a powerful judiciary."

C

"42. (p. 277) Which of the following is an accurate representation of the public's opinion about leaders and their accountability? A. Most citizens have a high opinion of Congress as a whole, but say they have little confidence in their local representative in Congress. B. Most citizens have a high opinion of both Congress as a whole and their local representative in Congress. C. Most citizens have a low opinion of Congress as a whole, but say they have confidence in their local representative in Congress. D. Most citizens have a low opinion of Congress as a whole and also of their local representative in Congress. E. Most citizens do not feel that their local representatives in Congress should be held accountable for the votes they have to make in order to stay in line with their party's platform."

C

"42. (p. 295) Economist Mancur Olson refers to what aspect of interest groups as ""the size factor""? A. Larger interest groups are able to draw on greater financial resources, which makes them more capable of getting the ear of lawmakers and thus achieving policy change. B. The interests of groups with large memberships would typically prevail over the interests of smaller groups. C. Small groups are ordinarily more united on policy issues and often have more resources, enabling them to win out more often than large groups. D. The smaller an interest group, the more likely that its motivating issue will be subsumed by the agenda of a larger interest group. E. Small interest groups can often enhance their bargaining power by linking themselves to the agenda of a larger interest group that has greater resources."

C

"45. (p. 269) On average, how much money must a U.S. senator raise every week of his or her six-year term in order to acquire enough money to launch a competitive bid for reelection? A. $200 B. $2,000 C. $20,000 D. $200,000 E. $2,000,000"

C

"47. (p. 195) A person who favors government intervention in both social and economic affairs is a(n) A. libertarian. B. liberal. C. populist. D. social conservative. E. economic conservative."

C

"47. (p. 265) About 95 percent of all political activists in the United States work at A. the national level. B. the state level. C. the local level. D. the national and state levels. E. Republican and Democratic party headquarters."

C

"47. (p. 285) During his visit to this country in the 1830s, Alexis de Tocqueville described the United States as ""a nation of ________"". A. freeloaders B. loners C. joiners D. fighters E. stalwarts"

C

"48. (p. 190-191) Party identification refers to A. the percentage of polled individuals that claim membership in a particular party. B. formal membership in a political party. C. an emotional attachment to a political party. D. a political party's platform—the stances on issues that define its beliefs. E. the ability of individual citizens to identify the major issue positions of the major political parties."

C

"49. (p. 191) Selective perception is primarily a result of A. economic class. B. religion. C. partisanship. D. race and ethnicity. E. age and generational beliefs."

C

"5. (p. 210) The term public opinion is frequently used in reference to all of American society. This perspective is A. accurate, since Americans are one people and indivisible. B. less accurate than a view of public opinion based on the majority, since the political system operates on the principle of majority rule. C. less accurate than the idea that Americans form many publics, which differ greatly in such things as the level of attention they pay to politics. D. less accurate than a view of public opinion based on what the news media are saying about the public. E. accurate, because there is little diversity in American public opinion."

C

"52. (p. 247) The election of ________ was a realigning election. A. 1840 B. 1872 C. 1932 D. 1960 E. 1976"

C

"53. (p. 245) ________ is associated with the Era of Good Feeling. A. Abraham Lincoln B. Franklin D. Roosevelt C. James Monroe D. Andrew Jackson E. George Washington"

C

"55. (p. 287) The dominant labor interest group is A. the Teamster's Union. B. United Auto Workers. C. the AFL-CIO. D. the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers. E. None of these answers is correct."

C

"56. (p. 260) In 1992, ________ won 19 percent of the popular vote in the presidential election. A. Bill Clinton B. George H. W. Bush C. Ross Perot D. Pat Buchanan E. Ralph Nader"

C

"6. (p. 260) In 1912, a candidate for which minor party managed to earn more votes than one of his major party opponents? A. Socialist B. Prohibition C. Bull Moose D. Reform E. Populist"

C

"7. (p. 203) The key factors in determining the accuracy of an opinion poll are the A. population size and the sample size. B. sample size and the timeline over which the sample was taken. C. size of the sample and whether the sample was selected from the population by a random method. D. sample size and whether the sample has the same percentage of men and women as the population. E. anonymous nature of the sampling process and sample size."

C

"8. (p. 252) The major reason for the persistence of the American two-party system is A. that there are naturally only two sides to political disputes. B. regional conflict. C. the existence of single-member election districts. D. the existence of state laws prohibiting the placement of a third major party on the ballot. E. proportional representation."

C

"15. (p. 221) Voter identification cards find the most support among A. Democrats. B. Republicans. C. libertarians. D. liberals. E. poorer citizens."

B

"45. (p. 303) Members of the ________ generate more mail to Congress than any other group. A. NRA B. ACLU C. NAACP D. AARP E. NEA"

D

"1. (p. 199) According to polls, men and women tend to disagree on certain issues. Of the following issues, about which are men and women closest in agreement? A. abortion rights B. affirmative action C. poverty assistance D. education assistance E. use of military force"

A

"1. (p. 217) African American men technically gained suffrage with the passage of the ________ Amendment. A. Fifteenth B. Nineteenth C. Twenty-first D. Twenty-third E. Twenty-sixth"

A

"30. (p. 262) All of the following use top-two primaries EXCEPT A. Oregon. B. Washington. C. California. D. Nebraska. E. Louisiana."

A

"10. (p. 225) As distinct from alienation, apathy is A. associated with a low rate of voter turnout. B. a feeling of powerlessness. C. a general lack of interest in politics. D. a sign that the political system is working properly. E. widespread among affluent Americans."

C

"12. (p. 245) The issue of slavery gave birth to the ________ party as a major political party. A. Federalist B. Democratic C. Republican D. Whig E. Populist"

C

"15. (p. 251) Which of the following is an indication of strong party loyalty? A. split-ticket voting B. an increase in independent voters C. straight-ticket voting D. the influence of short-term issues and candidates E. a focus on candidate charisma and personal style"

C

"16. (p. 219, 224, 225) All of the following tend to decrease voter turnout EXCEPT A. sharp policy differences between major parties. B. alienation. C. frequent elections. D. an individualistic culture. E. lack of interest in politics."

A

"54. (p. 246) Abraham Lincoln was first elected in 1860 with ________ percent of the popular vote. A. 20 B. 40 C. 50 D. 60 E. 80"

B

"23. (p. 305) PACs tend to contribute the most money to A. incumbents. B. challengers. C. Independents. D. liberal Democrats. E. liberal Republicans."

A

"28. (p. 251) Ticket splitting was most prominent during which decade? A. 1970s B. 1990s C. 1980s D. 1960s E. 1950s"

A

"25. (p. 221) Historically speaking, which region has the lowest turnout rate in the nation? A. South B. Midwest C. Northeast D. Pacific Coast E. Great Plains"

A

"43. (p. 252) The winner-take-all system is also known as the ________ system. A. plurality B. majority C. minority D. democratic E. proportional"

A

"45. (p. 195) Libertarians are opposed to governmental intervention A. in both the economic and social spheres. B. in the economic but not the social sphere. C. in the social sphere, but not the economic sphere. D. in neither the social nor the economic spheres. E. only with regard to affirmative action."

A

"46. (p. 264) Which of the following statements about the patronage system is true? A. It was a means of rewarding party workers for their loyalty. B. It was first established in the early twentieth century. C. It has fallen increasingly into the hands of party organizations. D. It weakens the bond that most federal staff members might otherwise feel for the congressperson under which they work. E. Today there are almost no patronage jobs left."

A

"10. (p. 191) Dramatic change in party identification is uncommon and is almost always a consequence of A. a change in the policy position of the president. B. major upheaval. C. popular satisfaction with a government initiative. D. a change in the law. E. a Supreme Court ruling."

B

"10. (p. 300) Which of the following groups primarily uses litigation as its lobbying method? A. NRA B. ACLU C. NAACP D. AARP E. NEA"

B

"11. (p. 224) Which of the following groups of people is most adversely affected by our country's voter registration system? A. senior citizens B. those with less income and education C. young adults D. women E. people with college degrees"

B

"13. (p. 208) Of the 2009-2010 health care reform legislation, a Gallup poll found that nearly a third of the public mistakenly believed that the legislation package included A. vastly increased funding for Medicaid, the federal health care program for low-income individuals. B. government committees that would decide which elderly patients would receive life-saving treatment and which would not. C. an elimination of the Medicare program. D. government-sponsored health care for illegal immigrants. E. a legalization of partial-birth abortions."

B

"27. (p. 259) In twentieth-century American history, the most important minor parties were ________ parties. A. ideological B. single-issue C. factional D. reform E. non-aligned"

C

"43. (p. 198) Americans who attend religious services at least once a week are most likely to vote for which political party? A. Libertarian B. Democrat C. Republican D. Populist E. Green"

C

"21. (p. 187) Which of the following would NOT be considered a secondary socializing agent? A. leaders B. the media C. peers D. church E. None of these answers is correct, as all represent secondary socializing agents."

D

"10. (p. 246) All of the following are characteristic of a party realignment EXCEPT A. sharp divisions between the parties. B. enduring changes in party coalitions. C. major policy initiatives by the winning party. D. a very close electoral result. E. the disruption of the existing political order."

D

"11. (p. 185) The process by which individuals acquire their political opinions is called A. popular culture. B. social communication. C. socio-economic change. D. political socialization. E. political assimilation."

D

"2. (p. 282) The theory that society's interests are most effectively represented through group action is A. republicanism. B. constitutionalism. C. elitist theory. D. pluralist theory. E. interest-group liberalism."

D

"22. (p. 199) Women are less likely than men to favor A. affirmative action. B. abortion rights. C. higher levels of education spending. D. the use of force to settle international disputes. E. All these answers are correct."

D

"43. (p. 301) In the dynamics of an iron triangle, what benefit do interest groups provide to friendly bureaucratic agencies? A. services for constituents B. travel funds C. campaign contributions D. administration of mutually beneficial policies E. lobbying support for agency programs"

E

"1. (p. 244) Political parties serve to A. link the public with its elected leaders. B. enable people with different backgrounds and opinions to act together. C. offer the public a choice between policies and leaders. D. provide potential leaders an opportunity to attain public office. E. All these answers are correct."

E

"11. (p. 255, 256) Which of the following encourages the two major parties to build broad coalitions? A. the need to raise campaign funds B. the need to have policy ""wiggle-room"" once elected into power C. the desire to avoid their policy preferences becoming hijacked by extreme elements D. fear of demonization by the press E. the two-party system and the need to gain a plurality"

E

"11. (p. 301) Why have issue networks become more prevalent? A. the increasing power of corporate lobbying B. the increasing diversity of interest groups C. the increasing influence of PACs D. the instability of candidates' positions E. the increasing complexity of policy problems"

E

"13. (p. 244) Political parties in the United States originated partly as a political feud between A. Marshall and Adams. B. Adams and Jackson. C. Lincoln and Douglas. D. Cleveland and Bryan. E. Hamilton and Jefferson."

E

"16. (p. 194-195) Each of the following statements could be considered true of either economic or social liberals, EXCEPT that A. they favor government activism in the area of distribution of economic benefits. B. they prefer a smaller role for government in upholding social and cultural traditions. C. they favor more government spending for the poor. D. they believe lifestyle choices should be left to the individual. E. they believe that government should be used to promote traditional values."

E

"19. (p. 255) ________ lost the 1964 presidential election in a landslide because his views were seen as too extreme. A. James Weaver B. Jimmy Carter C. George McGovern D. Richard Nixon E. Barry Goldwater"

E

"44. (p. 232) The limits of interest groups' influence might be gauged by the Democratic backlash against the ________, which tried to block the North American Free Trade Agreement in 1993. A. ACLU B. Sierra Club C. Izaak Walton League D. AARP E. AFL-CIO"

E

"44. (p. 254) ________ representation systems are those in which seats in the legislature are allocated according to each political party's share of the popular vote. A. Plurality B. Populist C. Minority D. Democratic E. Proportional"

E

"50. (p. 290) Which of the following organizations is NOT an example of a single-issue group? A. Sierra Club B. National Rifle Association C. Izaak Walton League D. right-to-life groups E. MoveOn.org"

E

"51. (p. 293) The air we breathe is an example of a A. private good. B. negative externality. C. material good. D. mass-produced good. E. collective good."

E

"13. (p. 293) The situation in which individuals are tempted not to contribute to a cause because they will get the benefits even if they do not participate is called the A. size factor. B. free-rider problem. C. special-interest paradox. D. disincentive factor. E. zero-sum game."

B

"14. (p. 194) A consistent pattern of opinion on particular issues that stems from a coherent set of political beliefs is called A. conservatism. B. ideology. C. socialization. D. politicization. E. None of these answers is correct."

B

"18. (p. 274) ________ is based on judgment about the past performance of an elected official or political party. A. Prospective voting B. Retrospective voting C. Split-ticket voting D. Straight-ticket voting E. None of these answers is correct."

B

"15. (p. 287) Roughly how many American workers currently belong to unions? A. one in two B. one in four C. one in eight D. one in six E. one in ten"

C

"34. (p. 218) Since the 1960s, the level of turnout in presidential elections has averaged ________ percent. A. 75 B. 65 C. 60 D. 45 E. 35"

C

"1. (p. 311) Economist Mancur Olson concluded that groups A. exercise too much power in the American system. B. increase the flexibility of government. C. can have their benefits reduced by concerted political opposition. D. are shown to have too much power when examined individually. E. help the government break away from long-term or previous commitments and apply funding to new problems or issues."

A

"12. (p. 186) As an agent of political socialization, the American family has its greatest effect on individuals' A. party identification. B. choice and form of higher education. C. professional career. D. knowledge of particular public policies. E. rate of political participation."

A

"12. (p. 224) Education and income affects voter turnout A. more in the United States than in Europe. B. more in Europe than in the United States. C. only in national elections in the United States. D. only in national elections in Europe. E. None of these answers is correct."

A

"12. (p. 283) Some groups pursue collective goods. A collective good is one that A. cannot be selectively granted or denied to individuals; it must be shared. B. is provided by a public service organization. C. is secured by the president. D. is secured by Congress. E. None of these answers is correct."

A

"13. (p. 229) In comparison with citizens in Western European democracies, Americans are less likely to A. vote in national elections. B. actively work in an election campaign. C. participate in community activities. D. join an interest group. E. All these answers are correct."

A

"14. (p. 247) The Democratic Party's long-time regional stronghold, ""the Solid South"", stemmed from a realignment during which historical period? A. Civil War era B. 1890s C. Great Depression D. 1980s E. None of these answers is correct."

A

"18. (p. 211) Which of the following is true of the relationship between public opinion and shifts in major government policies? A. On high-profile issues particularly, public opinion tends to affect policy to a greater degree than policymakers' agendas affect public opinion. B. Analysts Page and Shapiro concluded that leaders' opinions ultimately affect most policy issues more than the larger public opinion. C. The linguist Noam Chomsky claimed that democracy consistently preserved the will of the people over the will of elite interests. D. Analysts Robert Erikson, Michael MacKuen, and James Stimson found a pattern consistent with their claim that ""public opinion has little influence over policy"". E. All these answers are correct."

A

"18. (p. 233) A sustained action taken by citizens disenchanted with government in order to express their opposition and work to bring about the change they seek is a A. social movement. B. voter upsurge. C. citizen lobby. D. popular resistance. E. regular election."

A

"18. (p. 309) A flaw in pluralism theory is the fact that A. the interest group system is unrepresentative because some interests are far better organized and more powerful than others. B. the public interest is never served by policies that promote special interests. C. larger groups always prevail politically over smaller groups. D. political parties better represent different interests than do interest groups. E. All these answers are correct."

A

"2. (p. 187) Scholars have done the LEAST study into the political influence of ________ on American citizens. A. religion B. families C. schools D. media E. peers"

A

"20. (p. 301) An amicus brief A. is a written document in which a group explains to a court its position on a legal dispute the court is handling. B. is a written document in which an interest group lays out its policy preference for targeted lawmakers. C. prevents a lobbyist group from making campaign donations to policy makers over a specific issue. D. provides evidence for prosecutors of an illegal monetary relationship between a lawmaker and an interest group or PAC. E. prevents PACs from donating more than $5,000 to a single candidate during a primary election."

A

"22. (p. 221) The adoption of voter identification cards by several states A. will likely cause a decline in voter turnout. B. is a policy intended to further the gains of the motor voter law. C. was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. D. will increase the voting power of poorer citizens. E. was a response to well-documented accounts of widespread electoral fraud."

A

"38. (p. 207) Three-fourths of Ivy League students surveyed could not identify ________ as the author of the phrase, ""a government of the people, by the people, and for the people"". A. George Washington B. James Madison C. George Gallup D. Abraham Lincoln E. Thomas Jefferson"

D

"14. (p. 294) In an effort to overcome the free-rider problem, noneconomic groups have A. deliberately restricted the size of their membership. B. joined up with economic groups. C. convinced government to limit the distribution of public goods to those who have contributed to the group's efforts. D. used Internet resources and computer-assisted mailing lists to target potential donors. E. adopted taxes for nonmembers."

D

"15. (p. 192-193) Which of the following statements about Americans and ideology and political thinking is true? A. Liberalism and conservatism have such imprecise meanings that it is not useful to think about politics in these terms. B. Americans overwhelmingly identify themselves as liberals. C. Americans are highly sophisticated in their political thinking. D. Only a minority of Americans can be classified as true ideologues. E. Americans are highly consistent in their political thinking."

D

"16. (p. 283) Economic groups have an advantage over noneconomic groups because A. they nearly always have larger memberships. B. they are organized primarily for political purposes. C. they have better leadership. D. they have greater access to financial resources. E. their members are committed to their causes."

D

"17. (p. 274) Prospective voting is characterized by A. a sudden shift in the vote from one party to another. B. choices based on party loyalty. C. choices based on a candidate's past performance. D. choices based on what candidates promise to do if elected. E. the symbolism of a candidate's personality."

D

"20. (p. 253) ________ does not have a competitive multiparty system. A. Germany B. Italy C. The Netherlands D. The United States E. Sweden"

D

"24. (p. 220) Which of the following countries has the highest estimated voter turnout in major national elections in recent decades? A. Denmark B. Germany C. the United States D. Belgium E. France"

D

"25. (p. 256) Which of the following groups is most closely aligned with the Democratic Party, voting more than 80 percent Democratic in presidential elections? A. Latino Americans B. white Protestants C. Christian fundamentalists D. African Americans E. Roman Catholics"

D

"27. (p. 229) Citizens in which of the following countries are most likely to volunteer time and money to promote community causes? A. Germany B. France C. Great Britain D. the United States E. There is no difference among the four nations."

D

"28. (p. 221) Which of the following states has a voter identification card law? A. Maine B. New Hampshire C. Minnesota D. Indiana E. Wisconsin"

D

"3. (p. 202) A member of Congress who wants to act on what the majority of his or her constituency thinks on a particular issue would be advised to respond to which of the following indicators? A. letters from constituents B. the editorial positions of newspapers in the constituency C. public demonstrations by constituents D. a poll based on a random sample of constituents E. the number of yard signs on major streets"

D

"31. (p. 269) American party organizations A. are about to die out. B. are more powerful today than at any time in history. C. have more power than their Western European counterparts. D. are still important, but their role in campaigns is secondary to that of candidates. E. are unimportant in the political system today."

D

"32. (p. 206) Journalist Walter Lippmann suggested that A. polling, even when done scientifically, cannot be trusted because it is in people's nature to be dishonest in response to political questions. B. the dominance of polling has brought about an ideological shift toward the more radical ends of the political spectrum among elected representatives. C. polling had provided political parties with even more entrenched power, reducing the influence of third party candidates. D. effective government cannot be run by politicians that base their public opinions on poll results. E. pollsters have had more effect on the outcome of presidential elections in recent decades than have the people who do the voting."

D

"32. (p. 265-266) National party organizations can dictate the day-to-day decisions of A. local party organizations only. B. state party organizations only. C. local and state party organizations. D. neither local nor state party organizations. E. party leaders in Congress."

D

"33. (p. 219) In the United States, the primary responsibility for registration of the individual voter rests with the A. state and local governments. B. local courts. C. employer. D. individual. E. federal government."

D

"35. (p. 211) What was the primary cause for an increase in the public's support for a military invasion of Iraq during the six-month period leading to the start of the war? A. the inability of the United Nations to discover strong evidence of weapons of mass destruction B. mainstream media coverage of the actions of the Iraqi government C. grass-roots efforts by conservative groups that argued it was necessary for greater national security D. Bush administration efforts to press the case for war E. election-year posturing on national security issues by congressional candidates for office"

D

"36. (p. 219) Scholars estimate that turnout would be roughly ________ percentage points higher in the United States if the U.S. had European-style registration A. 2 B. 5 C. 7 D. 10 E. 15"

D