Pool ops

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Illnesses that have been linked to pools or swimming in natural bathing areas are:

A. Gastrointestinal diseases B. Skin Infections C. Open cuts and abrasions D. Respiratory illness

BEFORE TREATING ALGAE THE OPERATOR NEEDS TO CHECK POOL CHEMISTRY

ADDING ANY OTHER CHEMICALS TO THE POOL (Such as Algaecides) WILL HAVE LITTLE EFFECT IF THE POOL IS NOT CHEMICALLY BALANCED.

AIR RELIEF VALVE IS INSTALLED ON PRESSURE FILTER TANKS TO ALLOW...

AIR TO ESCAPE FROM THE FILTER UNTIL WATER HAS FULLY FILLED THE TANK. THIS IS TYPICALLY NECESSARY AFTER CLEANING THE PRESSURE FILTER OR WHEN THE PUMP HAS LOST PRIME.

CLOUDY WATER CAN ALSO BE CASUED BY WATER THAT IS HIGHLY

ALKALINE (FROM HIGH PH, TOTAL ALKALINITY, AND CALCIUM HARDNESS)

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

ARE THE TYPICAL TYPE OF PUMPS. WATER IS DRAWN INTO THE EYE OF THE IMPELLER, AND THEN THROWN FROM THE OUTER PERIMETER OF THE SPINNING IMPELLER BY CENTRIFUGAL FORCE. WATER IS THEN FORCED OUT INTO THE VOLUTE AND THEN INTO THE PIPING SYSTEM. TYPICALLY HAS A BASKET STRAINER THAT MUST BE CLEANED OUT AT REGULAR INTERVALS.

VALVES

ARE UTILIZED THROUGHOUT THE POOLS CIRCULATION SYSTEM TO CONTROL THE DIRECTION AND FLOW OF THE WATER, AND CHEMICALS, AS WELL AS IDOLATE SPECIFIC EQUIPMENT FOR ROUTINE SERVICING.

The first pool regulations were created by the ________ and was organized in 1912 and set the first standards in 1915 which included..

American Association for Hygiene and Baths

CLOUDY WATER MAY BE CAUSED BY EXCESSIVE

BATHER LOAD WHICH EXCEEDS THE DESIGN PARAMETERS OF THE CIRCULATION/FILTER SYSTEM. IF THE SYSTEM CANNOT BE UPGRADED THAN THE DISINFECTANT LEVEL SHOULD BE INCREASED PRIOR TO THE ANTICIPATION OF PEAK LOADS.

AFTER CHECKING BALANCE AND BEFORE CHEMICALS ARE ADDED, THE NEXT STEP OF REMOVING ALGAE IS

BE VIGOROUS BRUSHING TO SEPARATE THE ALGAE FROM POORS AND CRACKS IN THE POOL SURFACES.

CLOUDY WATER

BESIDES ALGAE THERE ARE MANY OTHER THINGS THAT CAN CAUSE CLOUDY WATER. CLOUDY WATER IS ONE OF THE MOST FREQUENT PROBLEMS IN A POOL.

DAILY RECORDS SHOULD BE KEPT - VIRGINIA/PRINCE WILLIAM COUNTY LAW REQUIRES

CHLORINE AND PH TO BE TESTED EVERY HOUR (UNDER STABLE CONDITIONS AT LEAST EVERY 2 HOURS)

SAND FILTERS

CLEANED BY BACKWASHING, AND REQUIRE REGULAR BACKWASHING TO MAINTAIN AN EFFECTIVE FLOW RATE AND TO KEEP CALCIFICATION FROM CREATING CHANNELING.

DE FILTER

CLEANED EITHER BY BACKWASHING OR BY MANUALLY REMOVING GRIDS, WASHING AND RE-ASSEMBLING.

POOL HEATERS ARE OFTEN ADDED TO MOST

COMMERCIAL AND INDOOR POOLS AND ALSO TO ALL SPAS.

VACUUM OUTLETS ARE TYPICAL IN...

COMMERCIAL POOLS - THREADED PLUGS SHOULD BE IN PLACE WHEN NOT IN USE AND SHOULD BE FLUSH WITH THE WALL SURFACE.

WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON MINERAL STAIN AND HOW CAN IT BE INTRODUCED TO THE POOL?

COPPER IS THE MOST COMMON MINERAL STAIN AND CAN BE INTRODUCED TO THE POOL BY THE CORROSION (LOW PH) OF COPPER EQUIPMENT SUCH AS HEATERS OR PUMPS, OR BY THE ADDITION OF COPPER BASED ALGAECIDES.

Where are RWIs found?

Can spread through the use of swimming pools, hot tubs, decorative water fountains, oceans, lakes, and rivers

Who is most likely to get ill from RWIs?

Children, pregnant woman, and people with compromised immune systems.

Which was the oldest civilization in the world that may have been the first to create and area for bathing and swimming?

China

why doesnt chlorine kill RWIs?

Chlorine does kill the germs that make many people sick, but it takes time. Most germs can be killed in less than an hour, but chlorine takes longer to kill some germs such as Cryptosporidium, which can survive for days even in properly disinfected pools.

Types of filters

DE (Diatomaceous Earth) Filter, Sand Filter- 20 GMP, Cartridge filter

TO CORRECT CLOUDY WATER DUE TO FILTRATION:

FIRST BE SURE TO CHECK TO SEE IF YOUR SYSTEM FILTER NEEDS TO BE BACKWASHED AND IF THE FLOWRATE IS SUFFICIENT.

The first modern swimming pools were known as __(Floating

Floating pools

THE BASIC TYPES OF HEAT SOURCES FOR POOL HEATER INCLUDE:

GAS/OIL FIRED; ELECTRIC IMMERSION ELEMENTS; HEAT PUMPS; SOLAR AND OTHER REMOTE HEAT EXCHANGERS.

THE MOST COMMON VALVES:

GATE VALVE; BALL VALVE; MULTI PORT VALVE; BUTTERFLY VALVE (MOST COMMONLY USED PUMP ROOM VALVE); BACKWASHING VALVE; CHECK VALVE; WATER LEVEL CONTROLLER

IN ORDER TO TREAT AND PREVENT THESE STAINS, YOU MUST FIRST

IDENTIFY THE SOURCE OF THE MINERAL CONTAMINANT.

OFTEN CLOUDY WATER IS CAUSE BY

INADEQUATE FILTRATION

Pressure GUAGES

INDICATE THE PRESSURE IN PSI OR POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH ON THE PRESSURE SIDE OF THE POOLS CIRCULATION SYSTEM. TYPICALLY USED TO MEASURE INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL OF THE FILTER

FLOW METER

INDICATE THE RATE OF WATER GOING THROUGH THE POOL'S CIRCULATION SYSTEM, WHEN FLOW IS BELOW THE DESIGNATED FLOW RATE FOR THE POOL IT MEANS THE FILTER NEEDS TO BE CLEANED

Floor returns

INSTALLED IN THE FLOOR OF A POOL AND ARE LOCATED IN A WAY THAT PROVIDE A DESIGNED FLOW PATTERN

BLACK ALGAE

IS COMMONLY FOUND AS BLACK SPOTS ON THE POOL SURFACE (ESPECIALLY PLASTER POOLS) THIS TYPE OF ALGAE CAN PENATRATE AND DAMAGE THE PLASTER AND THE POOLS FINISH. THIS FORM OF ALGAE CAN COVER ITSELF IN A HARD PROTECTIVE LAYER THAT EVEN RESISTS REMOVAL BY BRUSHING. IN EXTREME CASES, ACID WASHING AND REPLSTERING THE POOL SURFACE MAY BE NEEDED. UNTREATED THIS FORM OF ALGAE CAN ALSO CAUSE SIGNIFICANT HEALTH RISKS TO SWIMMERS IF ALLOWED TO PERSIST. THIS IS WHY BLACK ALGAE IS CONSIDERED THE WORST FORM OF ALGAE IN A POOL. PREVENTITIVE MAINTENANCE IS BEST, IN THE FORM OF REGULAR BRUSHING IN ORDER TO ENSURE DISINFECTANT IS EXPOSED TO POORLY CIRCULATED AREAS.

THE MOST IMPORTANT PART OF POOL MAINTENANCE IS

KEEPING THE FILTER CLEAN - AS THE AMOUNT OF DIRT ACCUMULATES INSIDE A FILTER THE AMOUNT OF WATER THAT CAN PASS THROUGH THE FILTER DECREASES

OVER FLOW GUTTERS ARE MORE COMMEN IN...

LARGER COMMERCIAL POOLS- A SYSTEM OF TROUGHS AROUND THE PERIMETER OF THE POOLS SURFACE. NOTE: WATER LEVELS SHOULD NOT DEVIATE MORE THAN +/- 1⁄4 OF AN INCH ABOVE THE GUTTER OVERFLOW LIP

THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP (AFTER THE HEATER AND FILTER)

MEASURES THE OXIDIZING POWER OF THE SANITIZER IN THE WATER IN UNITS OF MILLIVOLTZ(mV) WHICH SHOULD BE AT LEAST 650 Mv. AN ORP CHEMICAL CONTROLLER PROVIDES CONTINUOUS MEASURE OF THE SANITIZER STREGHTH IN THE POOL AS BATHER LOAD, Ph, STABILIZER AND SUNLIGHT CONSTANTLY ARE CHANGING.

algae

MICROSCOPIC, SINGLE CELLED FORMS OF PLANT LIFE THAT EXIST IN JUST ABOUT EVERY SURFACE AND GROUND WATER SOURCE KNOWN ON EARTH. ALGAE IS DEPENDANT ON TEMPERATURE, SUNLIGHT, ORGANIC LOADING (HEAVY BATHER LOAD) AND LACK OF SUFFICIENT DISSINFECTANT LEVELS. THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF ALGAE GROWTH IS FROM POOR WATER CIRCULATION.

The first swimming organization in England was the

National Swimming Society

WHAT MUST BE WITHIN PROPER RANGES IN ORDER TO PREVENT CORROSION TO POOLS EQUIPMENT?

PH AND TOTAL ALKALINITY

BEFORE TREATING ALGAE THE OPERATOR NEEDS TO CHECK FOR THE LEVEL OF THINGS THAT ALGAE LIKES, LIKE

PHOSPHATES

Vacuum System

POOL -> FILTER -> PUMP -> HEATER -> CHEMICALS ADDED -> BACK TO POOL

Pressure system

POOL -> PUMP -> FILTER -> HEATER -> CHEMICALS ADDED -> BACK TO POOL

How can we prevent RWIs?

Practicing healthy swimming behaviors. Properly maintained pools, educated staff and swimmers

A CLEAN AND HEALTHY POOL REQUIRES

REGULAR AND PRECISE TESTING

RETURN INLETS OR DISCHARGE OUTLETS

RETURN FILTERED AND CHEMICALLY ADJUSTED WATER TO THE POOL. WALL RETURNS ARE USUALLY DIRECTIONAL AND ADJUSTABLE, TYPICALLY IN SPAS FLOOR RETURNS ARE INSTALLED IN THE FLOOR OF A POOL AND ARE LOCATED IN A WAY THAT PROVIDE A DESIGNED FLOW PATTERN

What are RWIs

RWIs are illnesses that are spread by swallowing, breathing, or having contact with contaminated water from swimming pools, spas, lakes, rivers, or oceans. RWI's can cause a variety of symptoms including gastrointestinal, skin, ear, respiratory, eye, neurologic and wound infections.

POOL OPERATORS ARE INDIVIDUALS WHO

SERVICE PUBLIC POOLS BY MAINTAINING THE CLEANLINESS, WATER QUALITY, AND CHEMICAL BALANCE. POOL OPERATOR'S SHOULD HAVE AN UNDERSTANDING OF POOL CLEANING, GENERAL MAINTENANCE, MAKE UP WATER SUPPLY, BACTERIOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL, AND PHYSICAL QUALITY OF WATER, AND WATER PURIFICATION, TESTING, TREATMENT, AND DISINFECTION PROCEDURES.

SKIMMERS ARE MORE COMMONLY USED IN...

SKIMMERS ARE MORE COMMONLY USED IN

GUTTERS AND SKIMMERS

SURFACE WATER CONTAINS MORE CONTAMINANTS THAN OTHER AREAS OF THE POOLS. IT IS IMPORTANT THAT THE SURFACE WATER IS CONTINUALLY REMOVED AND FILTERED BY THE MEANS OF SKIMMERS OR OVERFLOW GUTTERS.

BEFORE TREATING ALGAE THE OPERATOR NEEDS TO INVESTIGATE

THE CAUSE OF ALGAE GROWTH.

CHEMICAL FEEDERS INTRODUCE CHEMICALS (SUCH AS DISINFECTING AGENTS AND PH CONTROLLERS) INTO THE POOLS CIRCULATION SYSTEM. IN MOST INSTALLATIONS, THE FEEDERS ARE CONNECTED TO _________________ SO THAT THE CHEMICALS DO NOT DAMAGE ANY OF THE EQUIPMENT PRIOR TO DISTRIBUTION (AND DILUTION) THROUGHOUT THE POOL'S CIRCULATION SYSTEM.

THE DISCHARGE SIDE OF THE PUMP (AFTER THE HEATER AND FILTER)

WHEN DIFFERENTIAL IS 10PSI OR MORE, IT INDICATES THAT...

THE FILTER NEEDS TO BE CLEANED

filtration

THE PROCESS OF REMOVING SUSPENDED PARTICLES, DIRT AND DEBRI FROM THE POOL WATER

MAIN DRAINS

THE PURPOSE OF MAIN DRAINS ARE TO REMOVE PARTICLES THAT ARE HEAVIER THAN WATER FROM THE POOL. THIS IS ALSO THE STRONGEST POINT OF SUCTION IN A SWIMMING POOL THAT MAY LEAD TO ENTRAPMENT AND DROWNING OF A BATHER

VELOCITY

THE RATE AT WHICH WATER MOVES THROUGH THE CIRCULATION SYSTEM AND IS MEASURED IN FEET PER SECOND (FPS) CIRCULATION SYSTEM PIPING DIAMETER MUST BE LARGE ENOUGH SO THAT THE WATER (AT FLOW RATE) DOES NOT EXCEED THE MINIMUM RECOMMENDED VELOCITY

SKIMMER BASKET STRAINER

THEN REMOVES LARGE DEBRI AND PREVENTS IT FROM RACHING THE CIRCULATION PUMP. NOTE: IT IS NOT RECCOMENDED TO PLACE CHEMICAL DISINFECTANT IN THE SKIMMER BASKETS SINCE THIS WILL REDUCE THE LIFE OF THE FILTER AND

green algae

THIS IS THE MOST COMMON FORM OF ALGAE FOUND IN SWIMMING POOLS. BEGINS IN FREE FLOATING FORM THAT SOON ATTACHES TO POOL SURFACE AREAS WHERE CIRCULATION MIGHT BE POOR RESULTING IN LOW DISSINFECTANT LEVELS. SUPERCHLORINATION TYPICALLY KILLS GREEN ALGAE. REGULAR BRUSHING AND ADEQUATE DISINFECTANT LEVELS CAN HELP PREVENT THE ALGAE FROM BECOMING ESTABLISHED IN A SWIMMING POOL.

Pump

The heart of the circulation system. Keeps the water in constant motion through the piping and associated equipment where it is filtered, chemically treated, and heated (optional)

Wall returns

USUALLY DIRECTIONAL AND ADJUSTABLE, TYPICALLY IN SPAS

Minimum Turnover rate in the ANSI/NSPI 5 Standard is

a 12 hour period for residential pools

Recirculation

after the water passes through the pump and filter, the water passes through the heater, is chemically treated and the returned directly to the pool by means of return fittings that are evenly spaced around the floor and walls of the pool.

THE MOST COMMON POOL PROBLEMS ARE:

algae, cloudy water, corrosion, eyes nose and skin irritants, equipment operation, ph and disinfectant concentration

Diving should be prohibited in areas less than 6ft. and should only be allowed from _____________

approved diving boards and stands

All pools should have exit/access points. To provide safe entry/exit, in the shallow end of a pool, __________________ are commonly used and are provided with a ___________________

built in stairs; secure handrail

CHANNELING CREATES PASSAGES AROUND THE CLUMPS OF __________________ and ALLOWS WATER TO PASS THROUGH THE FILTER WITHOUT BEING _________ (TEST)

calcified sand; filtered

How can I disinfect water

chorline of lime, chlorine gas, ultraviolet rays or ozone

CARTRIDGE FILTER

cleaning - SIMPLY HOSE OFF THE CARTRIDGE , AND ALLOW TO SOAK IN A MIXTURE OF TRISODIUM PHOSPHATE AND MURIATIC ACID TO REMOVE OILS AND OTHER ORGANIZE MATERIAL.

The main drain of the swimming pool is located at the deepest point of the pool to allow _______________

collection of sediment from the pool bottom.

Hydro Dynamic (moving)

created by the force of the circulation system pump

Actual Depth should be marked by ___________________ a minimum of 4-inch high. that are located on both sides of pool, slope break, deep end and deep point

depth markers

How are RWIS spread

diarrhea, or germs that live naturally in environment (if pool isnt properly disinfected, germs will increase to point where they cause illness if u breathe of contact water)

what is important to bather safety?

good lighting

3 TYPES OF ALGAE PRIMARILY FOUND IN SWIMMING POOLS:

green algae, black algae, mustard algae

The pool electrical system must have a __________________ and electrical wiring and all other components must conform to the ___________________ and applicable local codes.

ground fault circuit (GFI); National Electrical Code

Valves can be operated by _______ or automatically by ____________. TYPICALLY THE SHOULD BE TURNED OFF BEFORE OPERATING ANY VALVES TO REDUCE DAMAGE TO THE PUMPS, FILTERS AND SYSTEM.

hand; electronic control

Floating pools, located near rivers on streams, had __________ in their walls for the water to ___________ through. It was thought that this design would aid in the prevention of disease transmission that occurred in still water pools.

holes; flow

Depth markers should be legible from the ______________________ as well as ____________

inside of pool; pool deck

Equipment Room Safety is important to pool operators and maintenance personnel. It is important that the flooring is _____________________________ to prevent standing water. It must be __________ enough to accommodate ease of movement and access to equipment.

non-absorbent, slip resistant, and with sufficient slope; large

Pool Shells are made from _____________________ to prevent injury

non-toxic slip resistant approved materials

The risk of acquiring an illness could be because: The makeup water for the bathing facility or area is not from a potable source. Non- Potable means ____________

not safe for drinking

The risk of acquiring an illness could be because: _________________________________ are not restricted from the pool. Fecal Contamination, Respiratory, eye, ear, and skin diseases may be easily transmitted through water.

patrons with infectious diseases

The risk of acquiring an illness could be because: The pool or spa's disinfection system is not operating properly. The ____________________________, at the proper levels, is of paramount importance in the destruction of pathogens that may be introduced into a pool from many potential sources

presence of approved disinfectant

RWI means

recreational water illnesses

The closest to "drinking water quality pools" where those built directly over artesian wells, ________ or _________

springs; ocean waters

Turnover Rate

the amount of time it takes the total water volume to pass through the circulation system.

Atmospheric Pressure

the pressure exerted by atoms and molecules in the atmosphere surrounding Earth, resulting from collisions of these particles with objects; exerted on the surface of the water

"Head Loss" refers to

the resistance in pool circulation that is caused by friction against the inner surfaces of all the piping, valves, fitting, filter elements and pool heater

Hydro Static Pressure (non-moving)

the result of the weight of the water against the bottom of the pool.

FLOW RATE

the volume of water per unit of time, usually in GPM, gallons per minute, it will take to satisfy the required turnover rate. FLOW RATE IS CALCULATED BY DIVIDING TOTAL VOLUME BY THE TURN OVER RATE. [FLOW RATE =VOLUME (GAL) / TURN OVER RATE (HR) X 60(MIN)

The risk of acquiring an illness could be because: The pool or bathing area is overcrowded with_________________________, taxing the ability of the pools recirculation, dilution, or disinfection systems to eliminate pathogens.

too many bathers

All areas inside of the pool are to remain _________________ by any type of structure including recessed automatic surface skimmers, floor inlets, and vacuum fittings. They must be installed with no protrusions and no ________________

unobstructed; sharp edges

Pool standards in 1915 by American Association for Hygeine and Baths

well-lighted area, smooth surface, gutter, deck drainage away from pool, constantly in-flowing stream of filtration, refiltration, and disinfection, lifeguard always on duty, pool locked when not in use, strict supervision

MUSTARD ALGAE

- DOES NOT GROW AS QUICKLY AS GREEN ALGAE, AND IS MOSTLY LOCATED IN THE SHADED SIDE OF POOL WALLS WHERE IT IS EASILY BRUSHED OFF. HOWEVER, THIS FORM OF ALGAE IS MUCH MORE RESISTANT TO NORMAL DISINFECTION AND ALGICIDAL TREATMENTS. AS WITH ALL OTHER FORMS OF ALAGE ADEQUATE MAINTENANCE AND BRUSHING TO THE POOLS SURFACE AND MAINTAINING ADEQUATE DISINFECTANT RESIDUAL AT ALL TIMES IS BEST FOR PREVENTION.

STAIN AND SCALE CONTROL

- STAINS ON THE SURFACES OF POOLS ARE USUALLY CAUSED BY COPPER (BLUE IN COLOR), IRON (BROWN IN COLOR), OR MAGNESE (BLACK IN COLOR). THESE MINERALS ARE USUALLY INTRODUCED INTO THE POOL FROM THE SOURCE WATER.

THE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE IN ANY POOL OR SPA SHALL NOT EXCEED

104 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT

IT IS ESTIMATED THAT ______________INJURIES ASSOCIATED SOLELY WITH SWIMMMING ACTIVITIES OCCUR ANNUALLY.

140,000

The width of a commercial pool from wall to wall should be no less than

15 ft

The first pool filters and pumps where developed by Pascal Paddock and John Mudge in the mid

1920s

In the year __________ that the Olin Mathieson Corporation developed HTH, a form of Calcium ______________, which became the first sanitizer developed primarily for pools.

1927; hypochlorite

The MINIMUM RECCOMENDED NUMBER OF LADDERS/STAIRWAYS THAT SHOLD BE PROVIDED IN POOLS IS

2

Safety line should be mounted _____________ before the slope break on the shallow side

2 feet

Pool Floors with a slope break (transition from shallow to deep water) should be marked by a

2 inch wide dark, contrasting marking, across the pool's bottom.

what is the maximum perimeter distance between depth markings?

25 ft

Minimum water depth of a pool is _______ in shallow water area and ________ in deep water areas

3 ft; 4 ft

"NO DIVING" Markings should be on the pool deck and on the inside wall of the pool in pools and areas less than ______________

6 ft deep

Many State and local codes require a minimum turnover rate of

6-8 hours for commercial pools

WEIR

A BUYONT GATE FLAP WHICH ONLY ALLOWS A THIN SHEET OF SURFACE WATER TO BE DRAWN INTO THE SKIMMER BODY AND PREVENT LARGER DEBRI FROM RE-ENTERING THE POOLS SURFACE WATTER.

IF THE POOL IS PROPERLY BALANCED, AND THE POOL IS STILL CLOUDY, YOU MAY WANT TO CONSIDER USING A

A FLOCCULANT OR COAGULANT. THESE CHEMICALS CONSIST OF POLYMERS THAT ATTRACT VERY SMALL PARTICLES TO OTHER PARTICLES TO FORM COMBINED PARTICLES THAT ARE LARGE ENOUGH TO THEN SETTLE ON THE BOTTOM OF THE POOL AND ARE THEN MORE EASILY VACUUMED OR FILTERED FROM THE WATER.

BACKWASHING

A METHOD OF CLEANING BOTH DE AND SAND FILTERS BY REVERSING THE FLOW OF WATER THROUGHOUT THE FILTER TO REMOVE ACUMMULATED PARTICLES AND DEBRI FROM INSIDE AND FLUSHING IT OUT TO A WASTE DISPOSAL LINE AS THE AMOUNT OF DIRT ACCUMULATES INSIDE A FILTER THE AMOUNT OF WATER THAT CAN PASS THROUGH THE FILTER DECREASES

Circulation

A Pool's circulation system includes all of the equipment necessary to remove dirt, suspended debris and surface contaminates from the pool. It is also necessary to evenly distribute water throughout the pool to prevent circulation dead spots and to assure the effective chemical and temperature balance of the water.


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