Pop, Rock & Soul Exam 2

The ______ ____ (mid 60s): The most important and innovative of the surf music bands. Their early work came right out of 50s rock. (Berry sued Brian Wilson for writing credit of "Surfin' USA" copying "Sweet Little Sixteen").

Beach Boys

Phases of Beatles music: "B.DIS.P.RR." 1) _______: 1962-1964 2) ____-Inspired seriousness: 1965-1966 3) ______: 1966-1967 4) _____ __ _____: 1968-1970

Beatlemania, Dylan, Psychedelia, Return to Roots

Disc Jockey (__) ____ ______ attached "rock and roll" to a musical style. *He was an early and influential advocate of R&B who *refused to play white cover versions of R&B hits* unlike most DJs. *Black musicians thus respected him but he had enemies in business. *He made the first link from R&B to rock and roll.

DJ Alan Freed

Solo-oriented rock guitarist who played many acoustic songs.

Eric Clapton

Elvis's looks and moved propelled him into stardom. He was in four ________ films most notably "Jailhouse Rock".

Hollywood

___________ _________ was an American rock band formed in San Francisco, California in 1965. A pioneer of counterculture-era psychedelic rock, the group was the first band from the San Francisco scene to achieve international mainstream success.

Jefferson Airplane

Features of Motown Sound: 1) *__(1)___ Saturation*: Songs are full of _____(1)___ fragments. Lead vocal line is most prominent but there are many others such as backup vocals, guitar and keyboard riffs, horn fills, and string lines. Gave an easy entry into the song and allow for re-listening. 2) A good but unobtrusive ____: Motown songs typically feature a strong back beat and an understatement of other regular timekeeping. 3) A _____ _____ ______ : Ranged from simple tambourine to sophisticated French horn. A lot of variety of instruments. 4) A _______ _____: Had a reliable template: layered instrumental introduction, solo two-phrase verse, bridge, title phrase, and commentary.

Melodic, beat, broad sound spectrum, predictable form

Second melody playing under the main melody.

Obbligato

An American singer, songwriter, record producer, arranger and talent scout. He is considered one of the greatest singers in popular music and a major artist in soul and rhythm and blues. His singing style was powerfully influential among soul artists of 1960s and helped exemplify the Stax Sound.

Otis Redding

After WWII, ____ took off and during the 1950's it began to expand to the pop market as it carved out its distinctive sound identity.

R&B

In less than a decade (1946-1954), _____ became an integral part of a new pop world.

R&B

This style of music began as a white southern music in Memphis in Sam Philips's ____ Records. Brighter and ____ versions of blues songs usually with a two-beat bass alternating with a heavy back-beat on the electric guitar that is modified with a quick rebound that begins alternately on, then off, the beat. It has the poetic and melodic form of a blues song but its harmony and phrase length are slightly irregular unlike blues.

Rockabilly, Sun, upbeat

Refers to the emotionally charged black music of the 60s that draws on gospel and blues.

Soul

Early Doo-Wop is similar to • Similar to earlier ____ ____ _______ songs that made the music sound familiar to white teens that heard their parents' music.

Tin Pan Alley

The commercial growth of R&B during the 50s was mainly a product of three factors: 1) the economic and social empowerment of ___ 2) the growing interest of ____ in black music and 3) the _________ appeal of the music itself.

blacks, whites, crossover

The first R&B style to emerge in the postwar era was the up-tempo music of ______ ____, especially the music of ______ ______.

jump bands, Louis Jordan

Motown updated black pop and headed in the opposite direction from rock. Motown songs preserve the _________ in earlier pop songs even as they bring both lyrics and music into the present. Groups often wore _________/gowns.

romance, tuxedos

The Producer in the Early Rock Era had several roles: artist and repertoire (A&R) man, songwriter, arranger, contractor, and recording engineer. Because producers controlled so many elements, they often put their own ____ on the sound of a recording.

stamp

Active Rhythms in Postwar R&B: __(1)___ & __(2)___ ______ Hints: - Rhythm of songs like "Rocket 88" - sounds more active main because of (1), which is a rhythmic pattern that divides each beat into three equal parts, and the (2) which is an insistent rhythm that moves faster than the beat. - It is in the foreground throughout the song and is a loud and active rhythm that attracted teens, both black and white, and repelled adults. - Not standard rhythm of Rock.

triplets, shuffle rhythm

_______ ________ an American singer and musician. She began her career singing gospel at her father's church as a child. In 1960, at age 18, She embarked on a secular career, recording for Columbia Records only achieving modest success. Following her signing to Atlantic Records in 1967, she achieved commercial acclaim and success, gaining the title *The Queen of Soul* by the end of the 1960s.

Aretha Franklin

*New sounds of rock* The defining characteristic of the ____ _____ is the layer that moves twice as fast as the beat. Played forcefully, this faster, more insistent rhythm is far more assertive than shuffle, swing, or two-beat rhythms. Instruments became more independent and more interdependent. No instrument was locked into a single _____. The distinctive groove of rock was the end product of the interaction all the rhythm instruments.

rock beat, pattern

The term "Rock & Roll" dates back to the 19__s, and came into popular music via blues lyrics. "Rockin'" and "rockin' and rollin" were euphemisms for _____ intercourse in the 1940s. A few years later "rock and roll" was used to refer to ____ and not sex.

20, sexual, music

• Elvis' "musical career" only lasted __ years but he is still named the king of Rock and Roll due to his overwhelming influence on the music and style of the decades to come.

3

Electric Blues is style of music came together in the early 19___'s, and is a a type of blues music distinguished by the amplification of the guitar, bass guitar, drums, and often the harmonica.

50

Teens in the 19__s spent more money on entertainment thanks to the economic boom after WWII. They had far more ______ ______ and _____ compared to their predecessors. They defined themselves socially, economically, and musically. "_______ ___" became part of everyday speech and many teens had a taste for rock and roll and their "rebel" idols such as James Dean. Rock epitomized the new rebellious attitudes, as the music was "crude", black inspired, and sexual.

50, leisure time, money, Generation gap,

____ Rock: Refers to the subset of psychedelic rock bands that were part of, or were influenced by, the San Francisco Sound, and which played loud, "heavy" music featuring long improvised solos.

Acid

____ ____ _____: Early 50s, rhythm section got louder and active via amplified guitar. Ex: "Rocket 88" - Jackie Breston - distorted guitar.

Big-Beat R&B

_____ _____ and His ____: Among the first ____ acts to embrace Rock & Roll. Looked nothing like a teen rebel (was in early 30s) and had an exuberant sound, but still appealed to teens. Big hit was "Rock Around the Clock" in 1954 in the movie The Blackboard Jungle. This is often identified as the first Rock and Roll record.

Bill Haley, Comets, white,

American R&B vocalist, guitarist and songwriter. Known as *The Originator* because of his key role in the *transition from the blues to rock*. Introduced more insistent, driving rhythms and a hard-edged electric guitar sound on a wide-ranging catalog of songs, along with African rhythms and a signature beat (a simple five-accent clave rhythm) that remains a cornerstone of rock and pop.

Bo Diddley

___ ____'s first album in the early 60s contained mostly traditional songs and his three subsequent acoustic albums featured original material. He added rock-oriented instruments to his folk music. The density of the lyric and the speed of his delivery challenged listeners to become engaged in his music. He finally entered the rock era with his album Highway 61 Revisited in 1965. His songs mixed blues, country, rock, and even pop.

Bob Dylan

_______ ________: The sudden popularity of British bands in American. Abruptly reversed the flow of popular music between the US and the rest of the world. Up until the 1960's the US mainly _______ popular music and few European musicians performing popular music enjoyed much of a following in the US. Many of the bands had deep American roots and covered songs by artists such as Chuck Berry and Buddy Holly. The music, though foreign, was seen by many as "__________" in root.

British Invasion, exported, American

His lyrics introduced a new persona into Rock and Roll: "He wrote and sang for the rest of us and was rock and roll's first 'everyman'". It was the music, and in particular the beat, that made his music so innovative.

Buddy Holly

A form of urban blues from Chicago, Illinois. URBAN blues evolved from CLASSIC blues as a result of the Great Depression. Urban blues developed in the first half of the twentieth century as a result of the Great Migration, when Black workers moved from the Southern United States into the industrial cities of the Northern United States such as Chicago.

Chicago Blues

The _________ were one of the top girl groups of the early 1960s. With their trademark tight harmonies, high-stepping confidence and the hit machine of Goffin and King writing songs such as "One Fine Day", the Chiffons made music that helped define the girl group sound of the era.

Chiffons

This musician, more than any other musician of the 50's, crafted the style that would lead to rock. He provided both the first important model for lead guitar playing and the first definitive rock rhythm guitar style. The repeated notes made the rhythm insistent and the double notes gave it density. His voice was neither bluesy nor sweet but it was suited to deliver rapid-fire lyrics that were a trademark of his songs.

Chuck Berry

_____ _____ merged the roots of rock and roll. Three main influences come together: electric blues (________ and thick texture), boogie-woogie (__ beat rhythm), and R&B (blues-based ____/_____ form and heavy ______). Later rock bands covered his songs.

Chuck Berry,instrumentation, 8, verse/chorus, backbeat

The ________: Doo-wop, but only in name, since their music was very different than that of other groups of the time. They were the opposite of most doo-wop in the sense that their songs were steely-eyed, not sentimental, and darkly humorous and their singing was slick and not sweet.

Coasters

_____-____ died out suddenly around 1960 as new more up-to-date kinds of black pop emerged: girl groups and other slick vocal groups. It served as a bridge between the *pre-rock pop* and *the black pop* of the *60s and beyond*.

Doo-wop

• After WWII, pop, gospel, and R&B came together in a new style that featured mostly male singing groups. The styles ranged from slow tempo gospel-pop suitable for slow dancing to up-tempo dancing songs. This style is called: ________ ___-___

Early Doo-Wop

___(1)___ ____(2)____: This style of music came together in the early 50s (when deep blues moved north from Mississippi to Chicago and went __(1)__. It began when musicians such as Muddy Waters began to play ___(1)___ guitars to be heard over the crowd noise at bars.

Electric Blues

This artist (1955-1958) quickly became the *symbol of rock and roll* for millions. Had an uninhibited stage manner, tough-teen dress, greased pompadour, and energetic singing style. He projected a rebellious attitude that many teens found appealing. He started his music career at Sam Philips's studio Sun Records. He transformed R&B covers into Rockabilly. "Drew on both the nasal twang of country and the rough-edged blues sound but sounds like neither".

Elvis Presley

__(1)___ Revival: Began in the late 50s and had a *short lifespan*. It began in 1958 with the Kingston Trio's recording of "Tom Dooley" and ended seven years later in 1965 when Bob Dylan went electric at the Newport __(1)__ Festival and __(1)___ fathers Alan Lomax and Pete Seeger went ballistic. In its revived form, this style of music was an urban music. It made the separation between *country roots* and *contemporary urban performance *even wider.

Folk

Marvin _____: Motown Soul singer that had a troubled life with bad relationships and drug abuse.

Gaye

______ Influence: Was a training ground for both doo-wop groups and solo singing stars like Sam Cooke and Ray Charles. The vocal timbre of these types of singers is different from the pop and jazz singers of the 50's and the call and response exchanges between lead and backup singers are different from backup singing in pop.

Gospel

An American recording artist and musician. One of the founding fathers of funk music and a major figure of 20th-century popular music and dance, he is often referred to as "The Godfather of Soul". In a career that spanned six decades, he profoundly influenced the development of many different musical genres.

James Brown

_______ ________: An American singer-songwriter who first rose to fame in the late 1960s as the lead singer of the psychedelic-acid rock band Big Brother and the Holding Company.

Janis Joplin

An American rock and roll and country music singer-songwriter and pianist. He is known by the nickname *"The Killer"* and is often viewed as "rock & roll's first great wild man."

Jerry Lee Lewis

Solo-oriented rock guitarist and singer. Took one additional element from blues unlike typical rock band - the guitar as the bluesman's "second voice". Introduced virtuosic soloing into rock.

Jimi Hendrix

An example of an artist that used overdubbing (recording an additional part onto an existing recording) in this music was __________ ___ _______

Johnny B. Goode

_____ Bands: Based off big-band swing, kept the rhythm section but reduced the ____ sections drastically, typically paring down three full sections to a couple of saxophones and a trumpet. They often strengthened the beat by converting the four-beat swing rhythm to a shuffle. They built song son repeated riffs, usually over a blues or blues-based form. Also emphasized ____ more than normal swing bands ( _______ was key figure).

Jump Bands, horn, singing, vocalist

______ & _______ stand apart from others because they wrote so many of the songs their acts recorded and in general exerted more control over the final product. Crafted every single aspect of a song. They called their most distinctive early songs "_______" - songs that told a funny story with serious overtones.

Leiber, Stoller, playlets

This artist made his mark in a series of songs released between 1955 and 1958, many of which were about girls. His songs seem to offer little variation, mainly because his vocal style is so consistent but also because they are fast and loud and rely so heavily on standard blues form. The changes were mainly the musicians behind him. His voice was loud and abrasive (screaming into microphone).

Little Richard

This person was a saxophonist in Chick Webb's swing band from 1936-1938. He got a major deal with record label Decca in 1939 & formed _______ ______ and His Tympany Five (1938-1951) which was a typical *jump band*. - Band had clearly defined roles for all instrument players. - Tone of lyrics was humorous and self-deprecating. - Had upbeat lyrics, repeated catchy riffs, clear beat, and chorus-based form. - Created the formula for later jump bands.

Louis Jordan

This artist moved north to Chicago during WWII, became famous electric blues player during the 40s and 50s and signed with Columbia and Aristocrat labels.

Muddy Waters

____-____ recording is working with actual sounds throughout the entire creative process; ability to experiment with work at every stage of the process and add and remove parts as you went along

Multi-track

________ is recording an additional part onto an existing recording. This was *key to the sound of rock and roll*.

Overdubbing

____ _____(1959): DJs had a lot of power since they controlled the airplay of records. Some, like Alan Freed, used it to promote the music they liked. Many, including Freed, accepted some form of *bribery in return for airplay*. The process became so pervasive that it *provoked a government investigation and questioned the licensing rights*. Rock and Roll was tainted as "corrupt".

Payola Scandal

____ _____________: were 78-rpm phonograph records marketed to African Americans during the early 20th century, particularly during the 1920s and 1930s. They primarily contained race music, comprising a variety of African American musical genres including blues, jazz, and gospel music, though comedy recordings were also produced. These records were, at the time, the majority of commercial recordings of African American artists in the US.

Race records

The most important and influential of the black solo singers that fueled the growth of rhythm and blues in the late 1950s. His most far-reaching contribution was the fusion of blues and gospel. He merged rhythmic and blues-drenched R&B with the most fervent kind of gospel singing. The use of fervent gospel singing adds a dimension to the blues that was not there before. His career lasted from the 40s all the way into the 90s. *Hint: was blind

Ray Charles

-An American singer, songwriter and guitarist -A rock and roll pioneer and a forefather of the Chicano rock movement -His recording career lasted only eight months.

Ritchie Valens

This ________ ____ built a new sound from rock and roll, blues, and their own inspiration. Two main features: 1) _____ - starts with a syncopated riff and grows out of the interplay between the basic rock rhythm, backbeat, and layers of the syncopated riffs and lines. 2) A dark, ____ ______ - Jagger's singing is rough and more speech-like than sung.

Rolling Stones, Groove, nasty sound

The ____________ were a female vocal quartet in the early 60s formed while they were still in high school. They were singing to their own audience. Their songs reflected the changing attitudes of the early 1960s: they were written by a white woman, produced by a black man, supported with white-sounding string writing, and sung by young black women.

Shirelles

_____ ____-____: Slow tempo performance. So slow that the recording lasts for more than 3 minutes includes only one statement of the chorus. The slow tempo has its roots in gospel: it was common for black gospel musicians to perform conventional hymns like "Amazing Grace" at a slower tempo than their white counterparts. To energize this slow tempo, the pianist plays repeated chords in a triplet rhythm.

Slow Doo-Wop

___ and the _______ ______ was an American rock, funk, and soul band from San Francisco. Active from 1967 to 1983, the band was pivotal in the development of soul, funk, and psychedelic music. Headed by singer, songwriter, record producer, and multi-instrumentalist Sly Stone, and containing several of his family members and friends, the band was the first major American rock band to have an "integrated, multi-gender" lineup.

Sly, Family Stone

The _______ were a Motown Soul girl group that followed the Motown sound template. Lasted from 1961 through the 1970s.

Supremes

________ Rock added two immediately recognizable sounds to rock's sound world: high-register close harmony vocals and array of new guitar sounds such as intense reverb and single line solos in a low register (Ventures "Walk Don't Run"). Solos popularized by Dick Dale aka "the king of the __(1)___ guitarists". *Because of these sounds, this style of music acquired an indelible regional identity --> evoked a strong sense of place.

Surf

This artist was a critically acclaimed American blues guitarist, singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist, who was one of the most influential pioneers and innovators of the jump blues and electric blues sound.

T-Bone Walker

The ________ were an American vocal group known for their success with Motown Records during the 1960s and 1970s. Known for their choreography, distinct harmonies, and flashy wardrobe, they were highly influential to R&B and soul music.

Temptations

Plane crash on February 3, 1959 where Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and J.P. Richardson died. Noted in Don McLean's song "American Pie" as the "_______(1)_____".

The Day the Music Died

Upbeat doo-wop groups, such as The Chords, developed their songs _ _______ and were given backup studio performers. Since many of these performers were jump-band musicians, they took on jump band's _____ rhythm and instrumentation: rhythm section plus ________.

a cappella, shuffle, saxophone

The notion of a _____ version of a song is a rock-era concept. It signals the *shift of song identity* from an almost abstract entity that can exist in *multiple versions* to a particular performance captured on record. White covers of black songs occurred frequently in the early years of rock and roll. White covers often out-sold the black originals, which led to _____ tension in media.

cover, racial

By the early 60s, rock seemed like a ____ that had run its course, but it was really just getting it's second wind.

fad

Two Contributing Factors to the evolution of Rock: 1) A shorter and more direct path between _____________ & _____ 2) The ______ of the style. A pop song typically involved input from several sources and would be compared to decades of similar songs, while rock and roll musicians could listen to a recording or performance of any style, find something they liked and copy it or use it as an inspiration for something new. ____ _____ was the most creative mind in rock and roll's second generation.

inspiration, result, novelty, Buddy Holly

Post-WWII blacks gained economic and social freedom, as there were more ____ that needed to be filled after the war. Blacks migrated from rural south to the ___. The appeal of R&B helped heighten ______ of black ____ and the style benefited from the increased attention given to race relations in the _______

jobs, north, awareness, culture, media

Evolution of Rock and Roll surfaced from Alan Freed's code for R&B, a new ____ for an existing sound, NOT a new _____.

label, style

*Social and Cultural Change in the 1960s:* • Teens did not experience hard ships such as great depression and WWII like their parents did. Came from financially well-off families so had _______ to spend. • Rejected the "_________" because it was conservative and resistant to social change. • The new generation that grew up with R&B and rock and roll found it hard comprehend discrimination against blacks so they joined the drive for ____ _____. • Commercial production of an effective oral contraception began in the early 60s which lead to more "sexual freedom". Lead to an increase in feminism and more rights in the workplace. • The recreational use of mind-altering drugs spread to a large segment of the middle class. _______ became the most popular drugs among young people but the most common drug of the 60s was _____.

money, establishment, civil rights, Marijuana, LSD

Bob Dylan's Importance: Dylan raised the level of discourse in rock and in a completely original way. He drew on the topical blues and folk songs of Woody Guthrie and synthesized it into something new. His musical settings opened up new sound worlds, and new possibilities for the integration of words and music. He made his___ ____ rather than emulating an existing one. Challenged the notion that rock was "_________ music for _____".

own style, mindless, teens

In the late 50s, it appeared that the distinction between *Rock and Roll* and *R&B* was ______ Rock stars were ____ and R&B stars were _____. However, the crucial difference was that R&B acts built their songs on the ____ rhythms used in post-war R&B or modified pop rhythms White rockers used a more ____ rhythm that was assembled over a 2 year period by two black musicians: Little Richard and Chuck Berry.

racial, white, black, shuffle, active