Population Health 445
What is the appropriate amount of time to wash hands and what is a very common way that most people were taught to ensure that this amount of time is spent in their hand washing process?
20 seconds or sing happy birthday twice.
Which of the following rates is a summary measure based on the actual number of events that occur in a population during a given time period? A. Crude rate B. Mortality rate C. General fertility rate D. None of the above
A. Crude rate
Which of the following terms describes the transition from high to low fertility (and mortality) rates in a country? A. Demographic transition B. Epidemiologic transition C. Population pyramid D. Dynamic population
A. Demographic transition
Epidemiology studies the distribution and determinants of health-related events in a population, and it applies the findings to help control health problems. An epidemiologist's work to graph the number of cases of congenital syphilis by year reflects which of the key words in that definition? A. Distribution B. Determinants C. Applies
A. Distribution
Which of the following population health management approaches involves identifying population groups with particular areas of need and developing interventions to address those needs? A. Hot-spotting B. Cold-spotting C. Health coaching D. Patient-centered medical home
A. Hot-spotting
Immunization against chickenpox is an example of what level of prevention? A. Primary prevention B. Secondary prevention C. Tertiary prevention D.Not a form of prevention
A. Primary prevention
Sexual abstinence programs for teenagers are an example of what level of prevention? A. Primary prevention B. Secondary prevention C. Tertiary prevention D. Not a form of prevention
A. Primary prevention
New respiratory disease outbreaks and other rapidly spreading conditions are often detected by what data source? A. Reports of absenteeism from work and school B. Disease registries C. Death certificates D. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
A. Reports of absenteeism from work and school
Which of the following terms refers to the gradual change in frequency of a disease over a long period of time (e.g., decades)? A. Secular B. Temporal C. Cluster D. Cyclic
A. Secular
Which of the following population health management approaches involves a collaboration of healthcare professionals who work to provide coordinated, high-quality care to Medicare patients? A. Health coaching B. Accountable care organization C. Quality improvement D. Patient-centered medical home
B. Accountable care organization
Which core public health function involves identifying health problems and priorities? A. Formulation of public policies addressing problems and priorities B. Assessment C. Cost evaluation D. Health promotion
B. Assessment
Which of the following is a type of study that describes the characteristics of a small group of patients in a clinical setting with the same disease or symptoms? A. Cross-sectional study B. Case series C. Cohort D. Case report
B. Case series
Which of the following best describes a pandemic? A. Cases of illness clearly in excess of expectancy on a worldwide scale B. Cases of illness clearly in excess of expectancy C. Cases of illness clearly in excess of expectancy on a worldwide scale and characterized by a high mortality D. Cases of an illness that is highly contagious
B. Cases of illness clearly in excess of expectancy
Which of the following population health management approaches involves identifying population groups that lack access to healthcare or other community supports that influence health? A. Hot-spotting B. Cold-spotting C. Health coaching D. Patient-centered medical home
B. Cold-spotting
Which of the following describes a broad improvement effort that includes a CHA, builds from the assessment's findings, and provides a framework for addressing health issues? A. Community health needs assessment B. Community health improvement process C. Community health assessment D. All of the above
B. Community health improvement process
Which of the following rates would a school system be interested in as it considers whether to hire more teachers? A. Maternal mortality rate B. Crude birth rate C. General fertility rate D. Infant mortality rate
B. Crude birth rate
Epidemiology studies the distribution and determinants of health-related events in a population, and it applies the findings to help control health problems. An epidemiologist's effort to compare the food histories of people with Staphylococcus food poisoning with the food histories of people without food poisoning reflects which of the key words in that definition? A. Distribution B. Determinants C. Applies
B. Determinants
Which of the following statements describes the social gradient of health? A. People with higher socioeconomic status have worse health. B. People with lower socioeconomic status have worse health. C. Socioeconomic status is not important for one's health. D. None of the above
B. People with lower socioeconomic status have worse health.
Which of the following is not a factor contributing to the momentum that is building behind the population health movement? A. Realization that acute medical care is only one aspect of maintaining and improving health B. Reduced provider accountability for the cost and quality of healthcare C. Transition from fee-for-service payment to a value-based system that rewards positive outcomes D. Greater transparency of financial, quality, and community benefit data
B. Reduced provider accountability for the cost and quality of healthcare
Colorectal cancer screening is an example of what level of prevention? A. Primary prevention B. Secondary prevention C. Tertiary prevention D. Not a form of prevention
B. Secondary prevention
Which of the following is an approach to deliver healthcare via electronic means? A. Health exchange B. Telemedicine C. Health coaching D. All of the above
B. Telemedicine
Public health differs from healthcare in which of the following ways? A. The "patient" is the population. B. The "patient" is the individual. C. Public health focuses solely on treatment. D. Public health works on treating infectious diseases (e.g., yellow fever, Ebola) only.
B. The "patient" is the individual.
What is the focus of distributive justice in public health? A. To punish public health practitioners who break the law B. To recognize and reduce the unequal distribution of illnesses or health outcomes between groups in the population C. To make legal guidance available to healthcare recipients D. To ensure fair compensation for practitioners
B. To recognize and reduce the unequal distribution of illnesses or health outcomes between
A rabies investigation conducted among veterinarians at a state university found that rabies was almost always fatal. This finding refers to which of the following? A. Toxigenicity B. Virulence C. Antigenicity D. Infectivity E. Pathogenicity
B. Virulence
A person with an inapparent infection A. is a danger to family members but not to others in the community. B. can transmit the infection to others. C. should be quarantined. D. should be isolated.
B. can transmit the infection to others.
If one person tested positive for exposure to smallpox in New Hampshire, that person would be _________________. A. isolated B. quarantined C. held to a curfew D. confined to jail
B. quarantined
Which of the following is not an example of a descriptive epidemiologic study? A. Cross-sectional study B. Case series C. Cohort study D. Case report
C. Cohort study
Direct transmission includes which of the following? A. Vector transmission B. Vehicle transmission C. Droplet spread D. Contaminated food E. Fomite transmission
C. Droplet spread
Which of the following is a digital collection of health information about a patient? A. Telemedicine B. Health exchange C. Electronic health record D. All of the above
C. Electronic health record
Which of the following is a tool used to determine the severity of the flu season? A. Pandemic status B. Vaccine distribution C. Epidemic threshold D. One's access to health care
C. Epidemic threshold
Which of the following statements best describes a descriptive study? A. It tests hypotheses. B. It examines diseases in the community. C. It uses person, place, or time characteristics. D. It uses an intervention.
C. It uses person, place, or time characteristics.
Which of the following refers to the use of certified electronic health record technology to improve quality, safety, and efficiency; to engage patients and families; to improve the coordination of care; and to advance public health? A. Claims data B. Big data C. Meaningful use D. All of the above
C. Meaningful use
Which type of bias may occur when participants have hidden motives for not answering a question truthfully? A. Recall bias B. Selection bias C. Prevarication bias D. Misclassification bias E. Interviewer bias
C. Prevarication bias
Which of the following drives the essential public health services and core functions that the public health system should undertake to prevent disease and promote health in all communities? A. Monitoring health B. Mobilizing community partnerships C. Research D. Developing policies
C. Research
Which of the following factors contributes the most to one's health status? A. Healthcare B. Health behaviors C. Socioeconomic status D. Physical environment
C. Socioeconomic status
Foot checks for diabetic patients are an example of what level of prevention? A. Primary prevention B. Secondary prevention C. Tertiary prevention D. Not a form of prevention
C. Tertiary prevention
Which of the following is not a typical use of epidemiology? A. Developing public health programs and policy B. Identifying risk factors for disease C. Treating disease in a community D. Estimating the risk of developing disease
C. Treating disease in a community
What did Frost & Sullivan (2015) consider "the three Vs of big data"? A. Variability, veracity, and viability B. Variance, velocity, and vectors C. Volume, velocity, and variety D. Video, validity, and verbiage
C. Volume, velocity, and variety
To be effective, the public health system requires ______________________. A. a lack of organization B. no data and information C. a competent workforce D. no relationships with community organizations
C. a competent workforce
A community health assessment can help to answer which of the following questions? A. Why do health issues exist in the community? B. What factors create or determine the community's health problems? C. What resources are available to address the health problems? D. All of the above
D. All of the above
An attack rate is used in which of the following circumstances? A. When the disease rapidly follows exposure during a specified time period B. When the population at risk increases greatly over an acute time period C. When describing the occurrence of a foodborne illness outbreak D. All of the above E. None of the above
D. All of the above
Components of the public health system include which of the following? A. The convenience store B. he state public health department C. Police and fire departments D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Epidemiology is the basic science of public health. We can use epidemiology to try and address which of the following? A. Explaining the etiology (cause) of disease B. Searching for factors or events that bring about a change in health C. Developing interventions to control the distribution of disease D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Population health considers which of the following factors? A. Physical environment B. Cultural environment C. Social environment D. All of the above
D. All of the above
The NCHS and vital registration systems operated in various jurisdictions are legally responsible for the registration of vital events. Such events include which of the following? A. Births B. Deaths C. Fetal deaths D. All of the above
D. All of the above
The pandemic period for H1N1 (swine flu) ended in Fall 2010. Which of the following could have been used as a source of surveillance data during the pandemic? A. Ambulatory/outpatient care centers B. Workplace absenteeism C. Local health departments D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following actions are key to implementing a population health approach? A. Making evidence-based decisions B. Collaborating C. Engaging citizens D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following are components of the Triple Aim? A. Cost B. Quality C. Access D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following are health determinants? A. Income and social status B. Education C. Genetics D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following factors is one of the vertices of the epidemiologic triangle? A. Environment B. Agent C. Host D. All of the above E. B and C only
D. All of the above
Which of the following is a CHIP tool? A. MAPP B. Community Tool Box C. County Health Rankings & Roadmaps D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following is a technique to reduce recall bias (a form of information bias)? A. Standardized training sessions of interviewers B. Utilizing the same data collection forms C. Using memory aids D. All of the above E. None of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following is an example of a "natural experiment"? A. A reduction of dental caries due to water fluoridation B. A reduction in teenage pregnancy rates due to comprehensive school health education (i.e., sex education) C. A reduction in unintentional injuries due to seatbelt use D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following questions should healthcare managers consider when thinking about the populations they serve? A. From what distances do individuals travel to receive healthcare? B. What is the burden of disease and other problems in the population? C. What barriers does the population experience when attempting to access healthcare services? D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following strategies can help implement a population health approach? A. Value-based reimbursement B. Seamless care across all settings C. Proactive patient education D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following types of big data are relevant for healthcare? A. Clinical data B. Health research C. Business/organizational records D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following is not a key component in epidemiology? A. Determinant B. Distribution C. Frequency of disease D. Diagnosis
D. Diagnosis
John Snow is known for which of the following? A. He isolated the agent responsible for cholera. B. He studied the cholera outbreak in Haiti. C. He proposed that chicken pox was transmitted via person-to-person contact. D. He was an epidemiologist who used natural experiments.
D. He was an epidemiologist who used natural experiments.
Which of the following is NOT a fundamental principle of public health? A. Disease prevention B. Population as the patient C. Health promotion D. Increase population size
D. Increase population size
Which of the following is not an approach to improving population health? A. Community health needs assessment B. Population health driver diagram C. Health in All Policies D. None of the above
D. None of the above
Public health focuses on which of the following? A. Individuals B. Treatment C. Diagnosis D. Prevention
D. Prevention
Which of the following is the most important feature in an experimental study? A. The study and control groups being equal in size B. The study being retrospective C. The study and control groups being matched D. The use of blinding techniques and randomization of study subjects to reduce bias E. All of the above
D. The use of blinding techniques and randomization of study subjects to reduce bias
Which of the following epidemiologic tools did John Snow use during the cholera outbreak in London in the nineteenth century? A. Surveillance B. A spot map C. Mortality data D.All of the above
D.All of the above
Which of the following involves indirect transmission of disease? A. Malaria B. Hepatitis caused by needle sticks C. HIV/AIDS via sexual contact D. Influenza E. A and B only
E. A and B only
In a pandemic flu outbreak, which of the following measures would be helpful in containing the spread of the disease? A. Vaccination B. Quarantine and/or Isolation C. Health education D. Surveillance E. All of the above
E. All of the above
The steps involved in improving the quality of healthcare delivery include which of the following? A. Plan B. Do C. Check D. Act E. All of the above
E. All of the above
Which of the following surveillance measures would epidemiologists use to monitor the progression of newly emerging infectious diseases? A. Reportable/notifiable disease system B. Laboratory surveillance C. Over-the-counter (OTC) surveillance D. Hospital/emergency room surveillance E. All of the above
E. All of the above
All health determinants are under one's control. True False
False
Public health surveillance is only conducted by public health agencies. True False
False
The presence of an infectious agent is all that is necessary for an outbreak of infectious disease to occur. True False
False
The term epidemic is used only to describe outbreaks of infectious or communicable disease. True False
False
A Health in All Policies approach incorporates health considerations into decision making across various sectors and policy areas. True False
True
A community health assessment is useful in identifying key problems and assets in a community. True False
True
Addressing "upstream factors" can influence the health of a population. True False
True
Claims data is administrative data that are collected when a patient meets with a provider and are later submitted to an insurance company or other payer for reimbursement. True False
True
Metrics to assure the success of a population health approach must be applied at the patient and community level. True False
True
Population health focuses on the determinants of health for a population, whereas population health management emphasizes the delivery of healthcare for populations with the highest quality and lowest cost. True False
True
Population health management improves the delivery of healthcare for populations, with an emphasis on achieving the highest quality at the lowest cost. True False
True
Population health refers to the health of a population as measured by health status indicators and as influenced by social, economic, and physical environments; personal health practices; individual capacity and coping skills; human biology; early childhood development; and health services. True False
True
Public health and healthcare organizations are more effective when they combine their efforts to address a community health issue than when they work separately. True False
True
The Health Research & Educational Trust (2014) describes a transformation in US healthcare from a "first curve" emphasizing volume of services provided and fee-for-service payment models to a "second curve" that focuses on population health. True False
True
The community benefit standard enables eligible nonprofit hospitals to maintain a tax-exempt status and receive federal funding for services provided to the poor in their communities. True False
True
The general fertility rate is similar to the crude birth rate but more refined. True False
True
The population health management model focuses mainly on the health of the population and the containment of costs. True False
True
The purpose of quality improvement is to improve efficiency, effectiveness, outcomes, and other aspects of performance. True False
True
Where you live impacts your health. True False
True
